水平井地质设计系统的研究与实现
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摘要
随着水平井成功地应用于各类油田的开发,中国石油进入大规模应用水平井技术提高单井产能的时代,特别需要一种既能精细描述油藏,又能以此为基础进行水平井设计的可视化平台。本文重点研究了三维地质建模技术和水平井设计技术。力争从算法和应用的角度分析建模和轨道设计中各个环节的难点,并设计了相应的解决方案。
地质建模分为四个过程:断层建模、层面建模、构造建模和属性建模。断层建模和层面建模是构造建模的基础,构造建模又是属性建模的前提。在断层建模中,采用相干体技术,提高了断层识别的精度;通过散点拟合投影平面解决了由散点创建断层时插值的二义性问题。在层面建模时,使用角点网解决了复杂断层约束插值问题;针对断层对插值的影响提出了最短路径的断层约束插值方法,真实反映了地质状况。构造建模是地质建模的核心,其难点在于描述断层与地层的切割关系,本文使用断层复原法有效解决了地层和断层相交时地层撕裂问题。建立构造模型之后,采用层序地层学对模型进行细化,建立层序模型。最后,利用高分辨率的测井数据采用插值方法建立属性模型。
在建立油藏的地质模型之后,可以对研究区域油气的物性及展布进行研究,确定水平井在油藏中的位置、方向和靶点深度。本文在前人对水平井研究的基础上,实现了“增-稳-增”、“增-增-增”、“拱形”和“阶梯形”4种类型的水平井设计算法,并设计了井轨道编辑工具,无论是设计轨道还是编辑轨道都非常快捷和方便。通过建立三维绕障模型或建立空间斜平面将三维轨道设计转化为二维轨道的设计方法,实现了三维水平井设计的算法。
With horizontal wells successfully applied to developing various oilfields, Chinese petroleum industry has been taken into a new era to increase productivity of the single well through applying a large-scale of horizontal well technology, in particular, need a visualization platform in which the researchers can both describe reservoirs detailedly and design horizontal wells. This paper focuses on the three-dimensional geological modeling technology and horizontal well design technology. In terms of algorithm and application, it endeavors to analyze the emphasis and difficulty during the process of establishing models and designing trajectory, and finds the solution to do with.
Geological modeling is composed of four processes: fault modeling, horizon modeling, structural modeling and property modeling. Fault modeling and horizon modeling is the basis of structural modeling, structure modeling is a prerequisite of property modeling. In the fault modeling, using coherence technology to improve the accuracy of fault identification; Have solved the interpolation ambiguity when building fault by the scattered points through fitting the projection plane by the scattered points. In the horizon of modeling, use corner grid to solve the interpolation problem with complicated faults constraining; In the light of the impact of faults when interpolating, have proposed the interpolation method that is based on the fault constrain of the shortest path, it is true to reflect the real geological situation. Structural modeling is the core of geological modeling, and it is more difficult to describe the cutting relationship between the faults and the horizons, the fault recovery method is an effective solution to do with the problem that horizons are slit when it intersect with faults. After the establishment of structure model, use sequence stratigraphy to subdivide the model in order to get sequence model. Finally, establish property model through interpolating to use high-resolution logging data.
After the establishment of the geological reservoir model,researchers can study the properties and distribution of oil and gas in the studying area , and determine the location, direction and target depth of the horizontal well in the reservoir. In this paper, on the basis of previous researchers’studying horizontal wells , achieved four kind of methods to design horizontal wells ,they are "Increase-Steady-Increase", " Increase- Increase -Increase ","arch trajectory" and "ladder trajectory", and designed a tool to edit trajectory. Both to design the trajectory and to edit the trajectory are very quick and easy. Transform the three-dimensional trajectory design into two-dimensional trajectory design by establishing a model to void obstacles or to establishing inclined plane in three-dimensional space to achieved the algorithm to design three-dimensional horizontal wells.
地质建模分为四个过程:断层建模、层面建模、构造建模和属性建模。断层建模和层面建模是构造建模的基础,构造建模又是属性建模的前提。在断层建模中,采用相干体技术,提高了断层识别的精度;通过散点拟合投影平面解决了由散点创建断层时插值的二义性问题。在层面建模时,使用角点网解决了复杂断层约束插值问题;针对断层对插值的影响提出了最短路径的断层约束插值方法,真实反映了地质状况。构造建模是地质建模的核心,其难点在于描述断层与地层的切割关系,本文使用断层复原法有效解决了地层和断层相交时地层撕裂问题。建立构造模型之后,采用层序地层学对模型进行细化,建立层序模型。最后,利用高分辨率的测井数据采用插值方法建立属性模型。
在建立油藏的地质模型之后,可以对研究区域油气的物性及展布进行研究,确定水平井在油藏中的位置、方向和靶点深度。本文在前人对水平井研究的基础上,实现了“增-稳-增”、“增-增-增”、“拱形”和“阶梯形”4种类型的水平井设计算法,并设计了井轨道编辑工具,无论是设计轨道还是编辑轨道都非常快捷和方便。通过建立三维绕障模型或建立空间斜平面将三维轨道设计转化为二维轨道的设计方法,实现了三维水平井设计的算法。
With horizontal wells successfully applied to developing various oilfields, Chinese petroleum industry has been taken into a new era to increase productivity of the single well through applying a large-scale of horizontal well technology, in particular, need a visualization platform in which the researchers can both describe reservoirs detailedly and design horizontal wells. This paper focuses on the three-dimensional geological modeling technology and horizontal well design technology. In terms of algorithm and application, it endeavors to analyze the emphasis and difficulty during the process of establishing models and designing trajectory, and finds the solution to do with.
Geological modeling is composed of four processes: fault modeling, horizon modeling, structural modeling and property modeling. Fault modeling and horizon modeling is the basis of structural modeling, structure modeling is a prerequisite of property modeling. In the fault modeling, using coherence technology to improve the accuracy of fault identification; Have solved the interpolation ambiguity when building fault by the scattered points through fitting the projection plane by the scattered points. In the horizon of modeling, use corner grid to solve the interpolation problem with complicated faults constraining; In the light of the impact of faults when interpolating, have proposed the interpolation method that is based on the fault constrain of the shortest path, it is true to reflect the real geological situation. Structural modeling is the core of geological modeling, and it is more difficult to describe the cutting relationship between the faults and the horizons, the fault recovery method is an effective solution to do with the problem that horizons are slit when it intersect with faults. After the establishment of structure model, use sequence stratigraphy to subdivide the model in order to get sequence model. Finally, establish property model through interpolating to use high-resolution logging data.
After the establishment of the geological reservoir model,researchers can study the properties and distribution of oil and gas in the studying area , and determine the location, direction and target depth of the horizontal well in the reservoir. In this paper, on the basis of previous researchers’studying horizontal wells , achieved four kind of methods to design horizontal wells ,they are "Increase-Steady-Increase", " Increase- Increase -Increase ","arch trajectory" and "ladder trajectory", and designed a tool to edit trajectory. Both to design the trajectory and to edit the trajectory are very quick and easy. Transform the three-dimensional trajectory design into two-dimensional trajectory design by establishing a model to void obstacles or to establishing inclined plane in three-dimensional space to achieved the algorithm to design three-dimensional horizontal wells.
引文
[1]胡文瑞.水平井油藏工程设计[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2008
[2]石小兵.侧钻水平井、分支井井眼轨迹设计与控制理论[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009
[3]韩志勇.双增形水平井轨道的设计[J].石油大学学报,1991,15(4):15-20
[4]刘修善.拱形水平井设计方法研究[J].天然气工业,2006,26(6):63-65
[5]刘修善.阶梯形水平井设计方法研究[J].石油钻探技术,2005,33(3):1-5
[6]刘修善.空间圆弧轨道的描述与计算[J].天然气工业,2000,20(5):44-47
[7]刘修善.三维侧钻绕障井的设计方法[J].石油学报,2009,30(6):916-922
[8]丁在宇.C2相干体在断层解释中的应用[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(5),76-78
[9] Marfurt Kurt J,Kirlin R Lynn,Steven L,et al. 3-D seismic atttibutes using a semblance- based coherency algorithm(J).Geophysics,1998,63(4):1150-1165
[10]李庆扬等.数值分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[11]孙家广.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版,2003
[12] (美)Kenneth H.Roseen;袁崇义等译.离散数学及其应用[M].北京:机械出版社,2007
[13]边肇祺等.模式识别(第二版)[M].北京:清华大学出版,2007
[14]韩峻等.基于格架模型的角点网格生成算法[J].计算机工程,2008,34(4),90-95
[15]孙洪泉.地质统计学及其应用[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1990
[16]王家华.克里金地质绘图技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999
[17]汤国安等.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008
[18]徐丕东.油藏开发储层随机建模技术研究[C].山东:中国石油大学,2008
[19]穆龙新等.储层精细研究方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2000
[20]朱大培等.地质构造的三维可视化[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2001, 27(4):448-451
[21] Christer Ericson;刘天慧译.实时碰撞检测算法技术[M].北京:清华大学出版,2010
[22]张宏等.地理信息系统算法基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2006
[23]刘修善.井眼轨迹几何学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2006
[24]韩志勇.定向井设计与计算[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007
[25]唐雪平,苏义脑,陈祖锡.三维井眼轨道设计模型及应用[J].数学的实践与认识,2004,34(3):62—72.
[26]唐雪平,苏义脑.二维井眼轨道设计模型及其精确解[J].数学的实践与认识,2007,37(20):32-40.
[27]崔红英,张建国,等.绕障定向井三维轨道选择及设计方法.石油钻探技术,1998:26(4)
[28]张建国,韩志勇,等.绕障定向井轨道优化设计方法.石油钻探技术,1997,25(1)
[29] Helmy M W,Khalaf F,Darwish T. Well design using computer Model,SPE Drlling Completion,1998,13(1):42-46
[30] Suryanarayana P V R,,Roger C M,Rudolf R L,etc.Mathematical technique improves directional well-path planning,Oil and Gas Journal,,1998,96(34):57-63
[31] Wright J W. Direction drilling azimuth reference systems[R],IADC/SPE17212.
[32]Guo G B. Constant-Curvature Method to Plan 3-D Directional Wells. SPE 23576,1991
[33] Schuh F J. Trajectory Equations for Constant Tool Face Angle Deflections. SPE 23853,1992
[34] IANC.BRIGGS.Machine contouring using minimum curvature [J]. Geophysics, 1968,39:39~48
[35] David E. B. Programming math keep directional drilling on target,Oil & Gas Journal.1981,Mar 24
[36] M. C. Sheppard, C. Wick,T. Burgess. Designing well paths to reduce drag and torque. SPE 15463
[37] N. L. Wiggins H. C. Juvkam–wold . Simplified equations for planning directional and horizontal wells . SPE 21261
[38] Ma Shanzhou,Huang Genlu,Zhang Janguo,et al. Sdudy onDesign of Extended Reach Well Trajectory. SP3 50900
[39] Wilson G J. An improved method for computing directional surveys. Journal of Petroleum,Aug 1968:871-876
[40] Anders E O. Method and apparatus for drilling a well bore. United States Patent 4440241,3 April,1984
[2]石小兵.侧钻水平井、分支井井眼轨迹设计与控制理论[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009
[3]韩志勇.双增形水平井轨道的设计[J].石油大学学报,1991,15(4):15-20
[4]刘修善.拱形水平井设计方法研究[J].天然气工业,2006,26(6):63-65
[5]刘修善.阶梯形水平井设计方法研究[J].石油钻探技术,2005,33(3):1-5
[6]刘修善.空间圆弧轨道的描述与计算[J].天然气工业,2000,20(5):44-47
[7]刘修善.三维侧钻绕障井的设计方法[J].石油学报,2009,30(6):916-922
[8]丁在宇.C2相干体在断层解释中的应用[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(5),76-78
[9] Marfurt Kurt J,Kirlin R Lynn,Steven L,et al. 3-D seismic atttibutes using a semblance- based coherency algorithm(J).Geophysics,1998,63(4):1150-1165
[10]李庆扬等.数值分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[11]孙家广.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版,2003
[12] (美)Kenneth H.Roseen;袁崇义等译.离散数学及其应用[M].北京:机械出版社,2007
[13]边肇祺等.模式识别(第二版)[M].北京:清华大学出版,2007
[14]韩峻等.基于格架模型的角点网格生成算法[J].计算机工程,2008,34(4),90-95
[15]孙洪泉.地质统计学及其应用[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1990
[16]王家华.克里金地质绘图技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999
[17]汤国安等.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008
[18]徐丕东.油藏开发储层随机建模技术研究[C].山东:中国石油大学,2008
[19]穆龙新等.储层精细研究方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2000
[20]朱大培等.地质构造的三维可视化[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2001, 27(4):448-451
[21] Christer Ericson;刘天慧译.实时碰撞检测算法技术[M].北京:清华大学出版,2010
[22]张宏等.地理信息系统算法基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2006
[23]刘修善.井眼轨迹几何学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2006
[24]韩志勇.定向井设计与计算[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007
[25]唐雪平,苏义脑,陈祖锡.三维井眼轨道设计模型及应用[J].数学的实践与认识,2004,34(3):62—72.
[26]唐雪平,苏义脑.二维井眼轨道设计模型及其精确解[J].数学的实践与认识,2007,37(20):32-40.
[27]崔红英,张建国,等.绕障定向井三维轨道选择及设计方法.石油钻探技术,1998:26(4)
[28]张建国,韩志勇,等.绕障定向井轨道优化设计方法.石油钻探技术,1997,25(1)
[29] Helmy M W,Khalaf F,Darwish T. Well design using computer Model,SPE Drlling Completion,1998,13(1):42-46
[30] Suryanarayana P V R,,Roger C M,Rudolf R L,etc.Mathematical technique improves directional well-path planning,Oil and Gas Journal,,1998,96(34):57-63
[31] Wright J W. Direction drilling azimuth reference systems[R],IADC/SPE17212.
[32]Guo G B. Constant-Curvature Method to Plan 3-D Directional Wells. SPE 23576,1991
[33] Schuh F J. Trajectory Equations for Constant Tool Face Angle Deflections. SPE 23853,1992
[34] IANC.BRIGGS.Machine contouring using minimum curvature [J]. Geophysics, 1968,39:39~48
[35] David E. B. Programming math keep directional drilling on target,Oil & Gas Journal.1981,Mar 24
[36] M. C. Sheppard, C. Wick,T. Burgess. Designing well paths to reduce drag and torque. SPE 15463
[37] N. L. Wiggins H. C. Juvkam–wold . Simplified equations for planning directional and horizontal wells . SPE 21261
[38] Ma Shanzhou,Huang Genlu,Zhang Janguo,et al. Sdudy onDesign of Extended Reach Well Trajectory. SP3 50900
[39] Wilson G J. An improved method for computing directional surveys. Journal of Petroleum,Aug 1968:871-876
[40] Anders E O. Method and apparatus for drilling a well bore. United States Patent 4440241,3 April,1984