沙芥属蔬菜种子超干贮藏生理生化基础研究
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摘要
沙芥属(Pugionium Gaertn.)是亚洲中部蒙古高原沙地的特有属,包含沙芥(P.cornutum (L.) Gaertn.)和斧形沙芥(P.dolabratum Maxim.)两个种,是具有较高开发利用价值的绿色沙生蔬菜。本论文采用硅胶干燥法和回湿处理制备沙芥和斧形沙芥不同含水量的种子,贮藏温度为50、35和20℃,测定不同含水量及其贮藏过程的种子生活力、抗脂质过氧化代谢的变化,贮藏结构稳定性及淀粉粒含量变化,探讨超干种子贮藏寿命的生理机制,推导种子的寿命预测方程式,研究种子含水量对其萌发及生理生化的影响,为沙芥属蔬菜种子耐干性、贮藏老化及含水量适应性的研究提供理论基础。其主要研究结果如下:
     1.种子含水量由对照(沙芥为4.5%,斧形沙芥为4.3%)降至1.3%时,斧形沙芥种子活力保持较高水平,而沙芥种子则急剧下降;脱水后含水量为3.1%、2.2%和1.3%的沙芥和斧形沙芥种子的相对电导率均低于CK,细胞膜完整性保持良好;超干处理会使沙芥属蔬菜种子的MDA含量和O2&产生速率增加;超干处理对种子内4种抗氧化酶(SOD、 CAT、GPX、APX)活性无明显影响。沙芥和斧形沙芥种子均具有较强的耐干性,但斧形沙芥种子抵御伤害的能力及种子的耐干性均强于沙芥种子,含水量2.2%是沙芥种子发芽率和活力的转折点。
     2.沙芥和斧形沙芥种子在50、35和20℃下贮藏1年,其贮藏最佳含水量范围随贮藏温度的下降而变宽,沙芥种子由4.5%~3.1%变为4.5%~2.2%,而斧形沙芥种子则从4.3%~2.2%变为4.3%~1.3%;种子活力的劣变先于发芽率的降低,随着含水量的降低,贮藏后种子的相对电导率有不同程度的增加,且以CK种子的萌发、活力和生物膜完整性保持最好;贮藏过程加剧了种子O2&的产生和MDA含量的积累,其中以35℃贮藏后积累最少;CAT,GPX,APX贮藏后活性保持良好且受贮藏温度的影响;本试验条件下,贮藏的最佳条件为35℃,沙芥种子含水量为4.5%,斧形沙芥种子为4.3%。
     3.沙芥和斧形沙芥种子随着贮藏温度的升高和种子含水量的降低,发芽率、胚根长、胚根干质量下降,首先加剧种子胚内部维管束组织活性的降低,其次由里及外对薄壁细胞活性和结构产生破坏,同时胚淀粉粒活性和数量下降。初始含水量(CK)种子的萌发和结构活性保持最好,斧形沙芥种子的保持能力强于沙芥。
     4.在50、35和20℃下贮藏均以CK种子的平均寿命最长;低含水量的寿命预测方程式,沙芥为:v=Ki-p/103.3890+1.0743log10m+0.06309t0.001952t2,斧形沙芥为:v=Ki-p/103.1210+0.9630log10m+0.06856t0.001803t2。5.沙芥种子适宜萌发的含水量范围为4.1%~13.4%,斧形沙芥为1.1%~13.2%,膜系统完整性和抗氧化防御系统保持良好,协同作用有效地防止和清除有害物质,保证种子萌发和活力保持,以APX、Vc对伤害的反应最为敏感;沙芥种子萌发和活力主要受到糖含量的影响,斧形沙芥则受到糖和蛋白的共同作用;还原性糖和热稳定蛋白是造成沙芥和斧形沙芥差异的主要物质因素。
     6.斧形沙芥种子贮藏的最佳含水量范围、耐干性、种子胚结构、淀粉粒活力的保持能力和抗老化伤害的能力大于沙芥种子;斧形沙芥种子对含水量和贮藏温度的敏感性低于沙芥,耐藏性更好。
Pugionium Gaertn. were versatile sandy vegetable, including P. cornutum (L.)Gaertn. and P. dolabratum Maxim., which mainly distributed in Mongilian plateau. Thedynamic change of vigor, anti-lipid-peroxidation, structural stability and the activity ofstrarch grain content of different moisture content seeds in P.Gaertn. storaging at50℃,35℃and20℃were studied, and the physiological mechanism about storage life ofultradried seeds would be discussed with the dynamic change, at the same time theprediction equation of seeds life would be deduced. The result would provide theoreticalbasis for desiccation tolerance, storage and moisture content adaptability of the seeds.The main results showed that:
     1. The vigor of P. dolabratum Maxim. seeds maintained at a relatively higher level,while the vigor of P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. seeds decreased sharply when the moisturecontent dropped to1.3%from the initial moisture content, and the initial moisturecontent of P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. and P. dolabratum Maxim. seeds were4.5%and4.3%respectively. Relative electrical conductivity of the two specie seeds with3.1%,2.2%and1.3%moisture content were lower than the seeds with initial moisture content,and the integrity of cell membranes was conserved. Lower moisture content acceleratedthe generation of superoxide generation rate (O2&) and malondialdehyde (MDA), but itdid not affect the activities of antioxidant enzymes of the two specie seeds obviously,such as SOD, CAT, GPX, APX.
     2. There were optimum moisture content of P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. and P.dolabratum Maxim. seeds stored at50℃,35℃and20℃, and the contents of P.cornutum (L.) Gaertn. and P. dolabratum Maxim. seeds increased from4.5%-3.1%and4.3%-2.2%to4.5%-2.2%and4.3%-1.3%with the declining of the temperaturerespectively. The deterioration of the seed vigor occurred earlier than germinationpercentage reduction significantly, After aging treatment, relative electrical conductivityof the seeds increased when the content decreased, and seed germination, vigor and theintegrity of cell membranes of the seeds with initial moisture content (CK) were the bestin all ultradried seeds. The generation of superoxide generation rate (O2&) andaccumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) were promoted in storage process, and theinfluence was the lowest at35℃. The activities of CAT, GPX, APX of the two specie seeds were still retained, which affected by stored temperature. Under the experimentalconditions, the optimal conditions of storage were suggested that the optimum moisturecontent of P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. and P. dolabratum Maxim. seeds are4.5%and4.3%respectively at35℃.
     3. Seed embryo internal vascular tissues and parenchyma cells activity weredecreased gradually during the dehydration and storage process. Numbers of starchgranule in each cell, radicle length and radicle dry weight of the seeds decreased whenthe temperature increased, and the seeds with CK were the best in all ultradried seeds.There were the protective layer and the protrusion of seed coat cells, a cavity between theseed coat and seed, which beneficial to reduce the seed moisture injure.
     4. The average life of P. Gaertn. seeds with the initial moisture content were thelongest in all ultradried seeds. The prediction equation of P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. seedlife was v=K i-p/103.3890+1.0743log10m+0.06309t0.001952t2and P. dolabratum Maxim. was v=Ki-p/103.1210+0.9630log10m+0.06856t0.001803t2with low moisture content.5. There were optimum germination moisture content of P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn.and P. dolabratum Maxim. seeds, and the contentes were4.5%-13.4%and1.1%-13.2%respectively. Harmful substances were prevented and cleared by complete membranesystem and antioxidant defense system, which ensured germination and protect the seedvigor effectively. The most sensitive enzymes and protection material to injuries wereAPX and Vc respectively. The germination and vigor were mainly effected by the contentof sugar in P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn, while the P. dolabratum Maxim seeds were impactedby the content of common protein and sugar simultanelusly. The reduing sugar and heatstable protein were the main material of difference to the moisture sensitivity between P.cornutum (L.) Gaertn. and P. dolabratum Maxim.
     6. The range of optimum moisture contents of P. dolabratum Maxim. seeds werewider than P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. seeds, and the desiccation tolerance, the ability tomaintain seed embryo structure and activity of starch grain, and resisting aging injure of P.dolabratum Maxim. seeds were stronger than P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. seeds. Thesensitivity to miosture content and storage temperature ofP. dolabratum Maxim. seeds were lower than P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. seeds. So the P. dolabratum Maxim. seeds wereeasier to store.
引文
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