向日葵，毒根斑鸠菊和石生齿缘草化学成分研究
|
摘要
向日葵(Helianthus annuus L．)在全球广泛种植，不仅是一种经济食用植物，而且是一种值得开发利用的药用植物。向日葵的花盘，杆，叶子和种子都有药用价值。对向日葵化学成分的研究早于20世纪初，主要集中在种子和生长期向日葵的研究。鉴于向日葵有多种药用功效，并且价廉易得，我们对成熟向日葵作了化学研究，以期找到其化学物质基础，达到变废为宝，充分利用我国丰富自然资源的目的，为人类健康事业的发展做出应有的贡献。
利用现代色谱技术和分离方法对向日葵地上部分的丙酮提取物进行了系统分离，共分离得到25个化合物，并通过现代波谱学技术(包括IR，~1H NMR，~(13)CNMR，HMQC，HMBC，NOESY，ROESY，EI-MS，FAB-MS，HREIMS和X-ray diffraction analysis)鉴定了它们的结构(HAl-HA25)。其中6个为新化合物，6个为首次从该植物中分离得到。
新化合物为：对映贝壳杉-2β，16β-二醇(HA1)，对映贝壳杉-15α，16α-环氧-17β-醛-19-酸(HA2)，N-苯乙胺基二十四酰胺(HA22)，(2S，3S，4R，2′R，8E)-2-[(2′-羟基)-十六酰胺基]-8-烯-十八烷-1，3，4-三醇-1-0-葡萄糖吡喃糖甙(HA23)，(2S，3S，4R，2′R，10E)-2-[(2′-羟基)-二十二酰胺基]-10烯-二十烷-1，3，4-三醇(HA24)和(2S，3S，4R 2′R，3′R，10′E)-2-[(2′，3′-二羟基)-二十二酰胺基]-10-烯-20-烷-1，3，4-三醇(HA25)。已知化合物包括12个二萜：对映贝壳杉-16α-醇(HA3)，phyllocladan-16β-ol(HA4)，ent-atisan-16α-ol(HA5)，15-羟基-对映贝壳杉-16-烯-19酸(HA6)，对映贝壳杉-15-当归酰氧基-16-烯-19-酸(HA7)，对映贝壳杉-16-烯-19酸(HA8)，对映贝壳杉-17-羟基-15-烯-19酸(HA9)，对映贝
Helianthus annuus L, is widely planted all over the world, and it is not only a economically edible plant but also a worthy of studying and developing medicinal plant. The face chunk, stem, leaf and seed of it have medicinal value. The study on the chemical constituents of sunflower was done in early twenty century, and mainly focused on the seed and the aerial part in the growing season. For its multiple medicinal function and cheap character, we did chemical and pharmaceutical research on grown sunflower in order to change wastes into valuables and make full use of rich natural resources to contribute to the human health.
Systematic isolation of the acetone extract of the aerial of H. annuus on the basis of modern chromatography and methods gave twenty five compounds, and they were identified by the spectroscopic analysis (Including IR, ~1H NMR, ~(13)C NMR, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, ROESY, EI-MS, FAB-MS, HREIMS and X-ray diffraction analysis ). Among of them, six were new and six were isolated from the genus Helianthus for the first time.
New compounds were ent-kaurane-2β, 16β-diol (HA1), ent- kaurane-15α, 16α-epoxy-17β-al-19-oic acid (HA2), N-phenylethyl-tetracosanamide (HA22) (2S, 3S, 4R, 2'R, 8E) -2- [(2'-hydroxy)- hexadecaneamideyl]-8-octadecene-1, 3, 4-triol- 1-O-glupyranoside) (HA23), (2S, 3S, 4R, 2'R, 10E) -2-[( 2'-hydroxy) docosaneamideyl]-10-eicosene-1, 3,4-triol (HA24), (2S, 3S, 4R, 2'R, 3'R, 10E) -2-[(2', 3'- dihydroxy)-docosaneamideyl]-10-eicosene-1, 3, 4-triol ( HA25 ). Other known compounds were
利用现代色谱技术和分离方法对向日葵地上部分的丙酮提取物进行了系统分离，共分离得到25个化合物，并通过现代波谱学技术(包括IR，~1H NMR，~(13)CNMR，HMQC，HMBC，NOESY，ROESY，EI-MS，FAB-MS，HREIMS和X-ray diffraction analysis)鉴定了它们的结构(HAl-HA25)。其中6个为新化合物，6个为首次从该植物中分离得到。
新化合物为：对映贝壳杉-2β，16β-二醇(HA1)，对映贝壳杉-15α，16α-环氧-17β-醛-19-酸(HA2)，N-苯乙胺基二十四酰胺(HA22)，(2S，3S，4R，2′R，8E)-2-[(2′-羟基)-十六酰胺基]-8-烯-十八烷-1，3，4-三醇-1-0-葡萄糖吡喃糖甙(HA23)，(2S，3S，4R，2′R，10E)-2-[(2′-羟基)-二十二酰胺基]-10烯-二十烷-1，3，4-三醇(HA24)和(2S，3S，4R 2′R，3′R，10′E)-2-[(2′，3′-二羟基)-二十二酰胺基]-10-烯-20-烷-1，3，4-三醇(HA25)。已知化合物包括12个二萜：对映贝壳杉-16α-醇(HA3)，phyllocladan-16β-ol(HA4)，ent-atisan-16α-ol(HA5)，15-羟基-对映贝壳杉-16-烯-19酸(HA6)，对映贝壳杉-15-当归酰氧基-16-烯-19-酸(HA7)，对映贝壳杉-16-烯-19酸(HA8)，对映贝壳杉-17-羟基-15-烯-19酸(HA9)，对映贝
Helianthus annuus L, is widely planted all over the world, and it is not only a economically edible plant but also a worthy of studying and developing medicinal plant. The face chunk, stem, leaf and seed of it have medicinal value. The study on the chemical constituents of sunflower was done in early twenty century, and mainly focused on the seed and the aerial part in the growing season. For its multiple medicinal function and cheap character, we did chemical and pharmaceutical research on grown sunflower in order to change wastes into valuables and make full use of rich natural resources to contribute to the human health.
Systematic isolation of the acetone extract of the aerial of H. annuus on the basis of modern chromatography and methods gave twenty five compounds, and they were identified by the spectroscopic analysis (Including IR, ~1H NMR, ~(13)C NMR, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, ROESY, EI-MS, FAB-MS, HREIMS and X-ray diffraction analysis ). Among of them, six were new and six were isolated from the genus Helianthus for the first time.
New compounds were ent-kaurane-2β, 16β-diol (HA1), ent- kaurane-15α, 16α-epoxy-17β-al-19-oic acid (HA2), N-phenylethyl-tetracosanamide (HA22) (2S, 3S, 4R, 2'R, 8E) -2- [(2'-hydroxy)- hexadecaneamideyl]-8-octadecene-1, 3, 4-triol- 1-O-glupyranoside) (HA23), (2S, 3S, 4R, 2'R, 10E) -2-[( 2'-hydroxy) docosaneamideyl]-10-eicosene-1, 3,4-triol (HA24), (2S, 3S, 4R, 2'R, 3'R, 10E) -2-[(2', 3'- dihydroxy)-docosaneamideyl]-10-eicosene-1, 3, 4-triol ( HA25 ). Other known compounds were
引文
1 新华本草纲要 第三册 上海：上海科学技术出版社 1991，425．
2 Herz W., Groote R. D., Desacetyleupaserrrin and Nevadensin from Helianthus pumilus, Phytochemistry, 1977, 16: 1307-1308
3 Ohno N, Mabry T. J., Germacranolides in Helianthus mollis, Phytochemistry, 1979, 18: 1003-1006
4 Herz W, Kumar N., Sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus grosseserratus, Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 99-104
5 Herz W, Kumar N., Minor Sesquiterpene Lactones of Itelianthus pumilus, Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 1339-1341
6 Watanabe K, Ohno N., Yoshioka H., Sesquiterpene Lactones and Diterpenoids from Helianthus argophyllus, Phytochemistry, 1982, 21 (3): 709-713
7 Gershenzon J., Mabry T. J., Sesquiterpene lactones from a Texas population of Itelianthus maximiliani, Phytochemistry, 1984, 23 (9): 1959-1966
8 Melek F. R., Gershenzon J., Lee E., Sesquiterpene lactones of Helianthus gracilentus, Phytochemistry, 1984, 23 (10): 2277-2279
9 Stipanovic R. D., Miller R. B., Hope H., Argophyllone-B, a sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus argophyllus, Phytochemistry, 1985, 24 (2): 358-359
10 Stewart E., Mabry T. J., Further sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus maximiliani, Phytochemistry, 1985, 24 (11): 2733-2734
11 Watanabe K., Ohno N., Mabry T. J., Three sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus niveus subsp. Canescens and H. argophyllus, Phytochemistry, 1986, 25 (1): 141-143
12 Pearce J., Gershenzon J., Mabry T. J., Sesquiterpene lactones and diterpene??carboxylic acids from Helianhus divacatus, H. resinosus and H. salicifolius, Phytochemistry, 1986, 25 (1): 159-165
13 Ohno N., Mabry T.J., Sesquiterpenes lactones and diterpene carboxylic acids in Helianthus niveus subspecies canescens, Phytochemistry, 1980,19: 609-614
14 Bohlmann F., Dutta L. A., Ein neues heliangolid aus Helianthus lehmannii, Phytochemistry, 1979, 18: 676
15 Ohno N., Gershenzon J., Neuman P., Diterpene carboxylic acids and a heliangolide from Helianthus angustifolius, phytochemistry, 1981, 20 (10): 2393-2396
16 Herz W., Kumar narendra, Heliangolides from Helianthus maximiliani, Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 93-98
17 Gershenzon J., Mabry T.J., Furanoheliangolides from Helianthus schweinitzii, Phytochemistry, 1984, 23 (11): 2557-2559
18 Whittemore A., Gershenzon J., Mabry T.J., Sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus niveus, Phytochemistry, 1985,24 (4): 783-785
19 Spring O., Klemt V., Albert K., A furanoheliangolide in Helianthus debilis; implications for a chemotaxonomy of genus Helianthus, Z. Naturforsch, 1986, 41c: 695-698
20 Macias F.A., Oliva R.M., Varela R.M., Allelochemicals from sunflower leaves cv. Peredovick, Phytochemistry, 1999, 52: 613-621
21 Chou J.C., Mullin C. A., Distribution and antifeedant associations of sesquiterpene lactones in cultivated sunflower on western corn rootworm, J Chemical Ecology, 1993,19 (7): 1439-1452
22 Spring O., Albert K., Hager A., Three biologically active heliangolides from Helianthus annuus, Phytochemistry, 1982,21 (10): 2551-2553
23 Gao F., Wang H., Mabry T.J., Sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids from Helianthus species, J Nat. Prod., 1987, 50(1): 23-29
24 Macias F.A., Molinilo J.M.G , Varela R.M., Structural elucidation and chemistry of a novel family of bioactive sesquiterpenes: Heliannuols, J Org. Chem., 1994, 59: 8261-8266
25 Macias F.A., Varela R.M., Torres A., New bioactive plant heliannuols from cultivar sunflower leaves, J Nat. Prod, 1999,62: 1636-1639
26 Macias F.A , Varela R.M., Torres A., A novel sesquiterpene from bioactive fractions of cultivar sunflowers, Tetrahedron Letters, 1993, 34 (12): 1999-2002
27 Macias F.A., Torres A., Galindo J.L.G, Bioactive terpenoids from sunflower leaves??cv. Peredovick, Phytochemistry, 2002, 61: 687-692
28 Meragelman K. M., Espinar L. A., Sosa V. E., New sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents from Helianthuspetiolaris, JNat. Prod., 1998, 61: 105-107
29 Spring O., Rodon U., Macias F. A., Sesquiterpenes from noncapitate glandular tfichomes ofHelianthus annuus, Phytochemistry, 1992, 31 (5): 1541-1544
30 Herz W., Bruno M., Heliangolides, kauranes and other constituents of Helianthus heterophyllus, Phytochemistry, 1986, 25 (8): 1913-1916
31 Nobuo Ohno, Tom J. Mabry, Volker Zabel et al, Tetrachyrin, a new rearranged kaurenoid lactone, and diterpenes acids from Tetrachyron orizabaensis and Helianthus debilis, Phytochemistry, 1979, 18: 1687-1689
32 Ferdinad Bohlmann, Jasmin Jakupovic, Robert M. King et al, Neue eht-atisiren und ent-kaurenesaure-derivate aus Helianthus-arten, Phytochemistry, 1980, 19: 863-868
33 Wemer Herz, Palaniappan Kulanthaivel, Kinzo Watanabe, Ent-kauranes and other constituents of three Helianthus species, phytochemistry, 1983, 22(9): 2021-2025
34 Alicia B. Gutierrez, Wemer Herz, Ent-kauranes from Helianthus atrorubens, Phytochemistry, 1990, 29(6): 1937-1940
35 F. Bohlman, J. Jakupovic, A. Schuster et al, Germacranolide, hydroxyverbenon und ent-kaur-15(16)-en-17,19-disaure aus Helianthus occidentalis var. dowellianus, Phytochemistry, 1981, 20(1): 202-203
36 Robert D. Stipanovic, Daniel H. O'Brien, Charlie E. Rogers et al, Diterpenoids Acids, (-)-cis- and (-)-trans-Ozic acid, in Wild Sunflower, Helianthus occidentalis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1979, 27(2): 458-4591 Otmar Spring, Klaus Albert, Achim Hager, Three Biologically Active Heliangolides from Helianthus annuus, phytochemistry, 1982, 21: 2551-2553
2 Otmar Spring, Ulrich Rodon, Francisco A. Macias, Sesquiterpenes from Noncpitate Glandular Trichomes of Helianthus annuu.s, Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 1541-1544
3 Francisco A. Macias, Rosa M. Varela, Ascension Torres et al, Helianthuol E. A Novel Bioactive Sesquiterpene of the Heliannane Family, Tetrahedron Letters, 1999, 40: 4725-4728
4 J. Sr. Pyrek, New Pentacyclic Diterpene Acid Trachyloban-19-Oic Acid from Sunflower, Phytochemistry 1970, 26: 5029-5032
5 Elfriede Elizabeth Homberrg, Paul Kurt Schiller, Neue Sterine in Helianthus Annuus, Phytochemistry, 1973, 12: 1767-1773
6 Francisco A. Macias, Rosa M. Varela, Ascension Tortes et al, New Bioactive Plant Heliannuols from Cultivar Sunflower Leaves, Phytochemistry, 1999, 62:??1636-1639
7 G. Buchbauer, L. Jirovte, M. Wasicky et al, Head-space analysis of aroma constituents of sunflower stems, Fresenius, JAnal. Chem., 1993, 347: 465-467
8 Shuji Ohnl, Kaori Tomita-Yokotani, Seiji Kosemera, A species-selective allelopathic substance from germinating sunflower seeds, Phytochemistry, 2001, 56: 577-581
9 杭州市第二人民医院科研组，向日葵杆心治疗胃癌病理报告和作用原理探讨，浙江肿瘤通讯，1977，3：43-47
10 刘春安，彭明，抗癌中草药大词典湖北科学技术出版社，1994：461
11 谭润生，费清，中国医学科学院学报，1991，13(1)：67
12 南开大学生物系，向日葵盘的药理研究，南开大学学报1979，2：75
13 南开大学生物系向日葵盘的药理研究，南开大学学报 1979，2：81
14 张尚明，陈春林，罗玲等，向日葵茎芯多糖的免疫药理作用，中国药理学通报，1994，10(3)：238
15 张尚明，户万秘，王秋菊等，向日葵茎芯多糖对小鼠免疫功能的增强作用，中国免疫学杂志，1993，9(6)：383
16 周玫，陈瑗，齐风菊，向日葵籽对大鼠血液和肝脏丙二醛含量和硒谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性的影响，老年学杂志，1986，4(2)：26-28
17 Alejandro Perez de Luque, Juan Carlos G. Galindo, Francisco A. Macias et al, Sunflower sesquiterpene lactone models induce Orobanche cumana seed germination, Phytochemistry, 2000, 53: 45-50
18 方金瑞，获自向日葵花托的苯骈吡哺类抗菌物质，国外医药抗生素分册，1998，19(1)：72
19 施边镇，施晓红，吴志奎 新药咳喘得平治疗气管炎的实验研究．山西中医1997，13(4)：43-45
20 苏晓琴，赵利民，王秉兰，向日葵的药用研究，黑龙江医药，1995，8(1)：57-58
21 张爱霞，孟洪霞，向日葵盘煮鸡蛋黄治疗眩26例，中国民间疗法，1999，7(12)：47
22 杨绍信，温继安，王素芬，向日葵盘治疗尿潴溜，河南中医，1994，14(2)：761 Herz W., Govindan SV., Watanabe K., Diterpenes of Helianthus rigidus and H. salicifolius, Phytochemistry, 1982, 21: 946-947
2 Gutierrez AB., Herz W., Ent-kauranes from Helianthus atrorubens. Phytochemistry, 1990, 29: 1937-1940.
3 Herz W., Kulanthaivel P., Watanabe K., Ent-kauranes and other constituentsof three Helianthus species, Phytochemistry, 1983, 9: 2021-2025
4 Higuchi R., Inagaki M., Togawa K et al, Isolation and structure of cerebrosides from the sea cucumber Pentacta australis, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1994, 7: 653-658
5 Sugiyama S., Honda M., Komori T., Stereochemistry of the four diastereomers of phytosphingosine, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1990, 11: 1069-1078
6 Sugiyama S., Honda M., Higuchi R., et al, Stereochemistry of the four diastereomers of of ceramide and ceramide lactoside, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1991, 4: 349-356
7 Raymond M.C., Phyllocladan-16β-ol, Aust. J Chem., 1981, 34: 923-926
8 Miguel P. L. M., Nidia F.R., Diterpenes from the fruits of Xylopia aromatica, Phytochemistry, 1988, 27: 3205-3208
9 Yamasaki K., Kohda H., Kassi T., Structures of diterpene-glucosides: application of ~(13)C NMR, Tetrahedron letters, 1976, 13: 1005-1008
10 Ohno N., Mabry T. J., Zabel V., Tetrachyrin, a new rearranged kaurenoid lactone, and diterpene acids from Terachyron orizabaensis and Helianthus debilis, Phytochemistry, 1979, 18: 1687-1689
11 Correa M.S, Guilhon G. M. S. P., Conserva LM., Kauanoids from aristolochia rodriguesii, Fitoterapia, 1997, 3: 277-278
12 Bjeldanes L. F., Geissman T.A., Constituents of Helianthus Ciliaris, Phytochemistry, 1972, 11: 327-33213 Ohno N., Mabry T. J., Tom J. M., Sesquiterpene lactones and diterpene carboxylic acids in Helianthus niveus subspecies canescens, Phytochemistr, 1980, 19: 609-614
14 M. S. Correa, G. M. S. P. Guilhon, Kauranoids from Aristolochia Rodriguesii, Fitoterapa, 1998, LXIX(3): 277-278
15 Nobuo Ohno, Jonathan Gershenzon, Paula Neuman, Diterpene Carboxylic acids and a Heliangolide from Helianthus angustifolius, Phytochemistry, 1981, 20(10): 2393-2396
16 Mariano Pinar., A diterpenoid from Elaeoselinum foetidum, Phytochemistry, 1984, 23(9): 2075-2076
17 Giacomo Notaro, Vincenzo Piccialli, Donato Sica, New Δ~(8(14))-3β, 7α-Dihydroxysterols from the Marine Sponge Pellina Semitubulosa, d Nat. Prod. 1992, 55(6): 773-779
18 丛浦珠，苏克曼．分析化学手册．质谱分册．第二版．北京：中国医药科技出版社，2000：p297
19 于德泉，杨峻山．分析化学手册．第七分册．北京：化学工业出版社，1999，p561．1 丛浦珠，天然有机质谱学．北京：科学技术出版社，1987：p671
2 Ferdinand Bohlman, Wolfgang Kramp, Jasmin Jakupovic, Diterpenes from Bacchharis species, Phytochemistry, 1982, 21(2): 399-403
3 Alica B. Gutierrez, Wemer Herz, Ent-kauranes from Helianthus atrorubens, Phtochemistry, 1990, 29(6): 1937-1940
4 Wemer Herz, Palaniappan Kulanthaivel, Kinzo Watanabe, Ent-kauranes and other constituents of three Helianthus species, Phytochemistry, 1983, 22(9): 2021-2025
5 By J. R., Cannon, P. W., Chow P. R., Isolation of (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and??15β-hydroxy-(-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid from Phebalium rude bartl, Aust. d. Chem., 1966, 17: 861-867
6 Braulio M. Fraga, Ricardo Guillermo, Melchor G. Hernandez et al, Diterpenes from Sideritis Canariensis, Phytichemistry, 1991, 30; 3361-3364
7 Motoo Tori, Hemita Arbiyanti, Zenei Taira, Terpenoids of the liverwort Frullanoides Densifolia and Trocholejeunea Sandvicensis, Phytochemistry, 1993, 32(2): 335-348
8 Yi-Li Ding, Zhong-Jian Jia, Tetracyclic diterpenols from Euphorbia sieboldiana, Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(7): 2413-2415
9 Braulio M. Fraga, Melchor G. Hemandez, Concepcion Fernandez, Diterpenes from Sideritis dendrochahorra and S. cystosiphon, Phytochemistry, 1987, 26(3): 775-777
10 Herz W., Govindan S. V., Watanabe K., Diterpenes of Helianthus rigidus and H. salicifolius, Phytochemistry, 1982, 21: 946-947
11 Ohno N., Mabry T.J., Tom J.M., Sesquiterpene lactones and diterpene carboxylic acids in Helianthus niveus subspecies canescens, Phytochemistry, 1980, 19: 609-614
12 Ohno N., Mabry T. J., Zabel V., Tetrachyrin, a new rearranged kaurenoid lactone, and diterpene acids from Terachyron orizabaensis and Helianthus debilis, Phytochemistry, 1979, 18: 1687-1689
13 Raymond M.C., Phyllocladan-16β-ol, Aust. J. Chem., 1981, 34: 923-926
14 Brulio M. Fraga, Melchor G. Hemandez, Jose M. H. Santana, Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(3): 913-915
15 Wemer Herz, Palaniappan Kulanthaivel, Kinzo Watanabe, Ent-kauranes and other constituents of three Helianthus species, Phytochemistry, 1983, 22(9): 2021-20251 Eiichi Fujita, Yoshimtsu Nagao, Tatsuhiko Kohno, Antitumor Activity of Acylated Oridonin, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1981, 29: 3208-3213
2 Eiichi Fujita, Yoshimtsu Nagao, Kimiyoshi Kaneko, The antitumor and antibacterial activity of the Isodon Diterpenoids, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1976, 24(9): 2118-2127
3 Makoto Taniguchi, Masanori Yamaguchi, Isao Kubo, Inhibitory Effect of Isodon Diterpenoids on Growth and Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Lepidopterous Insects, Agr. Biol. Chem., 1979, 43(1): 71-74
4 Angelita Cristine de Melo, Betannia Barros Cota, Alaide Braga de Oliveira, HPLC quantitation of Kaurane diterpenes in Xylopia specie, Fitoterapia, 2001, 72: 40-451 刘春安 彭明，抗癌中草药大词典 湖北科学技术出版社 1994，461
2 南开大学生物系 向日葵盘的药理研究 南开大学学报．1979，2：75
3 南开大学生物系向日葵盘的药理研究 南开大学学报．1979，2：81
4 Melek ER., Gage D. A., Gershenzon J., Sesquiterpene lactone and diterpene constituents of Helianthus annuus, Phytochemistry, 1985, 24: 1537-1539
5 Macias F. A., Oliva R.M. and Varela R. M., Allechemicals from sunflower leaves cv.Peredovick, Phytochemistry, 1999, 52: 613-621
6 Macias FA., Molinilo JMG., Varela RM., Structural elucidation and chemistry of a novel family of bioactive sesquiterpenes: Heliannuols, J Org. Chem., 1994, 59, 8261-8266
7 Macias F. A., Varela R.M., Torres A., New bioactive plant heliannuols from cultivar sunflower leaves, JNat. Prod, 1999, 62: 1636-1639.
8 杭州市第二人民医院科研组，向日葵杆心治疗胃癌病理报告和作用原理探讨，浙江肿瘤通讯，1977，3：43-47
9 张尚明，陈春林，罗玲，向日葵茎芯多糖的免疫药理作用，中国药理学通报，1994．10(3)：238
10 张尚明，户万秘，王秋菊，向日葵茎芯多糖对小鼠免疫功能的增强作用，中国免疫学杂志，1993，9(6)：383
11 周玫，陈瑗，齐风菊，向日葵籽对大鼠血液和肝脏丙二醛含量和硒谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性的影响，老年学杂志，1986，4(2)：26-28
12 苏晓琴，赵利民，王秉兰，向日葵的药用研究，黑龙江医药，1995，8(1)：57-58
13 何学民，神经酰胺的性质及在化妆品中的应用，日用化学工业，1996，4：35-37
14 Hannun Y. A., Functions of ceramides in coordinating cellular responses to stress. Science, 1996, 274, 1855-18591 Ponglux D., Wongseripipatana, S., Aimi N. et al, Structure of two new bitter principles isolated from a Thai medicinal plant, vernonia extensa D, C., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1992, 40(2): 553-555
2 Jisaka M., Ohigashi H., Takagaki T., Steroid glucosides from Vernonia amygadalina, a possible chimpanzee medicinal plant, Phytochemistry, 1993, 34(2): 409-4131 于德泉，杨峻山．分析化学手册．第七分册．北京：化学工业出版社．1999，p561．
2 丛浦珠，苏克曼．分析化学手册-质谱分册．第二版．北京：中国医药科技出版社．2000：p297
3 Swapan K. Chaudhuri, Li Huang, Fekadu Fullas, Isolation and Structure Identification of an Active DNA Strand-scission agent, (+)-3, 4-dihydroxy-8, 9-methylenedioxypterocarpan, J Nat. Prod., 1995, 58 (12): 1966-1969
4 于德泉，杨峻山．分析化学手册．第七分册．北京：化学工业出版社．1999，p820．
5 于德泉，杨峻山．分析化学手册．第七分册．北京：化学工业出版社．1999，p580．
6 Bader G., Tuja, Wray V., Hiller K., Flavonol glycosides from Heteropappus altaicus and H. biennis, Planta Medica, 1993, 59 (3): 284-285
7 于德泉，杨峻山．分析化学手册．第七分册．北京：化学工业出版社．1999，p826．
8 Wolfgang Voelter, Eberhard Breitmaier, Der Einfluss des anomer vemupflen adeninrestes auf die ~(13)C-chemischen Verschiebungen yon Pyranosen, Organic. Magnetic. Resonance, 1973, 5 (7): 311-319
9 王素贤，尹双，吴立军，女贞子化学成分的研究(Ⅱ)，沈阳药科大学学报，1995，12(1)：25-281 J. L. Koul, S. Koul, C. Singh et al, In Vitro Cytotoxic Elemanolides from Vernonia??lasiopus, Planta Medica, 2003, 69: 162-164
2 H. A. Oketch-Rabah, S. Brogger Christensen, Karla Frydenvang, Antiprotozoal Properties of 16, 17-dihydroxybrachycalyxolide from Vernonia brachycalyx, Planta Medica, 1998, 64: 559-562
3 Carola Kraft, Kristina Jenett-Siems, Karsten Siems et al, In Vitro antiplamodial Evaluation of Medicinal Plants from Zimbabw, Phytotherapy Research, 2003, 17: 123-128
4 朱铁君，张志礼，曹仁烈等，复方驱虫斑鸠菊搽剂治疗白癜风．中华皮肤科杂志，1998，31(6)：388
5 蔡正华，驱虫斑鸠菊和消白丸治疗白癜风临床研究．陕西中医函授，2000，6：41-42
6 江苏省植物研究所，中国科学院昆明植物研究所，中国医学科学院植物资源开发研究所等，1990．新华本草纲要，第三册，上海：上海科学技术研究所．P474
7 S. O. Awe, J. M. Makinde, O. A. Olajide, Cathartic effect of the leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina, Fitoterapia, 1999, 70: 161-165
8 Valler S. Frutuoso, Miriam R. R. Gurjai, Renato S. B. Cordeiro, Analgesic and Anti-Ulcerogenic Effects of a Polar Extract from leaves of Vernonia condensate, Planta Med., 1994, 60(1): 21-24
9 S. O. Awe., O. A. Olajinde, J. M. Makinde, Effects of Allium Sativum and Vernonia amygdaline on thrombosis in mice, Phytother. Res., 1998, 12 (1): 57-58
10 E. A. Oketch-Rabah, E. Lemmich, S. F. Dossaji et al, Two new Antiprotozoal-5-methylcoumarins from Vernonia brachycalyx, J Nat. Prod., 1997, 60 (5): 458-461
11 洪株，含斑鸠菊属植物提取物的抗病毒剂．国外医药植物药分册，2001，16(3)：130-131
12 Ernest B. Izevbigie, Discovery of Water-soluble Anticancer Agents from a Vegetabl Found in Benin City, Nigeria, Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2003, 228 (3): 293-2981 中国医学百科全书-蒙医学．上海：科学技术出版社，1990，p212
2 江苏新医学院编．中药大词典．上海人民出版社，1977，p1327
3 中国药材公司编著．中国中药资源志要．北京：科学技术出版社 1994：2124 Yoshiyasu Fukuyama, Tsuneo Sato, Iwao Miura, Hydropiperoside, A Novel Coumaryl Glycoside from the Root of Polygonum Hydropiper,. Phytochemistry, 1983, 22: 549-552
5 Iwao Sakakibara, Yukinobu Ikeya, Koji Hayashi, Three Phenyldihydronaphthalene Lignanamides from Fruits of Cannabis Sativa, Phytochemistry, 1992, 9: 3219-3223
6 Wataru Kobayashi, Toshio Miyase, Sayako Suzuki, Oligosaccharide Esters from the Roots of Polygala arillata, J Nat. Prod., 2000, 63: 1066-1069
7 Makoto Nishizawa, Masashi Tsudam, Koji Hayash, Two caffeic acid Tetmamers Having Enantiomeric Phenyldihydronaphthalene Moieties from Macrotomia Euchroma, Phytochemistry, 1990, 29: 2645-2649
2 Herz W., Groote R. D., Desacetyleupaserrrin and Nevadensin from Helianthus pumilus, Phytochemistry, 1977, 16: 1307-1308
3 Ohno N, Mabry T. J., Germacranolides in Helianthus mollis, Phytochemistry, 1979, 18: 1003-1006
4 Herz W, Kumar N., Sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus grosseserratus, Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 99-104
5 Herz W, Kumar N., Minor Sesquiterpene Lactones of Itelianthus pumilus, Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 1339-1341
6 Watanabe K, Ohno N., Yoshioka H., Sesquiterpene Lactones and Diterpenoids from Helianthus argophyllus, Phytochemistry, 1982, 21 (3): 709-713
7 Gershenzon J., Mabry T. J., Sesquiterpene lactones from a Texas population of Itelianthus maximiliani, Phytochemistry, 1984, 23 (9): 1959-1966
8 Melek F. R., Gershenzon J., Lee E., Sesquiterpene lactones of Helianthus gracilentus, Phytochemistry, 1984, 23 (10): 2277-2279
9 Stipanovic R. D., Miller R. B., Hope H., Argophyllone-B, a sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus argophyllus, Phytochemistry, 1985, 24 (2): 358-359
10 Stewart E., Mabry T. J., Further sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus maximiliani, Phytochemistry, 1985, 24 (11): 2733-2734
11 Watanabe K., Ohno N., Mabry T. J., Three sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus niveus subsp. Canescens and H. argophyllus, Phytochemistry, 1986, 25 (1): 141-143
12 Pearce J., Gershenzon J., Mabry T. J., Sesquiterpene lactones and diterpene??carboxylic acids from Helianhus divacatus, H. resinosus and H. salicifolius, Phytochemistry, 1986, 25 (1): 159-165
13 Ohno N., Mabry T.J., Sesquiterpenes lactones and diterpene carboxylic acids in Helianthus niveus subspecies canescens, Phytochemistry, 1980,19: 609-614
14 Bohlmann F., Dutta L. A., Ein neues heliangolid aus Helianthus lehmannii, Phytochemistry, 1979, 18: 676
15 Ohno N., Gershenzon J., Neuman P., Diterpene carboxylic acids and a heliangolide from Helianthus angustifolius, phytochemistry, 1981, 20 (10): 2393-2396
16 Herz W., Kumar narendra, Heliangolides from Helianthus maximiliani, Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 93-98
17 Gershenzon J., Mabry T.J., Furanoheliangolides from Helianthus schweinitzii, Phytochemistry, 1984, 23 (11): 2557-2559
18 Whittemore A., Gershenzon J., Mabry T.J., Sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus niveus, Phytochemistry, 1985,24 (4): 783-785
19 Spring O., Klemt V., Albert K., A furanoheliangolide in Helianthus debilis; implications for a chemotaxonomy of genus Helianthus, Z. Naturforsch, 1986, 41c: 695-698
20 Macias F.A., Oliva R.M., Varela R.M., Allelochemicals from sunflower leaves cv. Peredovick, Phytochemistry, 1999, 52: 613-621
21 Chou J.C., Mullin C. A., Distribution and antifeedant associations of sesquiterpene lactones in cultivated sunflower on western corn rootworm, J Chemical Ecology, 1993,19 (7): 1439-1452
22 Spring O., Albert K., Hager A., Three biologically active heliangolides from Helianthus annuus, Phytochemistry, 1982,21 (10): 2551-2553
23 Gao F., Wang H., Mabry T.J., Sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids from Helianthus species, J Nat. Prod., 1987, 50(1): 23-29
24 Macias F.A., Molinilo J.M.G , Varela R.M., Structural elucidation and chemistry of a novel family of bioactive sesquiterpenes: Heliannuols, J Org. Chem., 1994, 59: 8261-8266
25 Macias F.A., Varela R.M., Torres A., New bioactive plant heliannuols from cultivar sunflower leaves, J Nat. Prod, 1999,62: 1636-1639
26 Macias F.A , Varela R.M., Torres A., A novel sesquiterpene from bioactive fractions of cultivar sunflowers, Tetrahedron Letters, 1993, 34 (12): 1999-2002
27 Macias F.A., Torres A., Galindo J.L.G, Bioactive terpenoids from sunflower leaves??cv. Peredovick, Phytochemistry, 2002, 61: 687-692
28 Meragelman K. M., Espinar L. A., Sosa V. E., New sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents from Helianthuspetiolaris, JNat. Prod., 1998, 61: 105-107
29 Spring O., Rodon U., Macias F. A., Sesquiterpenes from noncapitate glandular tfichomes ofHelianthus annuus, Phytochemistry, 1992, 31 (5): 1541-1544
30 Herz W., Bruno M., Heliangolides, kauranes and other constituents of Helianthus heterophyllus, Phytochemistry, 1986, 25 (8): 1913-1916
31 Nobuo Ohno, Tom J. Mabry, Volker Zabel et al, Tetrachyrin, a new rearranged kaurenoid lactone, and diterpenes acids from Tetrachyron orizabaensis and Helianthus debilis, Phytochemistry, 1979, 18: 1687-1689
32 Ferdinad Bohlmann, Jasmin Jakupovic, Robert M. King et al, Neue eht-atisiren und ent-kaurenesaure-derivate aus Helianthus-arten, Phytochemistry, 1980, 19: 863-868
33 Wemer Herz, Palaniappan Kulanthaivel, Kinzo Watanabe, Ent-kauranes and other constituents of three Helianthus species, phytochemistry, 1983, 22(9): 2021-2025
34 Alicia B. Gutierrez, Wemer Herz, Ent-kauranes from Helianthus atrorubens, Phytochemistry, 1990, 29(6): 1937-1940
35 F. Bohlman, J. Jakupovic, A. Schuster et al, Germacranolide, hydroxyverbenon und ent-kaur-15(16)-en-17,19-disaure aus Helianthus occidentalis var. dowellianus, Phytochemistry, 1981, 20(1): 202-203
36 Robert D. Stipanovic, Daniel H. O'Brien, Charlie E. Rogers et al, Diterpenoids Acids, (-)-cis- and (-)-trans-Ozic acid, in Wild Sunflower, Helianthus occidentalis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1979, 27(2): 458-4591 Otmar Spring, Klaus Albert, Achim Hager, Three Biologically Active Heliangolides from Helianthus annuus, phytochemistry, 1982, 21: 2551-2553
2 Otmar Spring, Ulrich Rodon, Francisco A. Macias, Sesquiterpenes from Noncpitate Glandular Trichomes of Helianthus annuu.s, Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 1541-1544
3 Francisco A. Macias, Rosa M. Varela, Ascension Torres et al, Helianthuol E. A Novel Bioactive Sesquiterpene of the Heliannane Family, Tetrahedron Letters, 1999, 40: 4725-4728
4 J. Sr. Pyrek, New Pentacyclic Diterpene Acid Trachyloban-19-Oic Acid from Sunflower, Phytochemistry 1970, 26: 5029-5032
5 Elfriede Elizabeth Homberrg, Paul Kurt Schiller, Neue Sterine in Helianthus Annuus, Phytochemistry, 1973, 12: 1767-1773
6 Francisco A. Macias, Rosa M. Varela, Ascension Tortes et al, New Bioactive Plant Heliannuols from Cultivar Sunflower Leaves, Phytochemistry, 1999, 62:??1636-1639
7 G. Buchbauer, L. Jirovte, M. Wasicky et al, Head-space analysis of aroma constituents of sunflower stems, Fresenius, JAnal. Chem., 1993, 347: 465-467
8 Shuji Ohnl, Kaori Tomita-Yokotani, Seiji Kosemera, A species-selective allelopathic substance from germinating sunflower seeds, Phytochemistry, 2001, 56: 577-581
9 杭州市第二人民医院科研组，向日葵杆心治疗胃癌病理报告和作用原理探讨，浙江肿瘤通讯，1977，3：43-47
10 刘春安，彭明，抗癌中草药大词典湖北科学技术出版社，1994：461
11 谭润生，费清，中国医学科学院学报，1991，13(1)：67
12 南开大学生物系，向日葵盘的药理研究，南开大学学报1979，2：75
13 南开大学生物系向日葵盘的药理研究，南开大学学报 1979，2：81
14 张尚明，陈春林，罗玲等，向日葵茎芯多糖的免疫药理作用，中国药理学通报，1994，10(3)：238
15 张尚明，户万秘，王秋菊等，向日葵茎芯多糖对小鼠免疫功能的增强作用，中国免疫学杂志，1993，9(6)：383
16 周玫，陈瑗，齐风菊，向日葵籽对大鼠血液和肝脏丙二醛含量和硒谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性的影响，老年学杂志，1986，4(2)：26-28
17 Alejandro Perez de Luque, Juan Carlos G. Galindo, Francisco A. Macias et al, Sunflower sesquiterpene lactone models induce Orobanche cumana seed germination, Phytochemistry, 2000, 53: 45-50
18 方金瑞，获自向日葵花托的苯骈吡哺类抗菌物质，国外医药抗生素分册，1998，19(1)：72
19 施边镇，施晓红，吴志奎 新药咳喘得平治疗气管炎的实验研究．山西中医1997，13(4)：43-45
20 苏晓琴，赵利民，王秉兰，向日葵的药用研究，黑龙江医药，1995，8(1)：57-58
21 张爱霞，孟洪霞，向日葵盘煮鸡蛋黄治疗眩26例，中国民间疗法，1999，7(12)：47
22 杨绍信，温继安，王素芬，向日葵盘治疗尿潴溜，河南中医，1994，14(2)：761 Herz W., Govindan SV., Watanabe K., Diterpenes of Helianthus rigidus and H. salicifolius, Phytochemistry, 1982, 21: 946-947
2 Gutierrez AB., Herz W., Ent-kauranes from Helianthus atrorubens. Phytochemistry, 1990, 29: 1937-1940.
3 Herz W., Kulanthaivel P., Watanabe K., Ent-kauranes and other constituentsof three Helianthus species, Phytochemistry, 1983, 9: 2021-2025
4 Higuchi R., Inagaki M., Togawa K et al, Isolation and structure of cerebrosides from the sea cucumber Pentacta australis, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1994, 7: 653-658
5 Sugiyama S., Honda M., Komori T., Stereochemistry of the four diastereomers of phytosphingosine, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1990, 11: 1069-1078
6 Sugiyama S., Honda M., Higuchi R., et al, Stereochemistry of the four diastereomers of of ceramide and ceramide lactoside, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1991, 4: 349-356
7 Raymond M.C., Phyllocladan-16β-ol, Aust. J Chem., 1981, 34: 923-926
8 Miguel P. L. M., Nidia F.R., Diterpenes from the fruits of Xylopia aromatica, Phytochemistry, 1988, 27: 3205-3208
9 Yamasaki K., Kohda H., Kassi T., Structures of diterpene-glucosides: application of ~(13)C NMR, Tetrahedron letters, 1976, 13: 1005-1008
10 Ohno N., Mabry T. J., Zabel V., Tetrachyrin, a new rearranged kaurenoid lactone, and diterpene acids from Terachyron orizabaensis and Helianthus debilis, Phytochemistry, 1979, 18: 1687-1689
11 Correa M.S, Guilhon G. M. S. P., Conserva LM., Kauanoids from aristolochia rodriguesii, Fitoterapia, 1997, 3: 277-278
12 Bjeldanes L. F., Geissman T.A., Constituents of Helianthus Ciliaris, Phytochemistry, 1972, 11: 327-33213 Ohno N., Mabry T. J., Tom J. M., Sesquiterpene lactones and diterpene carboxylic acids in Helianthus niveus subspecies canescens, Phytochemistr, 1980, 19: 609-614
14 M. S. Correa, G. M. S. P. Guilhon, Kauranoids from Aristolochia Rodriguesii, Fitoterapa, 1998, LXIX(3): 277-278
15 Nobuo Ohno, Jonathan Gershenzon, Paula Neuman, Diterpene Carboxylic acids and a Heliangolide from Helianthus angustifolius, Phytochemistry, 1981, 20(10): 2393-2396
16 Mariano Pinar., A diterpenoid from Elaeoselinum foetidum, Phytochemistry, 1984, 23(9): 2075-2076
17 Giacomo Notaro, Vincenzo Piccialli, Donato Sica, New Δ~(8(14))-3β, 7α-Dihydroxysterols from the Marine Sponge Pellina Semitubulosa, d Nat. Prod. 1992, 55(6): 773-779
18 丛浦珠，苏克曼．分析化学手册．质谱分册．第二版．北京：中国医药科技出版社，2000：p297
19 于德泉，杨峻山．分析化学手册．第七分册．北京：化学工业出版社，1999，p561．1 丛浦珠，天然有机质谱学．北京：科学技术出版社，1987：p671
2 Ferdinand Bohlman, Wolfgang Kramp, Jasmin Jakupovic, Diterpenes from Bacchharis species, Phytochemistry, 1982, 21(2): 399-403
3 Alica B. Gutierrez, Wemer Herz, Ent-kauranes from Helianthus atrorubens, Phtochemistry, 1990, 29(6): 1937-1940
4 Wemer Herz, Palaniappan Kulanthaivel, Kinzo Watanabe, Ent-kauranes and other constituents of three Helianthus species, Phytochemistry, 1983, 22(9): 2021-2025
5 By J. R., Cannon, P. W., Chow P. R., Isolation of (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and??15β-hydroxy-(-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid from Phebalium rude bartl, Aust. d. Chem., 1966, 17: 861-867
6 Braulio M. Fraga, Ricardo Guillermo, Melchor G. Hernandez et al, Diterpenes from Sideritis Canariensis, Phytichemistry, 1991, 30; 3361-3364
7 Motoo Tori, Hemita Arbiyanti, Zenei Taira, Terpenoids of the liverwort Frullanoides Densifolia and Trocholejeunea Sandvicensis, Phytochemistry, 1993, 32(2): 335-348
8 Yi-Li Ding, Zhong-Jian Jia, Tetracyclic diterpenols from Euphorbia sieboldiana, Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(7): 2413-2415
9 Braulio M. Fraga, Melchor G. Hemandez, Concepcion Fernandez, Diterpenes from Sideritis dendrochahorra and S. cystosiphon, Phytochemistry, 1987, 26(3): 775-777
10 Herz W., Govindan S. V., Watanabe K., Diterpenes of Helianthus rigidus and H. salicifolius, Phytochemistry, 1982, 21: 946-947
11 Ohno N., Mabry T.J., Tom J.M., Sesquiterpene lactones and diterpene carboxylic acids in Helianthus niveus subspecies canescens, Phytochemistry, 1980, 19: 609-614
12 Ohno N., Mabry T. J., Zabel V., Tetrachyrin, a new rearranged kaurenoid lactone, and diterpene acids from Terachyron orizabaensis and Helianthus debilis, Phytochemistry, 1979, 18: 1687-1689
13 Raymond M.C., Phyllocladan-16β-ol, Aust. J. Chem., 1981, 34: 923-926
14 Brulio M. Fraga, Melchor G. Hemandez, Jose M. H. Santana, Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(3): 913-915
15 Wemer Herz, Palaniappan Kulanthaivel, Kinzo Watanabe, Ent-kauranes and other constituents of three Helianthus species, Phytochemistry, 1983, 22(9): 2021-20251 Eiichi Fujita, Yoshimtsu Nagao, Tatsuhiko Kohno, Antitumor Activity of Acylated Oridonin, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1981, 29: 3208-3213
2 Eiichi Fujita, Yoshimtsu Nagao, Kimiyoshi Kaneko, The antitumor and antibacterial activity of the Isodon Diterpenoids, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1976, 24(9): 2118-2127
3 Makoto Taniguchi, Masanori Yamaguchi, Isao Kubo, Inhibitory Effect of Isodon Diterpenoids on Growth and Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Lepidopterous Insects, Agr. Biol. Chem., 1979, 43(1): 71-74
4 Angelita Cristine de Melo, Betannia Barros Cota, Alaide Braga de Oliveira, HPLC quantitation of Kaurane diterpenes in Xylopia specie, Fitoterapia, 2001, 72: 40-451 刘春安 彭明，抗癌中草药大词典 湖北科学技术出版社 1994，461
2 南开大学生物系 向日葵盘的药理研究 南开大学学报．1979，2：75
3 南开大学生物系向日葵盘的药理研究 南开大学学报．1979，2：81
4 Melek ER., Gage D. A., Gershenzon J., Sesquiterpene lactone and diterpene constituents of Helianthus annuus, Phytochemistry, 1985, 24: 1537-1539
5 Macias F. A., Oliva R.M. and Varela R. M., Allechemicals from sunflower leaves cv.Peredovick, Phytochemistry, 1999, 52: 613-621
6 Macias FA., Molinilo JMG., Varela RM., Structural elucidation and chemistry of a novel family of bioactive sesquiterpenes: Heliannuols, J Org. Chem., 1994, 59, 8261-8266
7 Macias F. A., Varela R.M., Torres A., New bioactive plant heliannuols from cultivar sunflower leaves, JNat. Prod, 1999, 62: 1636-1639.
8 杭州市第二人民医院科研组，向日葵杆心治疗胃癌病理报告和作用原理探讨，浙江肿瘤通讯，1977，3：43-47
9 张尚明，陈春林，罗玲，向日葵茎芯多糖的免疫药理作用，中国药理学通报，1994．10(3)：238
10 张尚明，户万秘，王秋菊，向日葵茎芯多糖对小鼠免疫功能的增强作用，中国免疫学杂志，1993，9(6)：383
11 周玫，陈瑗，齐风菊，向日葵籽对大鼠血液和肝脏丙二醛含量和硒谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性的影响，老年学杂志，1986，4(2)：26-28
12 苏晓琴，赵利民，王秉兰，向日葵的药用研究，黑龙江医药，1995，8(1)：57-58
13 何学民，神经酰胺的性质及在化妆品中的应用，日用化学工业，1996，4：35-37
14 Hannun Y. A., Functions of ceramides in coordinating cellular responses to stress. Science, 1996, 274, 1855-18591 Ponglux D., Wongseripipatana, S., Aimi N. et al, Structure of two new bitter principles isolated from a Thai medicinal plant, vernonia extensa D, C., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1992, 40(2): 553-555
2 Jisaka M., Ohigashi H., Takagaki T., Steroid glucosides from Vernonia amygadalina, a possible chimpanzee medicinal plant, Phytochemistry, 1993, 34(2): 409-4131 于德泉，杨峻山．分析化学手册．第七分册．北京：化学工业出版社．1999，p561．
2 丛浦珠，苏克曼．分析化学手册-质谱分册．第二版．北京：中国医药科技出版社．2000：p297
3 Swapan K. Chaudhuri, Li Huang, Fekadu Fullas, Isolation and Structure Identification of an Active DNA Strand-scission agent, (+)-3, 4-dihydroxy-8, 9-methylenedioxypterocarpan, J Nat. Prod., 1995, 58 (12): 1966-1969
4 于德泉，杨峻山．分析化学手册．第七分册．北京：化学工业出版社．1999，p820．
5 于德泉，杨峻山．分析化学手册．第七分册．北京：化学工业出版社．1999，p580．
6 Bader G., Tuja, Wray V., Hiller K., Flavonol glycosides from Heteropappus altaicus and H. biennis, Planta Medica, 1993, 59 (3): 284-285
7 于德泉，杨峻山．分析化学手册．第七分册．北京：化学工业出版社．1999，p826．
8 Wolfgang Voelter, Eberhard Breitmaier, Der Einfluss des anomer vemupflen adeninrestes auf die ~(13)C-chemischen Verschiebungen yon Pyranosen, Organic. Magnetic. Resonance, 1973, 5 (7): 311-319
9 王素贤，尹双，吴立军，女贞子化学成分的研究(Ⅱ)，沈阳药科大学学报，1995，12(1)：25-281 J. L. Koul, S. Koul, C. Singh et al, In Vitro Cytotoxic Elemanolides from Vernonia??lasiopus, Planta Medica, 2003, 69: 162-164
2 H. A. Oketch-Rabah, S. Brogger Christensen, Karla Frydenvang, Antiprotozoal Properties of 16, 17-dihydroxybrachycalyxolide from Vernonia brachycalyx, Planta Medica, 1998, 64: 559-562
3 Carola Kraft, Kristina Jenett-Siems, Karsten Siems et al, In Vitro antiplamodial Evaluation of Medicinal Plants from Zimbabw, Phytotherapy Research, 2003, 17: 123-128
4 朱铁君，张志礼，曹仁烈等，复方驱虫斑鸠菊搽剂治疗白癜风．中华皮肤科杂志，1998，31(6)：388
5 蔡正华，驱虫斑鸠菊和消白丸治疗白癜风临床研究．陕西中医函授，2000，6：41-42
6 江苏省植物研究所，中国科学院昆明植物研究所，中国医学科学院植物资源开发研究所等，1990．新华本草纲要，第三册，上海：上海科学技术研究所．P474
7 S. O. Awe, J. M. Makinde, O. A. Olajide, Cathartic effect of the leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina, Fitoterapia, 1999, 70: 161-165
8 Valler S. Frutuoso, Miriam R. R. Gurjai, Renato S. B. Cordeiro, Analgesic and Anti-Ulcerogenic Effects of a Polar Extract from leaves of Vernonia condensate, Planta Med., 1994, 60(1): 21-24
9 S. O. Awe., O. A. Olajinde, J. M. Makinde, Effects of Allium Sativum and Vernonia amygdaline on thrombosis in mice, Phytother. Res., 1998, 12 (1): 57-58
10 E. A. Oketch-Rabah, E. Lemmich, S. F. Dossaji et al, Two new Antiprotozoal-5-methylcoumarins from Vernonia brachycalyx, J Nat. Prod., 1997, 60 (5): 458-461
11 洪株，含斑鸠菊属植物提取物的抗病毒剂．国外医药植物药分册，2001，16(3)：130-131
12 Ernest B. Izevbigie, Discovery of Water-soluble Anticancer Agents from a Vegetabl Found in Benin City, Nigeria, Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2003, 228 (3): 293-2981 中国医学百科全书-蒙医学．上海：科学技术出版社，1990，p212
2 江苏新医学院编．中药大词典．上海人民出版社，1977，p1327
3 中国药材公司编著．中国中药资源志要．北京：科学技术出版社 1994：2124 Yoshiyasu Fukuyama, Tsuneo Sato, Iwao Miura, Hydropiperoside, A Novel Coumaryl Glycoside from the Root of Polygonum Hydropiper,. Phytochemistry, 1983, 22: 549-552
5 Iwao Sakakibara, Yukinobu Ikeya, Koji Hayashi, Three Phenyldihydronaphthalene Lignanamides from Fruits of Cannabis Sativa, Phytochemistry, 1992, 9: 3219-3223
6 Wataru Kobayashi, Toshio Miyase, Sayako Suzuki, Oligosaccharide Esters from the Roots of Polygala arillata, J Nat. Prod., 2000, 63: 1066-1069
7 Makoto Nishizawa, Masashi Tsudam, Koji Hayash, Two caffeic acid Tetmamers Having Enantiomeric Phenyldihydronaphthalene Moieties from Macrotomia Euchroma, Phytochemistry, 1990, 29: 2645-2649