长期施肥下我国典型红壤性水稻土肥力演变特征与持续利用
|
摘要
红壤性水稻土是我国南方中部地区，尤其是江西省主要的农业土壤之一。近年来，由于土地过度利用，为了追求高产，不合理地大量施用化学肥料，引起一系列生产及环境生态问题。因此，阐明红壤性水稻土土壤肥力的动态变化及养分资源的作物吸收利用特点是该区域农业科学中的一个重要问题，对于生态环境保护和农业可持续发展，均具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。本论文以位于江西省进贤县的红壤性水稻土长期定位试验（1981-2007）为基础，分析了不施肥（CK）、单施肥（N、P、K）、化肥配施（NP、NK、PK、NPK）、倍量施肥（2NPK）和有机-无机肥配施（NPKM）下红壤性水稻土的肥力演变及生产力可持续性，主要结果和结论如下：
1、长期施用有机肥可提高红壤性水稻土耕层的有机质含量。施肥以来，红壤性水稻土有机质含量在化肥有机肥配施处理下显著增加，2002年土壤有机质含量与1981年试验前比较增幅达到32％，耕层土壤有机质多年平均含量为20.55g/kg。长期施用化肥，红壤性水稻土耕层有机质含量保持稳定，多年平均含量维持在16-18g/kg范围内。
2、长期施用有机肥可显著提高土壤全氮与有效氮的含量，土壤氮含量在化肥有机肥配施处理下有显著增高，其中全氮含量增长12%，有效氮含量增长25%。而在其他处理下土壤氮素增加不显著。施氮对土壤全氮含量的影响不显著，对土壤有效氮含量的影响显著。长期施用含磷肥料可不同程度上提高耕层土壤全磷和有效磷含量，其中有机肥和过量施磷对土壤磷素的提升作用最为显著。NPKM和2NPK两处理，土壤全磷含量与试验初相比分别提高了83.9%和79.6%；土壤有效磷含量与试验初相比分别提高了672.3%和409.9%。施磷对土壤全磷含量的影响显著，对土壤有效磷含量的影响不显著。长期施用施钾与不施钾肥对土壤全钾含量的影响不显著，说明施用钾肥与否在至少在本试验时间内对耕层土壤全钾无明显影响。含钾配合的各处理土壤有效钾含量明显高于不施钾肥的各处理，说明长期施用含钾配合的肥料对耕层土壤速效钾含量具有累积作用。
3、不同施肥下的化肥氮回收率差异显著，26年的平均氮肥回收率N处理为9.4%-11.6%、NP为13.0%-18.5%、NPK为19.8%-26.1%，NPKM为29.9%-40.1%。磷肥、钾肥和有机肥可显著提高水稻氮肥回收率，且对早稻的贡献大于晚稻；NPK和NPKM的早稻氮肥回收率比晚稻平均高6.3和10.2个百分点。N和NK处理的氮肥回收率随年度显著降低，平均每年下降约0.6个百分点，而NPK、NPKM的氮肥回收率基本保持稳定。不同施磷处理对早、晚稻磷肥回收率影响较大。早稻年均磷肥回收率在NPK处理下最高，为33.02%；晚稻年均磷肥回收率在高量NPK处理下最高，为20.22%。相同处理下，晚稻的磷肥回收率低于早稻。早稻和晚稻在不同施钾处理下差异较大。不同施肥下的化肥钾回收率差异显著。有机肥对钾肥回收率的作用不显著，磷肥可显著提高水稻钾肥回收率，且在晚稻上效果明显。
4、在早、晚稻连作体系中，土壤基础肥力对水稻产量的地力贡献分别为65%和69%，氮磷钾肥料对早稻和晚稻的增产贡献分别为35%和31%；在26年定位试验中，红壤性水稻土对早稻的地力贡献率多年呈下降趋势，红壤性水稻土对晚稻的地力贡献率多年总体呈上升趋势，早稻对肥料的依赖性高于晚稻。氮磷钾化肥配施及化肥有机肥配施处理下早稻籽粒产量显著高于其他处理，且多年间保持稳定。早稻籽粒产量在N、K和NK处理下分别以每年73.2kg ha-1、61.7和90.6kg ha-1的速率下降。晚稻籽粒产量在施用有机肥处理下显著高于其他不平衡施肥处理下，且在N和NK处理下以每年29.8kg ha-1和44.3kg ha-1的速率显著下降。对于早稻，平衡施肥及有机肥配施处理下产量可持续指数最高；对于晚稻，不同处理间产量可持续指数差异较小，且施用钾肥后对晚稻产量可持续没有影响。
综上所述，不平衡施肥既不利于高产，也不利于作物吸收及养分积累，培肥效果差；平衡施用化肥，能够维持作物较高的产量，土壤养分含量与试验初差异不大；化肥配施有机肥，土壤肥力水平、作物对养分的吸收利用及籽粒产量均最高，说明无论是从提高养分利用率还是高产稳产方面，化肥有机肥配施都是红壤水稻土上可持续的施肥模式。另外，本研究结果阐明了早稻对肥料的依赖性高于晚稻，且对磷肥需求高于钾肥，为生产中因作物施肥，提高粮食产量和保持红壤性水稻土地区农业可持续发展提供了理论依据。
Red paddy soil is one of the leading agricultural soils in southern part of China, especially inJiangxi Province. In recent years, excessive land utilization and unreasonable application ofchemical fertilizers to achieve high yield have caused a series of production and environmentalecological issues. Therefore, to clarify the dynamic changes of red paddy soil and characteristicsof absorption and utilization of nutrient resources by crops is an important issue in the agriculturalscience in this area, and has important theoretical meaning and practical value for both theprotection of ecological environment and sustainable development of agriculture. With thelong-term positioned experiment (1991-2007) of red paddy soil in Jinxian County, JiangxiProvince as a platform, this paper analyzes the fertility evolution and sustainability of productivityof red paddy soil under no fertilization, unbalanced fertilization (N, P, K, NP, NK, PK), balancedfertilization (NPK and2NPK) and mixed application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers(NPKM). Main results and conclusions are as follows:
1. Long-term application of organic fertilizers could improve the content of organic substancein the plough-layer red paddy soil. Since the application of fertilizers, the content of organicsubstance increased significantly under the treatment of mixed application of chemical fertilizersand organic fertilizers. The content of organic substance in soil grew32%in2002as comparedwith the level before experiment in1981. The several-year average content of organic substance inthe plough-layer soil was20.55g/kg. With long-term application of chemical fertilizers, thecontent of organic substance in the plough-layer red paddy soil kept stable, with the several-yearaverage content maintaining within16-18g/kg.
2. Long-term application of N could improve the content of N in the soil. The content of N inthe soil increased significantly under the treatment of mixed application of chemical fertilizers andorganic fertilizers, and did not increased significantly under other treatments. Long-termapplication of P-contained fertilizer may increase the content of total P and available P inplough-layer soil to different extents. For26years since the application of fertilizers, the contentof total P in the soil grew significantly under the treatments of NPKM and high-volume NPK, atthe greatest growth rate; also grew significantly under the NP and N treatments, at smaller growthrates; and remained flat under the treatments of PK and NPK. As compared with the beginning ofthe experiment, the several-year average content of available P in the soil grew at the greatest rateof672.3%under the treatment of mixed application of chemical and organic fertilizers; grew at409.9%under the treatment of2NPK; and declined by17.47%and21.25%under the N and CKtreatments respectively. The content of available K under the treatment of K application wassignificantly greater than that under the treatment of no K application, indicating that thelong-term application of K-containing mixed fertilizers could significantly improve the content ofavailable K in the plough-layer soil. In terms of the years of changing trend, the content of available K under all treatments changed sharply in different years. But in terms of the treatments,the content of available K was greatest under the treatment of mixed application of chemical andorganic fertilizers.
3．The rate of N utilization by chemical fertilizers was significantly different under differentfertilizations. The26-year average N utilization rate was9.4%-11.6%under the N treatment,13.0%-18.5%under the NP treatment,19.8%-26.1%under the NPK treatment, and29.9%-40.1%under the NPKM treatment. P, K and organic fertilizers could improve the N recovery rate in ricesignificantly, and contributed more to early rice than to late rice; the N recovery rate in early riceunder the NPK and NPKM treatments was6.3and10.2percentages points greater than in late ricerespectively. The N recovery rate under the N and NK treatments declined significantly on yearlybasis, with an annual average decline of about0.6percentage points. And the N recovery rateunder the NPK and NPKM treatments remained stable basically. Different P treatments hadgreater effect on the P utilization rate in early and late rice. The greatest annual average Putilization rate in early rice occurred under the NPK treatment, as33.02%；The greatest annualaverage P utilization rate in late rice occurred under the NPK treatment, as20.22%. Under thesame treatment, the P utilization rate in late rice was less than that in early rice. There was a sharpdifference between early rice and late rice under different treatments of K application. The greatestK utilization rate in early rice occurred under the high-volume NPK treatment, as60.18%. Thegreatest K utilization rate in early rice occurred under the ordinary-volume NPK treatment, as57.40%.
4．In the continuous farming of early and late rice, the fertility contribution of basic soilfertility to the rice yield was65%and69%respectively. The contribution of NPK to the yieldincrease of early and late rice was35%and31%respectively；In the15-year positionedexperiment, the rate of contribution of red paddy soil to the soil fertility of early rice appeareddeclining in several years. The rate of contribution of red paddy soil to the soil fertility of earlyrice appeared rising in several years. Early rice relied more on fertilizers than late rice. The grainyield of early rice was significantly greater under the NPK treatment and the treatment of mixedapplication of chemical and organic fertilizers than other treatments, and remained stable inseveral years. The grain yield of early rice declined by73.2kg ha-1,61.7and90.6kg ha-1per annumunder the N, K and NK treatments respectively. The grain yield of late rice was significantlygreater under the treatment of organic fertilizer application than under other unbalanced treatmentsand declined significantly by29.8kg ha-1and44.3kg ha-1per annum under the N and NKtreatments respectively. As for early rice, the sustainability index of yield was the greatest underthe treatments of balanced fertilization and mixed application of organic fertilizes; as for late rice,the sustainability index of yield was less different between treatments, and the application of Khad no effect on the sustainability of yield of late rice.
In a word, unbalanced fertilization is neither helpful for high yield, nor helpful for cropabsorption and nutrient accumulation, with poor effect of fertility fostering; balanced application of chemical fertilizers could maintain higher yield of crops, and the content of nutrients in the soilwas not significantly different from that at the beginning of experiment, indicating that, both interms of nutrient utilization increase and high yield maintaining, mixed application of chemicaland organic fertilizers is a model of sustainable fertilization for red paddy soil. In addition, resultsof this study clarify that early rice relies more on fertilizers than late rice, and needs more P than K,providing theoretical basis for fertilization depending upon crops in the production in order toincrease the grain yield and maintain the sustainable development of agriculture in the red paddysoil area.
1、长期施用有机肥可提高红壤性水稻土耕层的有机质含量。施肥以来，红壤性水稻土有机质含量在化肥有机肥配施处理下显著增加，2002年土壤有机质含量与1981年试验前比较增幅达到32％，耕层土壤有机质多年平均含量为20.55g/kg。长期施用化肥，红壤性水稻土耕层有机质含量保持稳定，多年平均含量维持在16-18g/kg范围内。
2、长期施用有机肥可显著提高土壤全氮与有效氮的含量，土壤氮含量在化肥有机肥配施处理下有显著增高，其中全氮含量增长12%，有效氮含量增长25%。而在其他处理下土壤氮素增加不显著。施氮对土壤全氮含量的影响不显著，对土壤有效氮含量的影响显著。长期施用含磷肥料可不同程度上提高耕层土壤全磷和有效磷含量，其中有机肥和过量施磷对土壤磷素的提升作用最为显著。NPKM和2NPK两处理，土壤全磷含量与试验初相比分别提高了83.9%和79.6%；土壤有效磷含量与试验初相比分别提高了672.3%和409.9%。施磷对土壤全磷含量的影响显著，对土壤有效磷含量的影响不显著。长期施用施钾与不施钾肥对土壤全钾含量的影响不显著，说明施用钾肥与否在至少在本试验时间内对耕层土壤全钾无明显影响。含钾配合的各处理土壤有效钾含量明显高于不施钾肥的各处理，说明长期施用含钾配合的肥料对耕层土壤速效钾含量具有累积作用。
3、不同施肥下的化肥氮回收率差异显著，26年的平均氮肥回收率N处理为9.4%-11.6%、NP为13.0%-18.5%、NPK为19.8%-26.1%，NPKM为29.9%-40.1%。磷肥、钾肥和有机肥可显著提高水稻氮肥回收率，且对早稻的贡献大于晚稻；NPK和NPKM的早稻氮肥回收率比晚稻平均高6.3和10.2个百分点。N和NK处理的氮肥回收率随年度显著降低，平均每年下降约0.6个百分点，而NPK、NPKM的氮肥回收率基本保持稳定。不同施磷处理对早、晚稻磷肥回收率影响较大。早稻年均磷肥回收率在NPK处理下最高，为33.02%；晚稻年均磷肥回收率在高量NPK处理下最高，为20.22%。相同处理下，晚稻的磷肥回收率低于早稻。早稻和晚稻在不同施钾处理下差异较大。不同施肥下的化肥钾回收率差异显著。有机肥对钾肥回收率的作用不显著，磷肥可显著提高水稻钾肥回收率，且在晚稻上效果明显。
4、在早、晚稻连作体系中，土壤基础肥力对水稻产量的地力贡献分别为65%和69%，氮磷钾肥料对早稻和晚稻的增产贡献分别为35%和31%；在26年定位试验中，红壤性水稻土对早稻的地力贡献率多年呈下降趋势，红壤性水稻土对晚稻的地力贡献率多年总体呈上升趋势，早稻对肥料的依赖性高于晚稻。氮磷钾化肥配施及化肥有机肥配施处理下早稻籽粒产量显著高于其他处理，且多年间保持稳定。早稻籽粒产量在N、K和NK处理下分别以每年73.2kg ha-1、61.7和90.6kg ha-1的速率下降。晚稻籽粒产量在施用有机肥处理下显著高于其他不平衡施肥处理下，且在N和NK处理下以每年29.8kg ha-1和44.3kg ha-1的速率显著下降。对于早稻，平衡施肥及有机肥配施处理下产量可持续指数最高；对于晚稻，不同处理间产量可持续指数差异较小，且施用钾肥后对晚稻产量可持续没有影响。
综上所述，不平衡施肥既不利于高产，也不利于作物吸收及养分积累，培肥效果差；平衡施用化肥，能够维持作物较高的产量，土壤养分含量与试验初差异不大；化肥配施有机肥，土壤肥力水平、作物对养分的吸收利用及籽粒产量均最高，说明无论是从提高养分利用率还是高产稳产方面，化肥有机肥配施都是红壤水稻土上可持续的施肥模式。另外，本研究结果阐明了早稻对肥料的依赖性高于晚稻，且对磷肥需求高于钾肥，为生产中因作物施肥，提高粮食产量和保持红壤性水稻土地区农业可持续发展提供了理论依据。
Red paddy soil is one of the leading agricultural soils in southern part of China, especially inJiangxi Province. In recent years, excessive land utilization and unreasonable application ofchemical fertilizers to achieve high yield have caused a series of production and environmentalecological issues. Therefore, to clarify the dynamic changes of red paddy soil and characteristicsof absorption and utilization of nutrient resources by crops is an important issue in the agriculturalscience in this area, and has important theoretical meaning and practical value for both theprotection of ecological environment and sustainable development of agriculture. With thelong-term positioned experiment (1991-2007) of red paddy soil in Jinxian County, JiangxiProvince as a platform, this paper analyzes the fertility evolution and sustainability of productivityof red paddy soil under no fertilization, unbalanced fertilization (N, P, K, NP, NK, PK), balancedfertilization (NPK and2NPK) and mixed application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers(NPKM). Main results and conclusions are as follows:
1. Long-term application of organic fertilizers could improve the content of organic substancein the plough-layer red paddy soil. Since the application of fertilizers, the content of organicsubstance increased significantly under the treatment of mixed application of chemical fertilizersand organic fertilizers. The content of organic substance in soil grew32%in2002as comparedwith the level before experiment in1981. The several-year average content of organic substance inthe plough-layer soil was20.55g/kg. With long-term application of chemical fertilizers, thecontent of organic substance in the plough-layer red paddy soil kept stable, with the several-yearaverage content maintaining within16-18g/kg.
2. Long-term application of N could improve the content of N in the soil. The content of N inthe soil increased significantly under the treatment of mixed application of chemical fertilizers andorganic fertilizers, and did not increased significantly under other treatments. Long-termapplication of P-contained fertilizer may increase the content of total P and available P inplough-layer soil to different extents. For26years since the application of fertilizers, the contentof total P in the soil grew significantly under the treatments of NPKM and high-volume NPK, atthe greatest growth rate; also grew significantly under the NP and N treatments, at smaller growthrates; and remained flat under the treatments of PK and NPK. As compared with the beginning ofthe experiment, the several-year average content of available P in the soil grew at the greatest rateof672.3%under the treatment of mixed application of chemical and organic fertilizers; grew at409.9%under the treatment of2NPK; and declined by17.47%and21.25%under the N and CKtreatments respectively. The content of available K under the treatment of K application wassignificantly greater than that under the treatment of no K application, indicating that thelong-term application of K-containing mixed fertilizers could significantly improve the content ofavailable K in the plough-layer soil. In terms of the years of changing trend, the content of available K under all treatments changed sharply in different years. But in terms of the treatments,the content of available K was greatest under the treatment of mixed application of chemical andorganic fertilizers.
3．The rate of N utilization by chemical fertilizers was significantly different under differentfertilizations. The26-year average N utilization rate was9.4%-11.6%under the N treatment,13.0%-18.5%under the NP treatment,19.8%-26.1%under the NPK treatment, and29.9%-40.1%under the NPKM treatment. P, K and organic fertilizers could improve the N recovery rate in ricesignificantly, and contributed more to early rice than to late rice; the N recovery rate in early riceunder the NPK and NPKM treatments was6.3and10.2percentages points greater than in late ricerespectively. The N recovery rate under the N and NK treatments declined significantly on yearlybasis, with an annual average decline of about0.6percentage points. And the N recovery rateunder the NPK and NPKM treatments remained stable basically. Different P treatments hadgreater effect on the P utilization rate in early and late rice. The greatest annual average Putilization rate in early rice occurred under the NPK treatment, as33.02%；The greatest annualaverage P utilization rate in late rice occurred under the NPK treatment, as20.22%. Under thesame treatment, the P utilization rate in late rice was less than that in early rice. There was a sharpdifference between early rice and late rice under different treatments of K application. The greatestK utilization rate in early rice occurred under the high-volume NPK treatment, as60.18%. Thegreatest K utilization rate in early rice occurred under the ordinary-volume NPK treatment, as57.40%.
4．In the continuous farming of early and late rice, the fertility contribution of basic soilfertility to the rice yield was65%and69%respectively. The contribution of NPK to the yieldincrease of early and late rice was35%and31%respectively；In the15-year positionedexperiment, the rate of contribution of red paddy soil to the soil fertility of early rice appeareddeclining in several years. The rate of contribution of red paddy soil to the soil fertility of earlyrice appeared rising in several years. Early rice relied more on fertilizers than late rice. The grainyield of early rice was significantly greater under the NPK treatment and the treatment of mixedapplication of chemical and organic fertilizers than other treatments, and remained stable inseveral years. The grain yield of early rice declined by73.2kg ha-1,61.7and90.6kg ha-1per annumunder the N, K and NK treatments respectively. The grain yield of late rice was significantlygreater under the treatment of organic fertilizer application than under other unbalanced treatmentsand declined significantly by29.8kg ha-1and44.3kg ha-1per annum under the N and NKtreatments respectively. As for early rice, the sustainability index of yield was the greatest underthe treatments of balanced fertilization and mixed application of organic fertilizes; as for late rice,the sustainability index of yield was less different between treatments, and the application of Khad no effect on the sustainability of yield of late rice.
In a word, unbalanced fertilization is neither helpful for high yield, nor helpful for cropabsorption and nutrient accumulation, with poor effect of fertility fostering; balanced application of chemical fertilizers could maintain higher yield of crops, and the content of nutrients in the soilwas not significantly different from that at the beginning of experiment, indicating that, both interms of nutrient utilization increase and high yield maintaining, mixed application of chemicaland organic fertilizers is a model of sustainable fertilization for red paddy soil. In addition, resultsof this study clarify that early rice relies more on fertilizers than late rice, and needs more P than K,providing theoretical basis for fertilization depending upon crops in the production in order toincrease the grain yield and maintain the sustainable development of agriculture in the red paddysoil area.
引文
1.蔡大同，张春兰，蒋廷惠等．氮、磷肥料对饼干小麦植株各部分干物质和养分含量的作用．土壤肥料，1998(4)：10-15
2.曾广永，王鹏飞．有机肥化肥长期配合施用对水稻产量及土壤养分的影响．中国农学通报，2001，17（3）48-51．
3.陈涛，杜丽君，郝晓晖等．长期施肥对水稻土活性有机碳的影响．土壤通报，2009，40(4):809－813．
4.程励励．我国土壤N素研究工作的现状与展望．北京：科学出版社，1986，104-115.
5.戴平安，刘向华，易国英等.氮磷钾及有机肥不同配施量对水稻品质和产量效应的研究.作物研究,1999,(3):26-30,42.
6.邓铁金,，樊友安，周任发.红壤性水稻土的形成过程特点及其肥力演变.土壤学报,1985,22(1):1-11.
7.段建南，赵丽兵，王改兰等．长期定位试验条件下土地生产力和土壤肥力的变化．湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，28（6）：479-482．
8.范业成，叶厚专.江西红壤性水稻土肥力特性及其管理.江西农业学报,1998,10(3):70-74.
9.符建荣.控释氮肥对水稻的增产效应及提高肥料回收率的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(2):146-152.
10.高菊生，徐明岗，孙楠.湘南三种典型红壤生土长期施肥对作物产量的影响.中国农学通报，2007,23（10）：209-215
11.韩晓日，陈恩风，郭鹏程等．长期施肥对作物产量及土壤氮素肥力的影响．土壤通报，1995，26(6)：244-246．
12.韩晓日等；长期不同施肥对N肥利用的影响．土壤肥料，1997(5)：12-15
13.何绪生，李素霞，李旭辉等.控效肥料的研究进展.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):97-106.
14.扈立家，李天来.我国发展精准农业的问题及对策.沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005,7(4):400-402.
15.华孟，王坚.土壤物理学.北京:北京农业大学出版社，1998.
16.黄绍敏，宝德俊，皇甫湘荣等.长期施肥对潮土作物产量及肥料对产量贡献的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(增刊):141-145.
17.黄绍文，金继运，杨俐苹等.分区平衡施肥技术对氮肥回收率和土壤养分平衡的影响.土壤肥料,2002,(6):3-7.
18.江西省土地利用管理局，江西省土壤普查办公室.江西土壤.北京:中国农业科技出版社，1991.
19.金继运.我国肥料资源利用中存在的问题及对策建议.中国农技推广,2005,(11):4-6.
20.金继运．土壤养分状况系统研究法及其应用初报．土壤学报，1995，32（1）：84-90．
21.金继运．土壤养分状况系统研究法及其在我国的初步应用，加拿大钾磷研究所北京办事处主编，土壤养分状况系统研究法，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1992．
22.金继运．我国肥料资源利用中存在的问题及对策建议．中国农技推广，2005，11：4-6．
23.金绍龄，马永春．长期施用不同肥料对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化．北京，中国农业科技出版社，1996：153-159．
24.巨晓棠，刘学军，邹国元.冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中氮素的损失途径分析.中国农业科学,2002,35(12):1493-1499.
25.孔宏敏，何圆球.长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量和土壤肥力的影响.应用生态学报，2004,15（5）：782-786
26.孔令聪，曹承富，汪芝寿等．长期定位施肥对砂姜黑土肥力及生产力的影响研究．中国生态农业学报，2004，12（2）：102-104．
27.赖庆旺，李茶苟，黄庆海.红壤性水稻土无机肥连施与土壤结构特性的研究.土壤学报,1992,29(2):168-174.
28.娟庆旺，黄庆海，李茶苟等．红壤施钾对粮食作物品质的影响．化学工业，1989(3)：24-26.
29.劳秀荣，孙伟红，王真等.秸秆还田与化肥配合施用对土壤肥力的影响.土壤学报,2003,40(4):619-622
30.李家康，林葆，梁国庆等．对我国化肥使用前景的剖析(续)．磷肥与复肥，2001，16（3）：4-8．
31.李家康，林葆，梁国庆等．对我国化肥使用前景的剖析．植物营养与肥料学报，2001，7（1）：1-10．
32.李家康，林葆．化肥在我国农业生产中的作用与展望．肥料与农业发展国际学术讨论会论文集．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1999：19-27．
33.李娟，赵秉强，李秀英等.长期有机无机肥料配施对土壤微生物学特性及土壤肥力的影响.中国农业科学，2008，41(1):144-152.
34.李庆逵．磷石灰肥效试验第二次报告．土壤学报，1983，2(37)167-177.
35.李韵珠，王凤仙，黄元仿.土壤水分和养分利用效率几种定义的比较.土壤通报,2000，31(4):150-155.
36.李忠佩，李德成，张桃林等.红壤水稻土肥力性状的演变特征.土壤学报，2003，40(6):870~878.
37.李忠佩，张桃林，陈碧云等.红壤稻田土壤有机质的积累过程特征分析.土壤学报，2003，40(3):344-352.
38.廖育林，郑圣先，聂军等.长期施用化肥和稻草对红壤水稻土肥力和生产力持续性的影响.中国农业科学，2009，42(10):3541-3550.
39.林葆，林继雄，李家康.长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力的演变.植物营养与肥料学报，1994，(1):6-18.
40.林葆，金继运．肥料在发展中国粮食生产中的作用—历史的回顾与展望．中国平衡施肥报告会，加拿大钾肥公司，1991：36-42．
41.林葆，李家康．中国磷肥施用量与氮磷比例问题．农资科技，2002，（3）：13-15
42.林葆，林继雄，李家康．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1996．
43.林葆．充分发挥我国肥料的增产效果．中国土壤科学的现状与展望，中国土壤学会，南京：江苏科学技术出版社，1991，29-36．
44.林葆．我国肥料长期试验的主要结果和展望：中国农业资源与环境持续发展的探讨．辽宁科技出版社．1998．117-120
45.林继雄，林葆．磷肥不同分配方式与后效．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化．中国农业科技出版社．1996：69-77.
46.刘鸿翔，王德禄，王守宇等.黑土长期施肥及养分循环再利用的作物产量及土壤肥力质量变化I.作物产量.应用生态学报，2001，12(1):43-46.
47.刘书运,孟宪聪.我国土壤现状及改良对策研究.沿海企业与科技,2005,(9):21-26.
48.刘杏兰，高宗，刘存寿等.有机-无机配施的增产效应及对土壤肥力影响的定位研究.土壤学报，1996，33(2):138-147.
49.卢良恕·农业可持续发展战略研究.21世纪初中国农业发展战略，.北京:中国农业出版社,2000：461-495.
50.鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法,北京:中国农业科技出版社.2000.
51.鲁如坤．磷肥对水稻和早作的肥效及其后效的研究.土壤学报，1965，13(2)：152—160.
52.鲁如坤.土壤积累态磷研究Ⅱ.磷肥的表观积累回收率.土壤,1995,27(6):286-289.
53.鲁如坤．土壤-植物营养学．化学工业出版社：北京．1998．
54.毛知耘．《肥料学》．全国高等农业院校教材．中国农业出版社，1997，4-10
55.潘世娟，李菊梅，王惠生.长期定位试验条件下的水稻田土壤有机质含量变化研究.中国土壤与肥料，2011(3)：8－14.
56.钦绳武，顾益初，朱兆良.潮土肥力演变与施肥作用的长期定位试验初报．土壤学报，1998，35(3)：367-375．
57.曲俊峰，李菊梅，徐明岗等．长期不同施肥条件下几种典型土壤全磷和Olsen-P的变化．植物营养与肥料学报，2008，14(1):90-98．
58.沈善敏.氮肥在中国农业发展中的贡献和农业中氮的损失.土壤学报,2002,39:12-25.
59.沈善敏．国外的长期肥料试验（1）．土壤通报，1984a，15（2）：86-91．
60.沈善敏．国外的长期肥料试验（2）．土壤通报，1984b，15（2）：134-138．
61.沈善敏．国外的长期肥料试验（3）．土壤通报，1984c，15（2）：184-185．
62.沈善敏．长期土壤肥力试验的科学价值．植物营养与肥料学报，1995，1(1)：1-9．
63.沈善敏．中国土壤肥力．北京：中国农业出版社，1998，309-312．
64.沈中泉．有机肥和无机肥配合施用时肥料N的去向，土壤通报，1986(17)：107-110
65.宋永林，李秀英，李小平.长期施肥对褐潮土氮、有机质动态变化的影响.中国农学通报，2010，26（18）206-209.
66.宋永林，唐华俊，李小平.长期施肥对作物产量及褐潮土有机质变化的影响研究.华北农学报，2007，22（增刊）：100-105.
67.宋永林，张淑香，李小平等.长期施肥对褐潮土磷、钾状况及速效供应能力的影响.华北农学报，2009，24（增刊）：286-291.
68.孙宏敏，何圆球．红壤旱地土壤有机质的积累规律及其影响因素．土壤，2003，35(5):401－407．
69.孙小凤．农田施肥效应和土壤肥力演变定位监测试验．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化．中国农业科技出版社．1996，50-59.
70.孙元敏，张继林，郭绍铮等．氮磷钾配合施用对小麦养分吸收和产量的影响．江苏农业科学，1993(2)：1-3
71.王伯仁，李冬初，黄晶.红壤长期肥料定位试验中土壤磷素肥力的演变.水土保持学报，2008，22（5）：96-101
72.王伯仁，徐明岗，文石林．有机肥和化学肥料配合施用对红壤肥力的影响．土壤肥料，2005，21(2):160－163．
73.王鸿斌，赵兰坡，刘淑霞等.吉林玉米带黑土颗粒表面的分形维数及其与一些物理性状的关系.吉林农业大学学报，2004，26(3):310-312.
74.王建国，刘鸿翔，王守宇等.黑土农田养分平衡与养分消长规律.土壤学报，2003，40(2):246-251.
75.王娟，吕家珑，徐明岗.长期不同施肥下红壤氮素的演变特征.中国土壤与肥料，2010（1）：1-6
76.王奎波．有机无机肥配施对小麦吸收NP及土壤肥力的影响．核农学报，1994，8(4)：233-239.
77.王绍明．不同施肥方式下紫色水稻土土壤肥力变化规律研究．农村生态环境，2000，16(3)：23-26．
78.王玄德，石孝均，宋光煜．长期稻草还田对紫色水稻土肥力和生产力的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2005，11(3):302-307.
79.吴金桂等．肥料效应与土壤腮力演变定位监测．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化．中国农业科技出版社．1996，106-109.
80.吴珊眉．有机-无机态N在微型农业生态系统转移和循环研究．应用生态学报，1990(1)：67-79.
81.奚振邦．化肥与农业-简析化肥对现代农业的作用．磷肥与复肥，2003，18（2）：6-10．
82.向艳文，郑圣先，廖育林．双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响．湖南农业大学学报（自然科学版），2008，34（6）：704-707．
83.熊明彪，田应兵，宋光煜等．紫色土施肥对冬小麦根系生长及产量品质的影响．西南农业学报，2005，18(4):413－416．
84.徐明岗，梁国庆，张夫道等．中国土壤肥力演变．北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,
2006.
85.杨莉琳，胡春胜．施肥对华北高产区土壤NO3~-N淋失与作物NO3~--N含量及产量的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(5)：501-505．
86.姚丙贵．津效潮土肥料长期定位试验长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化：中国农业科技出版社．1996，34-49．
87.翟军海，高亚军，周建斌．控释/缓释肥料研究概述．干旱地区农业研究，2002，20(1):46-48．
88.张夫道．有机和无机肥在土壤水稻系统中的动态和分布I、Ⅱ．土壤肥料，1994(4)：10-113，1995(2)：1-4．
89.张起刚，王化国，杨合法等．细质沙土增施磷肥对小麦生长及氮素吸收的影响．核农学报，1994，8(3)：159-166．
90.张辛未，刘枫，叶舒娅等．稻草和尿素配施水稻对肥料N和土壤N的吸收利用，核农学报，1996，10(1)：39-42．
91.赵秉强，张夫道．我国的长期肥料定位试验研究．植物营养与肥料学报，2002，8（增刊）：3-8．
92.赵春江，薛绪掌，王秀等．精准农业技术体系的研究进展与展望．农业工程学报，2003，19(4):7-12．
93.赵广春，王秀平，沈阿林等．养分资源利用的现状、问题与技术途径．河南农业科学,2000，(11):22-24．
94.郑剑英，吴瑞俊．陕北坡地长期施肥效应及土壤肥力变化．水土保持通报，1995，15（5）：14-18．
95.中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所．中国化肥区划．北京，中国农业科技出版社，1986：23-67．
96.周广业，阎龙翔．长期施用不同肥料对土壤磷素形态转化的影响．土壤学报，1993，30(4)：443-446．
97.朱洪勋等．黄潮土肥料长期定位研究．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化:中国农业科技出版社．1996，123-132.
98.朱兆良．中国土壤N素.江苏科技出版社，1992，220-282．
99. Juo A.S.R., Long term soil fertility experiments, in Translation of14thICSS,vol.IV,4-8,1990.
100. Ludwig B., John B., Ellerbrock R., M. Kaiser and H. Flessa. Stabilization of carbon frommaize in a sandy soil in a long-term experiment, Eur. J. Soil Sci.2003,54:117–126.
101. Dawe D., Dobermann A., Moya P., Abdulrachman S., Singh B.,et al.. How widespread areyield declines in long-term rice experiments in Asia? Field Crops Research,2000,66(2):176-193.
102. Dawe D.,Dobermann A. Defiing Produetivity and Yield.IRRI Diseussion PaPer SeriesNO.33，IRRI，, Makati City，Philippines.1999.
103. Debosz K., Rasmussen P.H., Pedersen A.R. Temporal variations in microbial biomass Cand cellulolytic enzyme activity in arable soils: effects of organic matter input. Applied SoilEcology1999.13,209–218.
104. Dobermanm A, Daw D, Roetter R P, Cassman K G. Reversal of rice yield decline in along-term continuous cropping experiment. Agronomy Journal,2000,92:633-643.
105. Doran J. W., Zeiss M. R. Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component ofsoil quality. Applied Soil Ecology,2000,15:3-11.
106. Duan Yinghua, Xu Minggang, Yang Xueyun, Huang Shaomin, Wang Bairen, Gao Suduan.
2011. Long-term Evaluation of Manure Application on Maize Yield and Nitrogen UseEfficiency in China. Soil Science Society of America Journal.75(4):1562-1573.
107. Gregorich E.G., Ellert B.H., Drury C.F., Liang B.C. Fertilization effects on soil organicmatter turnover and corn residue C storage, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.1996.60:472–476.
108. Gregorich E.G., Beare M.H., Stocklas U., St-Georges P. Biodegradability of soluble organicmatter in maize cropped soils, Geoderma,2003.113:237–252.
109. Fang C., Smith P., Smith J.U., Moncrieff, J.B. Incorporating microorganisms asdecomposers into models to simulate soil organic matter decomposition. Geoderma,
2005.129,139–146.
110. Fontaine S., Bardoux G., Abbadie L., Mariotti A. Carbon input to soil may decrease carboncontent. Ecology Letters,2004.7,314–320.
111. Fontaine S., Mariotti A., Abbadie L., The priming effect of organic matter: a question ofmicrobial competition? Soil Biology&Biochemistry2003.35,837–843.
112. Glending M.J.et al130years of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer applications to Broadbalk Weatexperiment:The effect on soil organic nitrogen.Trans.14th ICSS.1990,5,9-13.
113. Gregorich E. G., Ellert B. H., Brury C. F., et al. Fertilization effects on soil organic mattertumover and com residue C storage. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. J.,1996,60:472-476.
114. Jnekinson D.S., Rayner J.H. soil organic matter in some of the Rothamsted classicalexperiments.soil science,1977,123(5):298-305.
115. Juo A. Long-term soil fertility experiments-An overviem.Transation of14th ICSS,1990:vol.IV:6-8
116. Fischer K.S. Toward increasing nutrient-use efficiency in rice cropping systems: the nextgeneration of technology. Field Crops Research,1998,56:1-6.
117. Kaiser J. The other global pollutant: nitrogen proves tough to curb. Science,2001(294):12681269.
118. Li F., Miao Y.X., Zhang F.S., Cui Z.L., Li R., et al. In-Season Optical Sensing ImprovesNitrogen-Use Effi ciency for Winter Wheat. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,2009,73(5):15661574.
119. Liu X.J., Ju X.T., Zhang F.S., Chen X.P. Nitrogen recommendation for winter wheat usingNmin test and rapid plant tests in North China. Plain. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.,2003,34:2539-2551.
120. Lomako E. I. The effect of application rates and timing of nitrogen dressing on yield andgrain quality of winter wheat, Agronomica,199811:31-38.
121. Manna M. C., Swarup A., Wanjari P.H. Long-term effect of fertilizer and manureapplication on soil organic carbon storage, soil quality and yield sustainability undersub-humid and semi-arid tropical India. Field Crops Research,2005,93:264-280.
122. Neff J.C., Townsend A.R., Gleixner G., Lehman S.J., Turnbull, J., Bowman, W.D.,2002.Variable effects of nitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon. Nature419,915–917.
123. Sollins P., Homann P., Caldwell B.A. Stabilization and destabilization of soil organicmatter: mechanisms and controls, Geoderma1996.74:65–105.
124. Peng S. B., Garcia F. V., Laza R. C., Sanico A. L., Visperas R. M., CassmanK. G. IncreasedN-use efficiency using a chlorophyll meter on high yielding irrigated rice. Field CropsResearch,1996,47:243-252.
125. Prettykm.Potassium and crop qnalityin:potassium foragriculture.potosh and phosphateinstitute,1980,166-178
126. Ragasits I.Effect of long-term fertilizationg on grain yield, yield components and qualityparameters of winter wheat.acta Agronomica,2000,48(2):156-163.
127. Rasool R., Kukal S. S., Hira G. S. Soil physical fertility and crop performance as affectedby long term application of FYM and in-organic fertilizers in rice-wheat system. Soil andTillage Research,2007,96:64-72.
128. Saleque M. A., Abedin M. J., Bhuiyan N. I., Zaman S. K., Panaullah G. M. Long-termeffects of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources on yield and nutrient accumulation oflowland rice. Field Crops Research,2004,86:53-65.
129. Sharma M. P., Bali S. V., Gupta D. K. Soil fertility and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in an inceptisolas influenced by integratednutrient management. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2001,71:82-86.
130. Six J., Conant, R.T., Paul, E.A., Paustian, K., Stabilization mechanisms of soil organicmatter: implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil,2002.241,155–176.
131. Slobodian N., Van Rees K., Pennock D., Cultivation-induced effects on belowgroundbiomass and organic carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002.66,924–930.
132. Smith S. J., Young L. B. Distribution of nitrogen forms in virgin and cultivated soils. SoilScience,1975,120(5):354-360.
133. Smith P., An overview of the permanence of soil organic carbon stocks: influence of directhuman-induced, indirect and natural effect. European Journal of Soil Science,2005,.56,673–680.
134. Suzuki M., Kamekawa K. effect of continuous application of Organic and InorganicFertilizer for sixty years on soil Fertility and rice yield in paddy Field. Translation of14thInter.Soil Sci.1990, IV:14-19.
135. Tanaka A., Ioe R.,Navaser S.A．Some mechanisms involved m development Of irontoxicity symptoms in the rice plantsoil science.&plant Nutrition,1966,12：158-164.
136. Tinglu F, Ming gang X, Guang Y.Z. Trends in grain yields and soil organic carbon in along-term fertilization experiment in the China loess plateau American-Eurasian. Journal ofAgriculture and Environ Science,2007,2:600-61
137. Yadav R. L., Yadav D. S., Singh R. M., Kumar A. Long-term effect s of inorganic fertilizerinputs on crop productivity in a rice-wheat cropping system. Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems,1998,51:193-200.
138. Yamada Y. The effect of intensive use of chemical fertility in comparision with the use oforganic manure.Fertilizer raw resources, needs and commerce in Asia and pacific.,
1980.122.
139. Zhao C. J., Xue X. Z. Progress of agricultural information technology.In: Proceedings of the3rd International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology in Agriculture. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2005:1-10.
2.曾广永，王鹏飞．有机肥化肥长期配合施用对水稻产量及土壤养分的影响．中国农学通报，2001，17（3）48-51．
3.陈涛，杜丽君，郝晓晖等．长期施肥对水稻土活性有机碳的影响．土壤通报，2009，40(4):809－813．
4.程励励．我国土壤N素研究工作的现状与展望．北京：科学出版社，1986，104-115.
5.戴平安，刘向华，易国英等.氮磷钾及有机肥不同配施量对水稻品质和产量效应的研究.作物研究,1999,(3):26-30,42.
6.邓铁金,，樊友安，周任发.红壤性水稻土的形成过程特点及其肥力演变.土壤学报,1985,22(1):1-11.
7.段建南，赵丽兵，王改兰等．长期定位试验条件下土地生产力和土壤肥力的变化．湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，28（6）：479-482．
8.范业成，叶厚专.江西红壤性水稻土肥力特性及其管理.江西农业学报,1998,10(3):70-74.
9.符建荣.控释氮肥对水稻的增产效应及提高肥料回收率的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(2):146-152.
10.高菊生，徐明岗，孙楠.湘南三种典型红壤生土长期施肥对作物产量的影响.中国农学通报，2007,23（10）：209-215
11.韩晓日，陈恩风，郭鹏程等．长期施肥对作物产量及土壤氮素肥力的影响．土壤通报，1995，26(6)：244-246．
12.韩晓日等；长期不同施肥对N肥利用的影响．土壤肥料，1997(5)：12-15
13.何绪生，李素霞，李旭辉等.控效肥料的研究进展.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):97-106.
14.扈立家，李天来.我国发展精准农业的问题及对策.沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005,7(4):400-402.
15.华孟，王坚.土壤物理学.北京:北京农业大学出版社，1998.
16.黄绍敏，宝德俊，皇甫湘荣等.长期施肥对潮土作物产量及肥料对产量贡献的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(增刊):141-145.
17.黄绍文，金继运，杨俐苹等.分区平衡施肥技术对氮肥回收率和土壤养分平衡的影响.土壤肥料,2002,(6):3-7.
18.江西省土地利用管理局，江西省土壤普查办公室.江西土壤.北京:中国农业科技出版社，1991.
19.金继运.我国肥料资源利用中存在的问题及对策建议.中国农技推广,2005,(11):4-6.
20.金继运．土壤养分状况系统研究法及其应用初报．土壤学报，1995，32（1）：84-90．
21.金继运．土壤养分状况系统研究法及其在我国的初步应用，加拿大钾磷研究所北京办事处主编，土壤养分状况系统研究法，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1992．
22.金继运．我国肥料资源利用中存在的问题及对策建议．中国农技推广，2005，11：4-6．
23.金绍龄，马永春．长期施用不同肥料对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化．北京，中国农业科技出版社，1996：153-159．
24.巨晓棠，刘学军，邹国元.冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中氮素的损失途径分析.中国农业科学,2002,35(12):1493-1499.
25.孔宏敏，何圆球.长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量和土壤肥力的影响.应用生态学报，2004,15（5）：782-786
26.孔令聪，曹承富，汪芝寿等．长期定位施肥对砂姜黑土肥力及生产力的影响研究．中国生态农业学报，2004，12（2）：102-104．
27.赖庆旺，李茶苟，黄庆海.红壤性水稻土无机肥连施与土壤结构特性的研究.土壤学报,1992,29(2):168-174.
28.娟庆旺，黄庆海，李茶苟等．红壤施钾对粮食作物品质的影响．化学工业，1989(3)：24-26.
29.劳秀荣，孙伟红，王真等.秸秆还田与化肥配合施用对土壤肥力的影响.土壤学报,2003,40(4):619-622
30.李家康，林葆，梁国庆等．对我国化肥使用前景的剖析(续)．磷肥与复肥，2001，16（3）：4-8．
31.李家康，林葆，梁国庆等．对我国化肥使用前景的剖析．植物营养与肥料学报，2001，7（1）：1-10．
32.李家康，林葆．化肥在我国农业生产中的作用与展望．肥料与农业发展国际学术讨论会论文集．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1999：19-27．
33.李娟，赵秉强，李秀英等.长期有机无机肥料配施对土壤微生物学特性及土壤肥力的影响.中国农业科学，2008，41(1):144-152.
34.李庆逵．磷石灰肥效试验第二次报告．土壤学报，1983，2(37)167-177.
35.李韵珠，王凤仙，黄元仿.土壤水分和养分利用效率几种定义的比较.土壤通报,2000，31(4):150-155.
36.李忠佩，李德成，张桃林等.红壤水稻土肥力性状的演变特征.土壤学报，2003，40(6):870~878.
37.李忠佩，张桃林，陈碧云等.红壤稻田土壤有机质的积累过程特征分析.土壤学报，2003，40(3):344-352.
38.廖育林，郑圣先，聂军等.长期施用化肥和稻草对红壤水稻土肥力和生产力持续性的影响.中国农业科学，2009，42(10):3541-3550.
39.林葆，林继雄，李家康.长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力的演变.植物营养与肥料学报，1994，(1):6-18.
40.林葆，金继运．肥料在发展中国粮食生产中的作用—历史的回顾与展望．中国平衡施肥报告会，加拿大钾肥公司，1991：36-42．
41.林葆，李家康．中国磷肥施用量与氮磷比例问题．农资科技，2002，（3）：13-15
42.林葆，林继雄，李家康．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1996．
43.林葆．充分发挥我国肥料的增产效果．中国土壤科学的现状与展望，中国土壤学会，南京：江苏科学技术出版社，1991，29-36．
44.林葆．我国肥料长期试验的主要结果和展望：中国农业资源与环境持续发展的探讨．辽宁科技出版社．1998．117-120
45.林继雄，林葆．磷肥不同分配方式与后效．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化．中国农业科技出版社．1996：69-77.
46.刘鸿翔，王德禄，王守宇等.黑土长期施肥及养分循环再利用的作物产量及土壤肥力质量变化I.作物产量.应用生态学报，2001，12(1):43-46.
47.刘书运,孟宪聪.我国土壤现状及改良对策研究.沿海企业与科技,2005,(9):21-26.
48.刘杏兰，高宗，刘存寿等.有机-无机配施的增产效应及对土壤肥力影响的定位研究.土壤学报，1996，33(2):138-147.
49.卢良恕·农业可持续发展战略研究.21世纪初中国农业发展战略，.北京:中国农业出版社,2000：461-495.
50.鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法,北京:中国农业科技出版社.2000.
51.鲁如坤．磷肥对水稻和早作的肥效及其后效的研究.土壤学报，1965，13(2)：152—160.
52.鲁如坤.土壤积累态磷研究Ⅱ.磷肥的表观积累回收率.土壤,1995,27(6):286-289.
53.鲁如坤．土壤-植物营养学．化学工业出版社：北京．1998．
54.毛知耘．《肥料学》．全国高等农业院校教材．中国农业出版社，1997，4-10
55.潘世娟，李菊梅，王惠生.长期定位试验条件下的水稻田土壤有机质含量变化研究.中国土壤与肥料，2011(3)：8－14.
56.钦绳武，顾益初，朱兆良.潮土肥力演变与施肥作用的长期定位试验初报．土壤学报，1998，35(3)：367-375．
57.曲俊峰，李菊梅，徐明岗等．长期不同施肥条件下几种典型土壤全磷和Olsen-P的变化．植物营养与肥料学报，2008，14(1):90-98．
58.沈善敏.氮肥在中国农业发展中的贡献和农业中氮的损失.土壤学报,2002,39:12-25.
59.沈善敏．国外的长期肥料试验（1）．土壤通报，1984a，15（2）：86-91．
60.沈善敏．国外的长期肥料试验（2）．土壤通报，1984b，15（2）：134-138．
61.沈善敏．国外的长期肥料试验（3）．土壤通报，1984c，15（2）：184-185．
62.沈善敏．长期土壤肥力试验的科学价值．植物营养与肥料学报，1995，1(1)：1-9．
63.沈善敏．中国土壤肥力．北京：中国农业出版社，1998，309-312．
64.沈中泉．有机肥和无机肥配合施用时肥料N的去向，土壤通报，1986(17)：107-110
65.宋永林，李秀英，李小平.长期施肥对褐潮土氮、有机质动态变化的影响.中国农学通报，2010，26（18）206-209.
66.宋永林，唐华俊，李小平.长期施肥对作物产量及褐潮土有机质变化的影响研究.华北农学报，2007，22（增刊）：100-105.
67.宋永林，张淑香，李小平等.长期施肥对褐潮土磷、钾状况及速效供应能力的影响.华北农学报，2009，24（增刊）：286-291.
68.孙宏敏，何圆球．红壤旱地土壤有机质的积累规律及其影响因素．土壤，2003，35(5):401－407．
69.孙小凤．农田施肥效应和土壤肥力演变定位监测试验．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化．中国农业科技出版社．1996，50-59.
70.孙元敏，张继林，郭绍铮等．氮磷钾配合施用对小麦养分吸收和产量的影响．江苏农业科学，1993(2)：1-3
71.王伯仁，李冬初，黄晶.红壤长期肥料定位试验中土壤磷素肥力的演变.水土保持学报，2008，22（5）：96-101
72.王伯仁，徐明岗，文石林．有机肥和化学肥料配合施用对红壤肥力的影响．土壤肥料，2005，21(2):160－163．
73.王鸿斌，赵兰坡，刘淑霞等.吉林玉米带黑土颗粒表面的分形维数及其与一些物理性状的关系.吉林农业大学学报，2004，26(3):310-312.
74.王建国，刘鸿翔，王守宇等.黑土农田养分平衡与养分消长规律.土壤学报，2003，40(2):246-251.
75.王娟，吕家珑，徐明岗.长期不同施肥下红壤氮素的演变特征.中国土壤与肥料，2010（1）：1-6
76.王奎波．有机无机肥配施对小麦吸收NP及土壤肥力的影响．核农学报，1994，8(4)：233-239.
77.王绍明．不同施肥方式下紫色水稻土土壤肥力变化规律研究．农村生态环境，2000，16(3)：23-26．
78.王玄德，石孝均，宋光煜．长期稻草还田对紫色水稻土肥力和生产力的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2005，11(3):302-307.
79.吴金桂等．肥料效应与土壤腮力演变定位监测．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化．中国农业科技出版社．1996，106-109.
80.吴珊眉．有机-无机态N在微型农业生态系统转移和循环研究．应用生态学报，1990(1)：67-79.
81.奚振邦．化肥与农业-简析化肥对现代农业的作用．磷肥与复肥，2003，18（2）：6-10．
82.向艳文，郑圣先，廖育林．双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响．湖南农业大学学报（自然科学版），2008，34（6）：704-707．
83.熊明彪，田应兵，宋光煜等．紫色土施肥对冬小麦根系生长及产量品质的影响．西南农业学报，2005，18(4):413－416．
84.徐明岗，梁国庆，张夫道等．中国土壤肥力演变．北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,
2006.
85.杨莉琳，胡春胜．施肥对华北高产区土壤NO3~-N淋失与作物NO3~--N含量及产量的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(5)：501-505．
86.姚丙贵．津效潮土肥料长期定位试验长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化：中国农业科技出版社．1996，34-49．
87.翟军海，高亚军，周建斌．控释/缓释肥料研究概述．干旱地区农业研究，2002，20(1):46-48．
88.张夫道．有机和无机肥在土壤水稻系统中的动态和分布I、Ⅱ．土壤肥料，1994(4)：10-113，1995(2)：1-4．
89.张起刚，王化国，杨合法等．细质沙土增施磷肥对小麦生长及氮素吸收的影响．核农学报，1994，8(3)：159-166．
90.张辛未，刘枫，叶舒娅等．稻草和尿素配施水稻对肥料N和土壤N的吸收利用，核农学报，1996，10(1)：39-42．
91.赵秉强，张夫道．我国的长期肥料定位试验研究．植物营养与肥料学报，2002，8（增刊）：3-8．
92.赵春江，薛绪掌，王秀等．精准农业技术体系的研究进展与展望．农业工程学报，2003，19(4):7-12．
93.赵广春，王秀平，沈阿林等．养分资源利用的现状、问题与技术途径．河南农业科学,2000，(11):22-24．
94.郑剑英，吴瑞俊．陕北坡地长期施肥效应及土壤肥力变化．水土保持通报，1995，15（5）：14-18．
95.中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所．中国化肥区划．北京，中国农业科技出版社，1986：23-67．
96.周广业，阎龙翔．长期施用不同肥料对土壤磷素形态转化的影响．土壤学报，1993，30(4)：443-446．
97.朱洪勋等．黄潮土肥料长期定位研究．长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化:中国农业科技出版社．1996，123-132.
98.朱兆良．中国土壤N素.江苏科技出版社，1992，220-282．
99. Juo A.S.R., Long term soil fertility experiments, in Translation of14thICSS,vol.IV,4-8,1990.
100. Ludwig B., John B., Ellerbrock R., M. Kaiser and H. Flessa. Stabilization of carbon frommaize in a sandy soil in a long-term experiment, Eur. J. Soil Sci.2003,54:117–126.
101. Dawe D., Dobermann A., Moya P., Abdulrachman S., Singh B.,et al.. How widespread areyield declines in long-term rice experiments in Asia? Field Crops Research,2000,66(2):176-193.
102. Dawe D.,Dobermann A. Defiing Produetivity and Yield.IRRI Diseussion PaPer SeriesNO.33，IRRI，, Makati City，Philippines.1999.
103. Debosz K., Rasmussen P.H., Pedersen A.R. Temporal variations in microbial biomass Cand cellulolytic enzyme activity in arable soils: effects of organic matter input. Applied SoilEcology1999.13,209–218.
104. Dobermanm A, Daw D, Roetter R P, Cassman K G. Reversal of rice yield decline in along-term continuous cropping experiment. Agronomy Journal,2000,92:633-643.
105. Doran J. W., Zeiss M. R. Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component ofsoil quality. Applied Soil Ecology,2000,15:3-11.
106. Duan Yinghua, Xu Minggang, Yang Xueyun, Huang Shaomin, Wang Bairen, Gao Suduan.
2011. Long-term Evaluation of Manure Application on Maize Yield and Nitrogen UseEfficiency in China. Soil Science Society of America Journal.75(4):1562-1573.
107. Gregorich E.G., Ellert B.H., Drury C.F., Liang B.C. Fertilization effects on soil organicmatter turnover and corn residue C storage, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.1996.60:472–476.
108. Gregorich E.G., Beare M.H., Stocklas U., St-Georges P. Biodegradability of soluble organicmatter in maize cropped soils, Geoderma,2003.113:237–252.
109. Fang C., Smith P., Smith J.U., Moncrieff, J.B. Incorporating microorganisms asdecomposers into models to simulate soil organic matter decomposition. Geoderma,
2005.129,139–146.
110. Fontaine S., Bardoux G., Abbadie L., Mariotti A. Carbon input to soil may decrease carboncontent. Ecology Letters,2004.7,314–320.
111. Fontaine S., Mariotti A., Abbadie L., The priming effect of organic matter: a question ofmicrobial competition? Soil Biology&Biochemistry2003.35,837–843.
112. Glending M.J.et al130years of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer applications to Broadbalk Weatexperiment:The effect on soil organic nitrogen.Trans.14th ICSS.1990,5,9-13.
113. Gregorich E. G., Ellert B. H., Brury C. F., et al. Fertilization effects on soil organic mattertumover and com residue C storage. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. J.,1996,60:472-476.
114. Jnekinson D.S., Rayner J.H. soil organic matter in some of the Rothamsted classicalexperiments.soil science,1977,123(5):298-305.
115. Juo A. Long-term soil fertility experiments-An overviem.Transation of14th ICSS,1990:vol.IV:6-8
116. Fischer K.S. Toward increasing nutrient-use efficiency in rice cropping systems: the nextgeneration of technology. Field Crops Research,1998,56:1-6.
117. Kaiser J. The other global pollutant: nitrogen proves tough to curb. Science,2001(294):12681269.
118. Li F., Miao Y.X., Zhang F.S., Cui Z.L., Li R., et al. In-Season Optical Sensing ImprovesNitrogen-Use Effi ciency for Winter Wheat. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,2009,73(5):15661574.
119. Liu X.J., Ju X.T., Zhang F.S., Chen X.P. Nitrogen recommendation for winter wheat usingNmin test and rapid plant tests in North China. Plain. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.,2003,34:2539-2551.
120. Lomako E. I. The effect of application rates and timing of nitrogen dressing on yield andgrain quality of winter wheat, Agronomica,199811:31-38.
121. Manna M. C., Swarup A., Wanjari P.H. Long-term effect of fertilizer and manureapplication on soil organic carbon storage, soil quality and yield sustainability undersub-humid and semi-arid tropical India. Field Crops Research,2005,93:264-280.
122. Neff J.C., Townsend A.R., Gleixner G., Lehman S.J., Turnbull, J., Bowman, W.D.,2002.Variable effects of nitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon. Nature419,915–917.
123. Sollins P., Homann P., Caldwell B.A. Stabilization and destabilization of soil organicmatter: mechanisms and controls, Geoderma1996.74:65–105.
124. Peng S. B., Garcia F. V., Laza R. C., Sanico A. L., Visperas R. M., CassmanK. G. IncreasedN-use efficiency using a chlorophyll meter on high yielding irrigated rice. Field CropsResearch,1996,47:243-252.
125. Prettykm.Potassium and crop qnalityin:potassium foragriculture.potosh and phosphateinstitute,1980,166-178
126. Ragasits I.Effect of long-term fertilizationg on grain yield, yield components and qualityparameters of winter wheat.acta Agronomica,2000,48(2):156-163.
127. Rasool R., Kukal S. S., Hira G. S. Soil physical fertility and crop performance as affectedby long term application of FYM and in-organic fertilizers in rice-wheat system. Soil andTillage Research,2007,96:64-72.
128. Saleque M. A., Abedin M. J., Bhuiyan N. I., Zaman S. K., Panaullah G. M. Long-termeffects of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources on yield and nutrient accumulation oflowland rice. Field Crops Research,2004,86:53-65.
129. Sharma M. P., Bali S. V., Gupta D. K. Soil fertility and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in an inceptisolas influenced by integratednutrient management. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2001,71:82-86.
130. Six J., Conant, R.T., Paul, E.A., Paustian, K., Stabilization mechanisms of soil organicmatter: implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil,2002.241,155–176.
131. Slobodian N., Van Rees K., Pennock D., Cultivation-induced effects on belowgroundbiomass and organic carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002.66,924–930.
132. Smith S. J., Young L. B. Distribution of nitrogen forms in virgin and cultivated soils. SoilScience,1975,120(5):354-360.
133. Smith P., An overview of the permanence of soil organic carbon stocks: influence of directhuman-induced, indirect and natural effect. European Journal of Soil Science,2005,.56,673–680.
134. Suzuki M., Kamekawa K. effect of continuous application of Organic and InorganicFertilizer for sixty years on soil Fertility and rice yield in paddy Field. Translation of14thInter.Soil Sci.1990, IV:14-19.
135. Tanaka A., Ioe R.,Navaser S.A．Some mechanisms involved m development Of irontoxicity symptoms in the rice plantsoil science.&plant Nutrition,1966,12：158-164.
136. Tinglu F, Ming gang X, Guang Y.Z. Trends in grain yields and soil organic carbon in along-term fertilization experiment in the China loess plateau American-Eurasian. Journal ofAgriculture and Environ Science,2007,2:600-61
137. Yadav R. L., Yadav D. S., Singh R. M., Kumar A. Long-term effect s of inorganic fertilizerinputs on crop productivity in a rice-wheat cropping system. Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems,1998,51:193-200.
138. Yamada Y. The effect of intensive use of chemical fertility in comparision with the use oforganic manure.Fertilizer raw resources, needs and commerce in Asia and pacific.,
1980.122.
139. Zhao C. J., Xue X. Z. Progress of agricultural information technology.In: Proceedings of the3rd International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology in Agriculture. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2005:1-10.