中国国有企业海外投资软预算约束问题研究
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摘要
软预算约束,首先是由Kornai提出的。随着诸多学者的深入研究,软预算约束已经超越了社会主义经济范围,成为了一个更为普遍的经济学概念,与多种经济理论联系密切,研究内容涉及广泛,在现实问题的解决上具有极强的解释力。
     改革开放以来,特别是加入WTO之后,国有企业纷纷跨出国门,开始利用“两种资源”与“两个市场”,海外投资日益成为中国国有企业跨国资源配置的重要形式。近年来,中国国有企业海外投资规模迅速扩大,涉及范围日益扩展,国际影响力与日俱增,充分显示了国有企业的显著成长与中国国际竞争力的提升。但是,在国有企业海外投资的过程中,存在着诸多严重的问题,例如过度投资、投资决策不科学、巨额亏损等等,而造成这些问题的重要根源在于软预算约束。基于此,本文旨在通过对国有企业海外投资软预算约束问题的研究,找出其产生的根源、效用及解决对策,提升国有企业海外投资效率与国际竞争力;保障境外国有资产安全,实现保值增值;深化国有企业改革,加快改革进程。
     本文研究的是国有企业在海外投资过程中的软预算约束问题,全文共分为七个部分:
     第一章是绪论。首先,阐述了本文的写作目的和意义。其次是文献综述,对国有企业软预算约束及国有企业海外投资的已有文献进行了评述,为本文研究提供了坚实的文献及理论基础。再次,对于研究思路及方法和研究的主要内容与框架进行了介绍。最后,指出了本文的创新点与不足。
     第二章是国有企业海外投资软预算约束的产生。首先,提出了软预算约束问题,对国有企业海外投资的类型、表现形式及特点进行研究。随后,本章以D-M模型作为一般条件下软预算约束产生的基本模型,然后逐步引入了开放条件下的信息不对称、贸易壁垒、汇率,国有企业的特殊性(产权不清、委托代理、高交易成本、政策性负担)及心理因素,不断丰富基本模型,从理论上揭示了国有企业海外投资软预算约束的产生。
     第三章是国有企业海外投资历程与现状。该章主要是为后面章节的分析提供历史与现实分析基础。首先,将改革开放以来国有企业海外投资的历程分为了若干阶段:初步发展时期(1979-1985年)、稳步发展期(1986-1991年)、波动发展阶段(1992-2001年)、入世后的发展阶段(2002至今),对各阶段国有企业海外投资的状况及特点进行了概述。然后,从海外投资绩效、国际影响力、海外投资领域及方式分析等四个方面剖析了国有企业海外投资的现状。
     第四章是国有企业海外投资存在的主要问题与软预算约束。本章分析了软预算约束与海外投资风险高、过度投资、投资不足、创新、国有资产流失等国有企业海外投资中存在的主要问题之间的内在关联。指出,软预算约束是导致这些问题的重要根源,要想切实提升国有企业海外投资效率,就必须解决软预算约束问题。
     第五章是国有企业海外投资软预算约束的合理性分析。首先,本章分析了软预算约束是市场失灵的必然。其次,本章分析了国有企业海外投资软预算约束的良性结果,包括加快转型,保护国家及国有企业海外投资安全,特定时期促进经济增长等。最后,对何为适度的软预算约束进行了初步的理论探讨。
     第六章是国有企业海外投资软预算约束问题的治理对策。本章从正反两个方面探讨了相关治理对策。对于适度的软预算约束,指出应当通过构建高效的财税政策体系,提供高效的公共服务,创造良好的国际氛围三个方面来保持或实现适度的软预算约束。对于恶性的软预算约束,应当通过进一步深化产权体制改革,完善公司治理制度,推动国有商业银行体制改革,推动跨国国有企业重组,培育跨国国有企业的企业家精神等市场与非市场政策来治理。
     最后一部分是结论。对本文研究进行了总结、归纳,得出了若干结论,包括软预算约束具有旺盛的生命力及解释力,可以用于研究国有企业海外投资问题;软预算约束实质上是外部性问题;国有企业海外投资软预算约束的根源多样性及复杂性的特点;国有企业海外投资在取得显著成绩的同时,存在着诸多体制性矛盾;软预算约束具有双重效应;要制定区别对待,分类治理的治理对策。
     本文从软预算约束视角剖析国有企业海外投资问题,研究开放条件下的软预算约束,并进行了实践创新,弥补了既有研究的不足,具有一定的创新性。但是,由于作者本身能力有限,对于软预算约束本质的认识,在某种程度上可能会有些绝对化,扩大了其外延,对此还有待进一步的深入论证。此外,由于统计口径、保密及本人收集能力的原因,本文难以收集到国有企业海外投资软预算约束相关信息,例如海外投资净利润、海外主营业务收入、资产负债率等等,无法准确地描述国有企业海外投资及其软预算约束问题的状况,更多地是从中国企业的总体情况去推断,也就难以对软预算约束与国有企业海外投资绩效之间的关系进行计量分析。再者,本文在运用各种已有理论的过程中,受限于作者的认知能力,可能会对一些理论的理解不够全面、深刻,影响到论点的严谨性。这些都是本文存在的不足,构成了下一步的研究方向。
Kornai proposed soft budget constraints firstly.With the deep research of manyscholars,the soft budget constraints theory is beyond the scope of the socialisteconomy and has become a more general economics concept and a variety ofeconomic theory. The research content is closely related to many economic subjects. Inreality,the solution of the problem has very strong explanatory power.
     Since the reform and opening up, especially after joining the WTO, thestate-owned enterprises had step out of the country and started to use“two resources”and “two markets”. Overseas investment is increasingly becoming the important formof the multinational resource allocation of Chinese state-owned enterprises. In recentyears,the overseas investment of Chinese state-owned enterprises expands rapidly,expanding scope and increasing international influence,which fully displays thesignificant growth of the state-owned enterprises and the enhancement of theinternational competitiveness of China. But there are many serious problems in thestate-owned enterprises in the process of overseas investment,such as excessiveinvestment,investment decisions which are not science,huge losses and so on. Themain reason of these problems is the soft budget constraints problem. Based on that,this paper aimes to research on the soft budget constraints of overseas investment ofstate-owned enterprises to find out the root causes and the utility and countermeasures.Also it is important to improve overseas investment efficiency of state-ownedenterprises and the international competitiveness,and ensure the safety of state-ownedassets overseas and increase their value and deepen the reform of state-ownedenterprises and speed up the reform process.
     This paper studies the soft budget constraints problem of state-owned enterprisesin overseas investment and the full text is divided into seven parts:
     The first chapter is the introduction. First of all,it is the writing purpose andmeaning. The second is the literatures review,the literatures on the soft budgetconstraints problem and the overseas investment of the state-owned enterprises havebeen discussed for providing solid literature and theoretical basis. Moreover,theresearch ideas and methods and the main research contents and the framework areintroduced. Finally,it shows that the innovation points and shortcomings.
     The second chapter is the production of the soft budget constraints of overseasinvestment of the state-owned enterprises. First of all,it puts forward the soft budgetconstraints problem of the state-owned enterprises and studies the types and forms andcharacteristics of the overseas investment. Then,it makes the D-M model as the basicmodel to research the soft budget constraints. Also,under the open condition,itgradually introduces the information asymmetry,trade barriers,exchange rate,theparticularity of the state-owned enterprises (unclearing property right,principal-agent,high transaction cost,policy burdens) and psychological factors,enriching the basicmodel, which produce soft budget constraints of overseas investment of thestate-owned enterprises theoretically.
     The third chapter is the process and present situation of overseas investment of thestate-owned enterprises. This chapter primarily provides a good history and realitybasis for the later analysis of the chapters. Firstly,since the reform and opening up,theoverseas investment process of the state-owned enterprises is divided into severalstages: initial development period (1979-1985), steady development period(1986-1991),wave development stage (1992-2001),the development stage afterentering the WTO (2002-present).It reviews the situation and characteristics ofoverseas investment of the state-owned enterprises in all stages. Then,it analyzes thepresent situation of overseas investment of the state-owned enterprises from theperspectives of overseas investment performance and international influence andoverseas investment field and investment style.
     The fourth chapter is the main problems of overseas investment of the state-ownedenterprises and the soft budget constraints. Through the analysis of the relations of the soft budget constraints and the problems of high risk of overseas investment and theexcessive investment and the investment insufficiency and the innovation and the lossof state-owned assets in the state-owned enterprises,it points out that the soft budgetconstraints are the keys of the problems. It is necessary to solve the soft budgetconstraints problems for improving overseas investment efficiency of state-ownedenterprises practically.
     The fifth chapter is the rationality analysis of the soft budget constraints ofoverseas investment of the state-owned enterprises. First of all,this chapter analyzesthat the soft budget constraints is the necessity of market failure. Then,it analyzes thepositive results of the soft budget constraints of overseas investment of the state-ownedenterprises,including speeding up the transformation of state-owned enterprises,protecting the country and overseas investment security,promoting economic growthin specific period. At the same time,it discusses what the appropriate soft budgetconstraints are preliminary theoretically.
     The sixth chapter is the countermeasures to the soft budget constraints of overseasinvestment of the state-owned enterprises.This chapter discusses the relatedcountermeasures from both the positive and negative aspects. For moderate soft budgetconstraints,it points out that the government should keep or realize the moderate softbudget constraints by constructing efficient fiscal policy system, providing efficientpublic services and creating a good atmosphere.For the malignant soft budgetconstraints,it should further deepen the reform of the system of property rights andperfect corporate governance system and promote the reform of the state-ownedcommercial bank system and promote the reorganization of international state-ownedenterprises and cultivate the entrepreneurship of multinational state-owned enterprises.
     The last part is the conclusions. It summarizes this paper and gains severalconclusions,including that soft budget constraints have strong vitality and explanatorypower which can be used to study overseas investment of the state-owned enterprises,and that soft budget constraints are essentially externalities problems,and that theroots of the soft budget constraints of overseas investment of the state-owned enterprises are various and complex,and that although overseas investment of thestate-owned enterprises has achieved remarkable results,there are many contradictionsin the system,and that soft budget constraints have the double effects which should besolved classification management measures.
     This paper studies the overseas investment problem of the state-owned enterprisesfrom the soft budget constraints perspective. It researches the soft budget constraintsunder the opening condition and makes practical innovation which makes up for thedeficiency of the existing research and has the certain innovation. However,therecognition of the essence of the soft budget constraints may have some deficiencies ina certain extent and enlarge its denotation because that the ability of the author islimited. So it remains to be further in-depth researched. In addition,it is hard to collectthe related information of the soft budget constraints of overseas investment of thestate-owned enterprises due to the statistical caliber and secret and collecting ability,such as net profit of overseas investment and main business income overseas and assetliability ratio. So the paper can not accurately expound the situation of overseasinvestment of the state-owned enterprises and its soft budget constraints problem andinfers from the situation of overall Chinese enterprises,and it is difficult to make theempirical analysis between soft budget constraints and the overseas investmentperformance of the state-owned enterprises.Moreover,some theoretical understandingsmay be not comprehensive and profound in the process of using the existing theorieswhich affects the preciseness of the argument because of the lack of the author'scognitive ability. These are all the deficiencies of the paper which constitutes the nextresearch direction.
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