泊尔江海子断裂带岩性特征及封闭性演化史研究
|
摘要
断层作为油气运移的重要通道，其封闭与否对油气的运移与成藏起到了相当关键性的作用。断层封闭性演化史研究是当代地球科学研究的前沿领域和热点问题。在断层比较发育的地区开展断层封闭性演化史研究，可从重现油气的运移与聚集成藏过程，获得有关油气成藏与分布的关键性认识，对油气的勘探具有重要意义。
本文选取鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗为研究区，探索开展泊尔江海子断裂带侧向封闭性演化史的研究，旨在搞清泊尔江海子断裂带从早侏罗纪到现今六个关键地质历史时期的侧向封闭性，从而为油气的勘探开发指明方向。围绕此目的，在广泛调研、收集分析大量第一手资料和计算机数值模拟的基础上，较系统地研究了泊尔江海子断裂带中三条主要断裂的展布特征以及它们的形成与演化，研究了它们现今的封闭性，并在恢复盆地埋藏史的基础上，利用计算机模拟对泊尔江海子断裂带从早侏罗纪到现今六个关键地质历史时期的侧向封闭性进行了模拟恢复。
通过分析现今泊尔江海子断裂带两盘地层的岩性对置情况、断层泥比率(SGR)和两盘地层水的化学特征对比情况，认为现今泊尔江海子断裂带在侧向上是开启的，对油气运移起到了运移通道的作用。
通过对盆地埋藏史的恢复，分别还原延安组沉积前、直罗组沉积前、安定组剥蚀前、白垩系沉积前、白垩系剥蚀前以及现今六个油气运移与成藏关键的地质历史时期泊尔江海子断裂带的展布特征以及断层两盘地层埋藏特征。在此基础之上，通过利用现今断层封闭性的研究方法，即分析断裂带断层泥比率(SGR)的方法分别对三条断裂在六个地质历史时期的封闭性进行了分析研究。研究认为泊尔江海子断裂带的三条断裂在这六个地质历史时期都是处于开启状态的。
因此，我们得出结论，由于断层从油气开始生成、运移的时期开始就一直处于开启状态，所以，我们相信断裂带以南所生成的油气是可以通过断裂带运移到断裂带以北，并会在有条件的地方形成油气圈闭。
As one of the most important pathways of hydrocarbon migration, the sealing properties of faults played a key role in the processes of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The study on evolution of fault sealing properties is one of the frontiers and hot topics of geosciences in the present age. Based on evolution of fault sealing properties analyzing in faults developed region, the processes of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation can be reconstructed, thus some key knowledge on oil pool forming and distributing can be gained. Additionally, it is also helpful to hydrocarbon exploration.
Hangjinqi, in the Northern Ordos basin, is selected as the major research area in this paper. The research on evolution of lateral sealing properties of Borjianghaizi fault zone has been explored to carry out, in order to clarify the lateral sealing properties of Borjianghaizi fault zone in 6 geological ages which from middle Jurassic till now, thus point out the directions of exploration and development of hydrocarbon. Therefore the systematical research on distributive features, formation, evolution and sealing properties in present age of three major faults in Borjianghaizi fault zone has been carried out, after the broad research、collecting and analyzing a lot of firsthand material and computer numerical simulation. And the lateral sealing properties of Borjianghaizi fault zone in 6 geological ages which from middle Jurassic till now has been simulated and reconstructed by using computer numerical simulation, based on reconstruction of basin burial history.
The Borjianghaizi fault zone is considered as unsealing in present age and worked as migration pathway of hydrocarbon by analyzing the disposition of rock types of both fault blocks, Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR) and chemical characteristics of formation water within both fault blocks of Borjianghaizi fault zone.
The distributive features and burial characteristics of both fault blocks of Borjianghaizi fault zone in key geological ages when before yanan formation deposited, before zhiluo formation deposited, before anding formation deposited, before Cretaceous System deposited, before Cretaceous System erosion and present has been reconstructed through reconstructing basin burial history.
The sealing properties of three major faults in 6 key geological ages has been analyzed by using methods which are used in researching sealing properties in present age, such as Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR) analyzing. After study, the three major faults are considered as unsealing in those 6 geological ages.
Therefore, the conclusion is achieved that the Borjianghaizi fault zone is unsealing since the time when the petroleum began to generate and migrate. Thus, the petroleum generated at the south of Borjianghaizi fault zone could migrate to the north of the Borjianghaizi fault zone and accumulate at the possible place.
本文选取鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗为研究区，探索开展泊尔江海子断裂带侧向封闭性演化史的研究，旨在搞清泊尔江海子断裂带从早侏罗纪到现今六个关键地质历史时期的侧向封闭性，从而为油气的勘探开发指明方向。围绕此目的，在广泛调研、收集分析大量第一手资料和计算机数值模拟的基础上，较系统地研究了泊尔江海子断裂带中三条主要断裂的展布特征以及它们的形成与演化，研究了它们现今的封闭性，并在恢复盆地埋藏史的基础上，利用计算机模拟对泊尔江海子断裂带从早侏罗纪到现今六个关键地质历史时期的侧向封闭性进行了模拟恢复。
通过分析现今泊尔江海子断裂带两盘地层的岩性对置情况、断层泥比率(SGR)和两盘地层水的化学特征对比情况，认为现今泊尔江海子断裂带在侧向上是开启的，对油气运移起到了运移通道的作用。
通过对盆地埋藏史的恢复，分别还原延安组沉积前、直罗组沉积前、安定组剥蚀前、白垩系沉积前、白垩系剥蚀前以及现今六个油气运移与成藏关键的地质历史时期泊尔江海子断裂带的展布特征以及断层两盘地层埋藏特征。在此基础之上，通过利用现今断层封闭性的研究方法，即分析断裂带断层泥比率(SGR)的方法分别对三条断裂在六个地质历史时期的封闭性进行了分析研究。研究认为泊尔江海子断裂带的三条断裂在这六个地质历史时期都是处于开启状态的。
因此，我们得出结论，由于断层从油气开始生成、运移的时期开始就一直处于开启状态，所以，我们相信断裂带以南所生成的油气是可以通过断裂带运移到断裂带以北，并会在有条件的地方形成油气圈闭。
As one of the most important pathways of hydrocarbon migration, the sealing properties of faults played a key role in the processes of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The study on evolution of fault sealing properties is one of the frontiers and hot topics of geosciences in the present age. Based on evolution of fault sealing properties analyzing in faults developed region, the processes of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation can be reconstructed, thus some key knowledge on oil pool forming and distributing can be gained. Additionally, it is also helpful to hydrocarbon exploration.
Hangjinqi, in the Northern Ordos basin, is selected as the major research area in this paper. The research on evolution of lateral sealing properties of Borjianghaizi fault zone has been explored to carry out, in order to clarify the lateral sealing properties of Borjianghaizi fault zone in 6 geological ages which from middle Jurassic till now, thus point out the directions of exploration and development of hydrocarbon. Therefore the systematical research on distributive features, formation, evolution and sealing properties in present age of three major faults in Borjianghaizi fault zone has been carried out, after the broad research、collecting and analyzing a lot of firsthand material and computer numerical simulation. And the lateral sealing properties of Borjianghaizi fault zone in 6 geological ages which from middle Jurassic till now has been simulated and reconstructed by using computer numerical simulation, based on reconstruction of basin burial history.
The Borjianghaizi fault zone is considered as unsealing in present age and worked as migration pathway of hydrocarbon by analyzing the disposition of rock types of both fault blocks, Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR) and chemical characteristics of formation water within both fault blocks of Borjianghaizi fault zone.
The distributive features and burial characteristics of both fault blocks of Borjianghaizi fault zone in key geological ages when before yanan formation deposited, before zhiluo formation deposited, before anding formation deposited, before Cretaceous System deposited, before Cretaceous System erosion and present has been reconstructed through reconstructing basin burial history.
The sealing properties of three major faults in 6 key geological ages has been analyzed by using methods which are used in researching sealing properties in present age, such as Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR) analyzing. After study, the three major faults are considered as unsealing in those 6 geological ages.
Therefore, the conclusion is achieved that the Borjianghaizi fault zone is unsealing since the time when the petroleum began to generate and migrate. Thus, the petroleum generated at the south of Borjianghaizi fault zone could migrate to the north of the Borjianghaizi fault zone and accumulate at the possible place.
引文
[1] 王震亮，李文厚，刘林玉，等．鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区上古生界油气成藏规律研究．西北大学地质学系，2007．2
[2] 刘树平，袁卫国，杜先智，等．杭锦旗地区古生界天然气勘探目标评价．中国石化股份公司华北分公司勘探开发研究院，2004．12
[3] 刘树平，费琪，等．鄂北杭锦旗地区油气地质综合评价与勘探目标优选．华北分公司勘探开发研究院、中国地质大学，2004．11
[4] 范久霄，姜华，等．杭南区块中话部工区二维地震资料解释及储层预测成果总结．中国石化华北分公司物探作业部，2004．11
[5] 刘树平，王付斌，聂武军，等．杭锦旗、定北地区上古生界天然气地质综合研究与勘探目标评价．华北分公司勘探开发研究院，2005．11
[6] 姜华，范久宵，袁卫国，等．泊尔江海子断裂形成演化及控气因素研究．中国石化股份公司华北分公司，2004．9
[1] Smith D A. The theoretical consideration of sealing and nonsealing faults [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1996,50:363-374
[2] WATTS N. Theoretical aspects of cap rock and fault seals for single-and two-phase hydrocarbon columns [J].Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1987,4(3):274-307
[3] ALLAN U S. Model for hydrocarbon migration and entrapment within faulted structures [J].AAPG Bulletin, 1989,73(3):803-811
[4] Doweny M.W. faulting and hydrocarbon entrapment [J].Geophysics Leading Edge, 1990, 1:20-22
[5] Weber K.S. Mandle G., Pillar W. F., Lehne F., Precious R.G., Growth fault structure[A]. 10th Offshore Technologyconference:2643-2653
[6] Antonellinim, Aydin A. Effect of faulting on fluid flow in porous sandstones: geometry and spatial distribution [J]. AAPG, 1995,79:642-671
[7] Gibson R. G. Fault-zone seals in siliciclastic strata of the Columbus basin Offshore Trinidad [J]. AAPG, 1994,78:1372-1385
[8] Bouvier J D, Kaars-sijpesteijn C H, Onyejekwe C C, et al. Three-dimensional seismic interpretation and fault sealing investigations, Nun River Field, Nigeria[J]. AAPG, 1989,73:1397-1414
[9] Lindsay N G, Murphy F C, Walsh J J, et al. Outcrop studies of shale smears on faultsurfaces [J]. International Association of sedimentologists, Special Publication. 1993,15:113-123
[10] Yielding G, Freeman B, Needham D T. Quantitative fault seal prediction [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1997,81:897-917
[11] Berg R.R., Avery, Alans Haveman sealing properties of Teritary growth faults, Texas Gulf Coast [J]. AAPG Bulletin 1995,79:375-393
[12] 吕延防，陈章明．非线性映射分析判断断层封闭性[J]．石油学报，1995，16(2)：36—43
[13] 吕延防，李国会，王跃文，等．断层的封闭性的定量研究方法．石油学报，1996，17(3)：39-45
[14] 张树林，田世澄．不同溢出类型的差异聚集作用与断层的封闭性分析[J]．现代地质，1993，7(2) ：235-243
[15] 曹瑞成，陈章明．早期探区断层封闭性评价方法[J]．石油学报，1992，13(1)：33-37
[16] 赵永祺，王华崇，贾玉梅．复杂断块油藏断层封闭性研究[J]．断块油气田，1996，3(1)：21-25
[17] 杨克明，龚铭，段铁军，等．塔里木盆地断裂的疏导和封闭性[J]．石油与天然气地质，1996，17 (2)：123-127
[18] 王志欣，信荃麟．关于地下断层封闭性的讨论[J]．高校地质学报，1997，3(3)：293-300
[19] 刘泽容，信荃麟，邓俊国，等．断块群油气藏形成机制和构造模式[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1998：23-26
[20] 鲁兵，陈章明，关德范，等．断面活动特征及其对油气藏的封闭作用[J]．石油学报，1996，17(13)：33-37
[21] 陈发景，田世澄．压实与油气运移[M]．武汉：中国地质大学出版社，1989，150-167
[22] 张功成，梁慧社，徐宏，蔡希元．平衡剖面正演模拟技术在松辽盆地构造分析中的应用．西安石油学院学报，1999，14(2)：1-5
[23] 陶建元，欧少佳，张永华，钟俊义．平衡剖面技术在新疆焉耆盆地断裂和圈闭研究中的应用．河 南地质，1999，17(4)：297-292
[24]张世奇，纪友亮，高岭．平衡剖面分析技术在松辽盆地构造演化恢复中的应用．新疆地质．2003，21(4)：489-491
[25]苏惠，曲丽萍，李桂霞，王艺景，宋静．东濮凹陷平衡剖面与构造演化研究．石油地球物理勘探．2000．35(4)：469-479
[26]刘震．储层地震地层学．北京：地质出版社，1997，83-104
[27]祝伟业，候建国，高永富．速度量化在岩性预测中的应用．新疆石油地质，2001，22(2)：122-123
[28]李正文，杨谦．地震岩性预测方法及应用．矿物岩石，1996，3：81-84
[29]张吉，张烈辉，杨辉廷，南力亚．断层封闭机理及其封闭性识别方法．河南石油，2003，17(3)：7-11
[30]吕延防，张发强，吴春霞，等．断层涂抹层分布规律的物理模拟实验研究[A]．石油勘探与开发，2001，28(1)：30-33
[31]吕延防，付广，高大岭，等．油气藏封盖研究[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1996
[32]张建林，陌一川，等．塔里术盆地北部油气田水文地质及水文地球化学特征[J]．地球科学，1995，20(3)：349-354
[33]Magara K著．压实与流体运移．陈荷立等译．北京：石油工业出版社，1981
[34]李伟．恢复地层剥蚀厚度方法综述．中国海上油气，1996，10(3)：167-171
[35]李亚辉，刘泽容，陈利．断层封闭演化史研究方法及其应用．石油大学学报(自然科学版)，1998，22(3)：15-18
[36]杨智，李奇艳．利用粘土涂抹方法评价断层封闭性研究进展．南方油气，2005，18(1)：25-29
[37]杨智，何生，王锦喜，刘琼．断层泥比率(SGR)及其在断层侧向封闭性评价中的应用．天然气地球科学，2005，16(3)：347-351
[38]赵密福，李阳，张煜，王端平．断层两盘岩性配置关系及断层的封闭性．中国石油大学学报(自然科学版)，2006，30(1)：7-11
[39]高胜利，任战利．鄂尔多斯盆地剥蚀厚度恢复及其对上古生界烃源岩热演化程度的影响．石油与天然气地质，2006，27(2)：180-186
[40]陈瑞银，罗晓容等．鄂尔多斯盆地中生代地层剥蚀量估算及其地质意义[J]．地质学报，2006，80(5)：685-693
[41]Angel Francisco, Nieto-Samaniego. Stress, strain and fault patterns. Journal of Structural Geology,21 (1999): 1065-1070
[42] Juan Contreras, Mark H. Anders, Christopher H. Scholz. Growth of a normal fault system: observations from the Lake Malawi basin of the east African rift. Journal of Structural Geology, 22(2000):159-168
[43] Nicolas Bellahsen, Jean Marc Daniel. Fault reactivation control on normal fault growth: an experimental study. Journal of Structural Geology, 27(2005):769-780
[44] Kagan Tuncaya, Gonca Ozkanb, Peter Ortoleva. Interplay of gouge, fluid pressure and porosity in fault zones. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 78-79(2003) : 191-195
[45] J. R. Boles, M. Grivetti. Calcite cementation along the Refugio/Carneros fault, Coastal California: a link between deformation, fluid movement and fluid - rock interaction at a basin margin. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 69-70(2000):313-316
[46] David N. Dewhurst, Richard M. Jones. Influence of physical and diagenetic processes on fault geomechanics and reactivation. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 78-79(2003):153-157
[47] M. Lisk, M. M. Faiz, E. B. Bekeleb, T. E. Ruble. Transient fluid flow in the Timor Sea, Australia: implications for prediction of fault seal integrity. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 69-70(2000):607-613
[48] P. Labaume, S. Sheppard, I. Moretti. Structure and hydraulic behaviour of cataclastic thrust fault zones in sandstones, Sub-Andean Zone, Bolivia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 69 - 70(2000):487-492
[49] Pierre Labaume, Isabelle Moretti. Diagenesis-dependence of cataclastic thrust fault zone sealing in sandstone. Example from the Bolivian Sub-Andean zone. Journal of Structural Geology 23(2001):1659-1675
[50] Dilip K. Mukhopadhyay, Premanand Mishra. A balanced cross section across the Himalayan frontal fold-thrust belt, Subathu area, Himachal Pradesh, India: thrust sequence, structural evolution and shortening. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 25(2005):735-746
[2] 刘树平，袁卫国，杜先智，等．杭锦旗地区古生界天然气勘探目标评价．中国石化股份公司华北分公司勘探开发研究院，2004．12
[3] 刘树平，费琪，等．鄂北杭锦旗地区油气地质综合评价与勘探目标优选．华北分公司勘探开发研究院、中国地质大学，2004．11
[4] 范久霄，姜华，等．杭南区块中话部工区二维地震资料解释及储层预测成果总结．中国石化华北分公司物探作业部，2004．11
[5] 刘树平，王付斌，聂武军，等．杭锦旗、定北地区上古生界天然气地质综合研究与勘探目标评价．华北分公司勘探开发研究院，2005．11
[6] 姜华，范久宵，袁卫国，等．泊尔江海子断裂形成演化及控气因素研究．中国石化股份公司华北分公司，2004．9
[1] Smith D A. The theoretical consideration of sealing and nonsealing faults [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1996,50:363-374
[2] WATTS N. Theoretical aspects of cap rock and fault seals for single-and two-phase hydrocarbon columns [J].Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1987,4(3):274-307
[3] ALLAN U S. Model for hydrocarbon migration and entrapment within faulted structures [J].AAPG Bulletin, 1989,73(3):803-811
[4] Doweny M.W. faulting and hydrocarbon entrapment [J].Geophysics Leading Edge, 1990, 1:20-22
[5] Weber K.S. Mandle G., Pillar W. F., Lehne F., Precious R.G., Growth fault structure[A]. 10th Offshore Technologyconference:2643-2653
[6] Antonellinim, Aydin A. Effect of faulting on fluid flow in porous sandstones: geometry and spatial distribution [J]. AAPG, 1995,79:642-671
[7] Gibson R. G. Fault-zone seals in siliciclastic strata of the Columbus basin Offshore Trinidad [J]. AAPG, 1994,78:1372-1385
[8] Bouvier J D, Kaars-sijpesteijn C H, Onyejekwe C C, et al. Three-dimensional seismic interpretation and fault sealing investigations, Nun River Field, Nigeria[J]. AAPG, 1989,73:1397-1414
[9] Lindsay N G, Murphy F C, Walsh J J, et al. Outcrop studies of shale smears on faultsurfaces [J]. International Association of sedimentologists, Special Publication. 1993,15:113-123
[10] Yielding G, Freeman B, Needham D T. Quantitative fault seal prediction [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1997,81:897-917
[11] Berg R.R., Avery, Alans Haveman sealing properties of Teritary growth faults, Texas Gulf Coast [J]. AAPG Bulletin 1995,79:375-393
[12] 吕延防，陈章明．非线性映射分析判断断层封闭性[J]．石油学报，1995，16(2)：36—43
[13] 吕延防，李国会，王跃文，等．断层的封闭性的定量研究方法．石油学报，1996，17(3)：39-45
[14] 张树林，田世澄．不同溢出类型的差异聚集作用与断层的封闭性分析[J]．现代地质，1993，7(2) ：235-243
[15] 曹瑞成，陈章明．早期探区断层封闭性评价方法[J]．石油学报，1992，13(1)：33-37
[16] 赵永祺，王华崇，贾玉梅．复杂断块油藏断层封闭性研究[J]．断块油气田，1996，3(1)：21-25
[17] 杨克明，龚铭，段铁军，等．塔里木盆地断裂的疏导和封闭性[J]．石油与天然气地质，1996，17 (2)：123-127
[18] 王志欣，信荃麟．关于地下断层封闭性的讨论[J]．高校地质学报，1997，3(3)：293-300
[19] 刘泽容，信荃麟，邓俊国，等．断块群油气藏形成机制和构造模式[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1998：23-26
[20] 鲁兵，陈章明，关德范，等．断面活动特征及其对油气藏的封闭作用[J]．石油学报，1996，17(13)：33-37
[21] 陈发景，田世澄．压实与油气运移[M]．武汉：中国地质大学出版社，1989，150-167
[22] 张功成，梁慧社，徐宏，蔡希元．平衡剖面正演模拟技术在松辽盆地构造分析中的应用．西安石油学院学报，1999，14(2)：1-5
[23] 陶建元，欧少佳，张永华，钟俊义．平衡剖面技术在新疆焉耆盆地断裂和圈闭研究中的应用．河 南地质，1999，17(4)：297-292
[24]张世奇，纪友亮，高岭．平衡剖面分析技术在松辽盆地构造演化恢复中的应用．新疆地质．2003，21(4)：489-491
[25]苏惠，曲丽萍，李桂霞，王艺景，宋静．东濮凹陷平衡剖面与构造演化研究．石油地球物理勘探．2000．35(4)：469-479
[26]刘震．储层地震地层学．北京：地质出版社，1997，83-104
[27]祝伟业，候建国，高永富．速度量化在岩性预测中的应用．新疆石油地质，2001，22(2)：122-123
[28]李正文，杨谦．地震岩性预测方法及应用．矿物岩石，1996，3：81-84
[29]张吉，张烈辉，杨辉廷，南力亚．断层封闭机理及其封闭性识别方法．河南石油，2003，17(3)：7-11
[30]吕延防，张发强，吴春霞，等．断层涂抹层分布规律的物理模拟实验研究[A]．石油勘探与开发，2001，28(1)：30-33
[31]吕延防，付广，高大岭，等．油气藏封盖研究[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1996
[32]张建林，陌一川，等．塔里术盆地北部油气田水文地质及水文地球化学特征[J]．地球科学，1995，20(3)：349-354
[33]Magara K著．压实与流体运移．陈荷立等译．北京：石油工业出版社，1981
[34]李伟．恢复地层剥蚀厚度方法综述．中国海上油气，1996，10(3)：167-171
[35]李亚辉，刘泽容，陈利．断层封闭演化史研究方法及其应用．石油大学学报(自然科学版)，1998，22(3)：15-18
[36]杨智，李奇艳．利用粘土涂抹方法评价断层封闭性研究进展．南方油气，2005，18(1)：25-29
[37]杨智，何生，王锦喜，刘琼．断层泥比率(SGR)及其在断层侧向封闭性评价中的应用．天然气地球科学，2005，16(3)：347-351
[38]赵密福，李阳，张煜，王端平．断层两盘岩性配置关系及断层的封闭性．中国石油大学学报(自然科学版)，2006，30(1)：7-11
[39]高胜利，任战利．鄂尔多斯盆地剥蚀厚度恢复及其对上古生界烃源岩热演化程度的影响．石油与天然气地质，2006，27(2)：180-186
[40]陈瑞银，罗晓容等．鄂尔多斯盆地中生代地层剥蚀量估算及其地质意义[J]．地质学报，2006，80(5)：685-693
[41]Angel Francisco, Nieto-Samaniego. Stress, strain and fault patterns. Journal of Structural Geology,21 (1999): 1065-1070
[42] Juan Contreras, Mark H. Anders, Christopher H. Scholz. Growth of a normal fault system: observations from the Lake Malawi basin of the east African rift. Journal of Structural Geology, 22(2000):159-168
[43] Nicolas Bellahsen, Jean Marc Daniel. Fault reactivation control on normal fault growth: an experimental study. Journal of Structural Geology, 27(2005):769-780
[44] Kagan Tuncaya, Gonca Ozkanb, Peter Ortoleva. Interplay of gouge, fluid pressure and porosity in fault zones. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 78-79(2003) : 191-195
[45] J. R. Boles, M. Grivetti. Calcite cementation along the Refugio/Carneros fault, Coastal California: a link between deformation, fluid movement and fluid - rock interaction at a basin margin. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 69-70(2000):313-316
[46] David N. Dewhurst, Richard M. Jones. Influence of physical and diagenetic processes on fault geomechanics and reactivation. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 78-79(2003):153-157
[47] M. Lisk, M. M. Faiz, E. B. Bekeleb, T. E. Ruble. Transient fluid flow in the Timor Sea, Australia: implications for prediction of fault seal integrity. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 69-70(2000):607-613
[48] P. Labaume, S. Sheppard, I. Moretti. Structure and hydraulic behaviour of cataclastic thrust fault zones in sandstones, Sub-Andean Zone, Bolivia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 69 - 70(2000):487-492
[49] Pierre Labaume, Isabelle Moretti. Diagenesis-dependence of cataclastic thrust fault zone sealing in sandstone. Example from the Bolivian Sub-Andean zone. Journal of Structural Geology 23(2001):1659-1675
[50] Dilip K. Mukhopadhyay, Premanand Mishra. A balanced cross section across the Himalayan frontal fold-thrust belt, Subathu area, Himachal Pradesh, India: thrust sequence, structural evolution and shortening. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 25(2005):735-746