农民农业创业机理与实证研究
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摘要
农民创业被认为是当前经济社会发展形势下解决我国“三农”问题的有效途径,在推动农村社区建设、加快农业现代化发展、缓解农民就业困难、促进农民持续增收等方面发挥着不可小觑的作用。因此,不论是理论界还是政策层都对农民创业现象给予了广泛关注和高度重视。中央政府多次强调促进农民就业创业是我国现代化建设中的一项战略性、全局性工作。同一时间,国内许多领域的专家学者也都纷纷加入到农民创业的研究队伍中,相关研究成果大量涌现。
在肯定国内农民创业研究取得丰硕成果的同时,也需要清楚看到当前农民创业研究中存在“重农外,轻农内”的现象。与农民非农创业关系到城市化、工业化发展进程一样,广大农民的农业创业活动对于加快实现我国农业现代化来说同样是不可或缺的战略力量。然而,与中国大地上欣欣向荣的农业创业实践以及政策层对农业创业高度重视不相符合的是,国内农民创业研究领域尚未对此给予足够的关注,缺乏系统分析农民农业创业机理的专门研究成果。由此,本文尝试运用主流创业理论对农民群体的农业创业行为与过程进行初步探索,以期能在一定程度上填补该方向上的研究空白。
借助创业过程理论,本文依次考察了农业创业初期的四个关键行为,即产生农业创业意愿、识别农业创业机会、获取农业创业初始资源以及形成农业创业初期绩效。沿着上述关键行为的逻辑脉络,本文对于农民农业创业机理的思考与剖析重点在于回答以下问题：农民的农业创业意愿受到哪些因素影响?农民识别农业创业机会的机制如何?农业创业的农民获取初始资源的效率如何决定?影响农业创业项目初期绩效的主要因素有哪些?利用实地调查获得的一手数据,本文就这些问题进行了较为细致的讨论,得到了以下主要结论：
(1)农民产生农业创业意愿的影响因素与非农创业意愿的有所不同,主要受到教育程度、先前创业经历、家庭可使用土地数量、父母创业情况、亲友支持度以及任村干部亲友数的影响。同时,农民所感知的外部环境中的政策、市场以及社会文化环境的宽松性程度也对其产生农业创业意愿具有一定的作用。
(2)在非创业者的农民群体中,具有创业意愿的农民可以被视为潜在农民创业者。而在潜在农民创业者中,那些具有农业创业意愿,曾经有过创业经历或具有营销工作背景,又或是有着较高的创业警觉性和较低密度的创业讨论网的农民更有可能识别出农业创业机会。
(3)基于不同产业、创业组织形式和农业细分行业对农民创业者的初始资金、劳动力及技术资源的获取规模和途径进行比较分析后发现,农民在获取创业初始资源时具有较高的自给水平。聚焦于农民农业创业初始资源获取情况的实证分析结果验证了初始资源自给水平对资源获取效率的正向影响,同时也发现该影响程度的大小依赖于农民创业者先前创业经历和在金融机构中任职的亲友数量情况。
(4)本文从生存绩效的维度考察了农业创业项目的初始绩效,结果显示：管理工作经历、讨论网密度、亲友中任公务员的数量以及初始资源获取效率对农民农业创业初期的生存绩效具有显著的影响。具体而言,那些具备管理工作经历、创业讨论网密度较低、亲友中公务员数量较多以及初始资源获取效率较高的农业创业农民,其创业项目更有可能取得良好的生存绩效。
总体而言,本文将理论与实证较好地结合到一起,运用第一手调查数据检验了主流创业理论对农民农业创业行为与过程的解释力,并初步勾勒出农民农业创业初期活动的内在机理。本文在如下方面可能对农民创业研究领域产生些许贡献：首先,本文与该领域内以往多数研究不同,是以农民在农业领域内的创业活动作为研究对象的。显然,这将有助于我们更为完整地了解不同产业背景下农民创业行为规律的异同。其次,本文突破以往多数农民创业研究仅对农民是否创业或者是否具有创业意愿进行分析的简单思路,基于创业过程理论构建包含多个关键创业行为的农民创业研究的概念框架,并据此对农民农业创业选择背后的一系列行为进行了剖析。
Peasant entrepreneurship is considered as the effective way to solve the issues concerned with "agriculture, rural area and farmer" under current economical and social development, which plays an important role in pushing forward the rural community construction, accelerating the agricultural modernization, relieving farmer's employment difficulties and advancing the sustainable increase of farmer's income. Therefore, both the theoretical cycle and the political cycle pay the extensive attentions and lay great emphasis on peasant entrepreneurship. Central government repeatedly stresses that the driving of peasant employment and entrepreneurship is a strategic and all-round cause in our modernization construction process. At the same time, many domestic experts and scholars in different fields also join in the peasant entrepreneurship research team in succession, thus creating abundant research results concerned.
While recognizing the abundant achievements of research on the domestic peasant entrepreneurship, we need to observe the phenomenon attaching importance on non-agricultural entrepreneurship and ignoring agricultural non-agricultural entrepreneurship in the current researches of peasant entrepreneurship. As the non-agricultural entrepreneurship of peasants which concerns the development process of urbanization and industrialization, the entrepreneurial activities of all the peasants have the same indispensable strategic power to accelerate realizing the target of agricultural modernization in China. Nevertheless, what is the incongruent between the flourishing agricultural entrepreneurship practice and the great attention paid by the policy circle in the vast land of China is that the attention paid on this by the field of peasant agricultural entrepreneurship research is still not enough. And there is the lack of specialized research achievements of systematic analysis on the mechanism of peasant agricultural entrepreneurship. Thus, it is attempted to apply the mainstream entrepreneurship theory to have a tentative exploration on the agricultural entrepreneurial behaviors and process of peasant group so as to make up the blank space in the research related to some extent.
By virtue of the entrepreneurial process theory, four key actions are investigated in the initial stage of agricultural entrepreneurship in this article, that's to say, generate the agricultural entrepreneurial intention, distinguish agricultural entrepreneurial opportunity, obtain the initial agricultural entrepreneurship resource and form the preliminary performance of agricultural entrepreneurship. Along with the logical venation of the key actions mentioned above, the thinking and the key points of agricultural entrepreneurship mechanism lie in the answers to the below questions: What factors can influence the agricultural entrepreneurial intention of peasants? How is the mechanism of peasants distinguishing agricultural entrepreneurial opportunity? How is the efficiency of peasants obtaining initial agricultural entrepreneurship resource? What are the dominant factors that influence the preliminary performance of agricultural entrepreneurial project? With the first-hand data that are acquired through field investigation, some meticulous discussions are made concerning these questions in this article. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The influence factor of peasants generating the agricultural entrepreneurial intention and non-agricultural entrepreneurial intention is different, which mainly influenced by degree of education, previous entrepreneurial experience, available amount of land for family, parents'entrepreneurship status, friends and relatives support and numbers of relatives and friends who are village cadres. In the meantime, the policy of external environment perceived by peasants, market and loosening degree of social and cultural environment have certain effect on generating the agricultural entrepreneurial intention.
(2) Among the peasant groups who are not entrepreneurs, peasants with entrepreneurial intention can be considered as potential peasant entrepreneurs. While among potential peasant entrepreneurs, those peasants who have agricultural entrepreneurial intention, once had entrepreneurial experience or working experience of marketing, or have higher entrepreneurial alertness and lower density of entrepreneurship discussion network will have more possibility to recognize agricultural entrepreneurial opportunity.
(3) After making comparative analysis based on different industries, entrepreneurial organization form and agricultural industry segmentation towards gaining scale and method of preliminary funds, labor force and technological resources of peasant entrepreneurs, it found that peasants have higher self-sufficiency level at the time of gaining entrepreneurial preliminary resource. The result of empirical analysis focusing on gaining status of preliminary resource of peasant agricultural entrepreneurship has verified the positive influence of self-sufficiency level of preliminary resource on gaining efficiency of resource, and found the magnitude of this degree of influence depends on peasant entrepreneurs'previous entrepreneurial experience and numbers of relatives and friends who are in office in financial organizations as well.
(4) This paper has studied preliminary performance of project of agricultural entrepreneurship from the dimension of survival performance, and the result shows that working experience of management, density of discussion network, numbers of relatives and friends who are civil servants and gaining efficiency of preliminary resource has prominent influence on the initial survival performance of peasant agricultural entrepreneurship. Specifically, those peasants of agricultural entrepreneurship who have working experience of management, lower density of entrepreneurial discussion, larger number of relatives and friends who are civil servants and higher gaining efficiency of preliminary resource,their entrepreneurial projects are more likely to achieve good survival performance.
In general, this paper better combines theory with solid evidence, having verified explanatory power of main-stream theory of entrepreneurship towards peasant agricultural entrepreneurial behavior and process through the first-hand investigation data and preliminarily drawn the line of internal mechanism of preliminary activity of peasant agricultural entrepreneurship. This paper may have some contributions to the research field of peasant entrepreneurship in following aspects:first, this paper differs from many former researches in this field, it uses peasant agricultural entrepreneurial activity as subject of the study. Obviously, this will help us more completely understand the similarities and differences of mechanism of peasant entrepreneurial behavior in different industrial background. Second, this paper breaks through many former peasant entrepreneurial study that only conducts simple thinking of analysis of whether peasants start a business or whether they have entrepreneurial intention, constructs conceptual framework that covers several key entrepreneurial behaviors of peasant entrepreneurial study with entrepreneurial process theory and makes further analysis of a series of behaviors behind peasant agricultural entrepreneurial selection based on this.
在肯定国内农民创业研究取得丰硕成果的同时,也需要清楚看到当前农民创业研究中存在“重农外,轻农内”的现象。与农民非农创业关系到城市化、工业化发展进程一样,广大农民的农业创业活动对于加快实现我国农业现代化来说同样是不可或缺的战略力量。然而,与中国大地上欣欣向荣的农业创业实践以及政策层对农业创业高度重视不相符合的是,国内农民创业研究领域尚未对此给予足够的关注,缺乏系统分析农民农业创业机理的专门研究成果。由此,本文尝试运用主流创业理论对农民群体的农业创业行为与过程进行初步探索,以期能在一定程度上填补该方向上的研究空白。
借助创业过程理论,本文依次考察了农业创业初期的四个关键行为,即产生农业创业意愿、识别农业创业机会、获取农业创业初始资源以及形成农业创业初期绩效。沿着上述关键行为的逻辑脉络,本文对于农民农业创业机理的思考与剖析重点在于回答以下问题：农民的农业创业意愿受到哪些因素影响?农民识别农业创业机会的机制如何?农业创业的农民获取初始资源的效率如何决定?影响农业创业项目初期绩效的主要因素有哪些?利用实地调查获得的一手数据,本文就这些问题进行了较为细致的讨论,得到了以下主要结论：
(1)农民产生农业创业意愿的影响因素与非农创业意愿的有所不同,主要受到教育程度、先前创业经历、家庭可使用土地数量、父母创业情况、亲友支持度以及任村干部亲友数的影响。同时,农民所感知的外部环境中的政策、市场以及社会文化环境的宽松性程度也对其产生农业创业意愿具有一定的作用。
(2)在非创业者的农民群体中,具有创业意愿的农民可以被视为潜在农民创业者。而在潜在农民创业者中,那些具有农业创业意愿,曾经有过创业经历或具有营销工作背景,又或是有着较高的创业警觉性和较低密度的创业讨论网的农民更有可能识别出农业创业机会。
(3)基于不同产业、创业组织形式和农业细分行业对农民创业者的初始资金、劳动力及技术资源的获取规模和途径进行比较分析后发现,农民在获取创业初始资源时具有较高的自给水平。聚焦于农民农业创业初始资源获取情况的实证分析结果验证了初始资源自给水平对资源获取效率的正向影响,同时也发现该影响程度的大小依赖于农民创业者先前创业经历和在金融机构中任职的亲友数量情况。
(4)本文从生存绩效的维度考察了农业创业项目的初始绩效,结果显示：管理工作经历、讨论网密度、亲友中任公务员的数量以及初始资源获取效率对农民农业创业初期的生存绩效具有显著的影响。具体而言,那些具备管理工作经历、创业讨论网密度较低、亲友中公务员数量较多以及初始资源获取效率较高的农业创业农民,其创业项目更有可能取得良好的生存绩效。
总体而言,本文将理论与实证较好地结合到一起,运用第一手调查数据检验了主流创业理论对农民农业创业行为与过程的解释力,并初步勾勒出农民农业创业初期活动的内在机理。本文在如下方面可能对农民创业研究领域产生些许贡献：首先,本文与该领域内以往多数研究不同,是以农民在农业领域内的创业活动作为研究对象的。显然,这将有助于我们更为完整地了解不同产业背景下农民创业行为规律的异同。其次,本文突破以往多数农民创业研究仅对农民是否创业或者是否具有创业意愿进行分析的简单思路,基于创业过程理论构建包含多个关键创业行为的农民创业研究的概念框架,并据此对农民农业创业选择背后的一系列行为进行了剖析。
Peasant entrepreneurship is considered as the effective way to solve the issues concerned with "agriculture, rural area and farmer" under current economical and social development, which plays an important role in pushing forward the rural community construction, accelerating the agricultural modernization, relieving farmer's employment difficulties and advancing the sustainable increase of farmer's income. Therefore, both the theoretical cycle and the political cycle pay the extensive attentions and lay great emphasis on peasant entrepreneurship. Central government repeatedly stresses that the driving of peasant employment and entrepreneurship is a strategic and all-round cause in our modernization construction process. At the same time, many domestic experts and scholars in different fields also join in the peasant entrepreneurship research team in succession, thus creating abundant research results concerned.
While recognizing the abundant achievements of research on the domestic peasant entrepreneurship, we need to observe the phenomenon attaching importance on non-agricultural entrepreneurship and ignoring agricultural non-agricultural entrepreneurship in the current researches of peasant entrepreneurship. As the non-agricultural entrepreneurship of peasants which concerns the development process of urbanization and industrialization, the entrepreneurial activities of all the peasants have the same indispensable strategic power to accelerate realizing the target of agricultural modernization in China. Nevertheless, what is the incongruent between the flourishing agricultural entrepreneurship practice and the great attention paid by the policy circle in the vast land of China is that the attention paid on this by the field of peasant agricultural entrepreneurship research is still not enough. And there is the lack of specialized research achievements of systematic analysis on the mechanism of peasant agricultural entrepreneurship. Thus, it is attempted to apply the mainstream entrepreneurship theory to have a tentative exploration on the agricultural entrepreneurial behaviors and process of peasant group so as to make up the blank space in the research related to some extent.
By virtue of the entrepreneurial process theory, four key actions are investigated in the initial stage of agricultural entrepreneurship in this article, that's to say, generate the agricultural entrepreneurial intention, distinguish agricultural entrepreneurial opportunity, obtain the initial agricultural entrepreneurship resource and form the preliminary performance of agricultural entrepreneurship. Along with the logical venation of the key actions mentioned above, the thinking and the key points of agricultural entrepreneurship mechanism lie in the answers to the below questions: What factors can influence the agricultural entrepreneurial intention of peasants? How is the mechanism of peasants distinguishing agricultural entrepreneurial opportunity? How is the efficiency of peasants obtaining initial agricultural entrepreneurship resource? What are the dominant factors that influence the preliminary performance of agricultural entrepreneurial project? With the first-hand data that are acquired through field investigation, some meticulous discussions are made concerning these questions in this article. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The influence factor of peasants generating the agricultural entrepreneurial intention and non-agricultural entrepreneurial intention is different, which mainly influenced by degree of education, previous entrepreneurial experience, available amount of land for family, parents'entrepreneurship status, friends and relatives support and numbers of relatives and friends who are village cadres. In the meantime, the policy of external environment perceived by peasants, market and loosening degree of social and cultural environment have certain effect on generating the agricultural entrepreneurial intention.
(2) Among the peasant groups who are not entrepreneurs, peasants with entrepreneurial intention can be considered as potential peasant entrepreneurs. While among potential peasant entrepreneurs, those peasants who have agricultural entrepreneurial intention, once had entrepreneurial experience or working experience of marketing, or have higher entrepreneurial alertness and lower density of entrepreneurship discussion network will have more possibility to recognize agricultural entrepreneurial opportunity.
(3) After making comparative analysis based on different industries, entrepreneurial organization form and agricultural industry segmentation towards gaining scale and method of preliminary funds, labor force and technological resources of peasant entrepreneurs, it found that peasants have higher self-sufficiency level at the time of gaining entrepreneurial preliminary resource. The result of empirical analysis focusing on gaining status of preliminary resource of peasant agricultural entrepreneurship has verified the positive influence of self-sufficiency level of preliminary resource on gaining efficiency of resource, and found the magnitude of this degree of influence depends on peasant entrepreneurs'previous entrepreneurial experience and numbers of relatives and friends who are in office in financial organizations as well.
(4) This paper has studied preliminary performance of project of agricultural entrepreneurship from the dimension of survival performance, and the result shows that working experience of management, density of discussion network, numbers of relatives and friends who are civil servants and gaining efficiency of preliminary resource has prominent influence on the initial survival performance of peasant agricultural entrepreneurship. Specifically, those peasants of agricultural entrepreneurship who have working experience of management, lower density of entrepreneurial discussion, larger number of relatives and friends who are civil servants and higher gaining efficiency of preliminary resource,their entrepreneurial projects are more likely to achieve good survival performance.
In general, this paper better combines theory with solid evidence, having verified explanatory power of main-stream theory of entrepreneurship towards peasant agricultural entrepreneurial behavior and process through the first-hand investigation data and preliminarily drawn the line of internal mechanism of preliminary activity of peasant agricultural entrepreneurship. This paper may have some contributions to the research field of peasant entrepreneurship in following aspects:first, this paper differs from many former researches in this field, it uses peasant agricultural entrepreneurial activity as subject of the study. Obviously, this will help us more completely understand the similarities and differences of mechanism of peasant entrepreneurial behavior in different industrial background. Second, this paper breaks through many former peasant entrepreneurial study that only conducts simple thinking of analysis of whether peasants start a business or whether they have entrepreneurial intention, constructs conceptual framework that covers several key entrepreneurial behaviors of peasant entrepreneurial study with entrepreneurial process theory and makes further analysis of a series of behaviors behind peasant agricultural entrepreneurial selection based on this.
引文
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