区域因素对创业企业绩效影响机理研究
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摘要
创业企业绩效一直以来都是一个国内外理论界、企业界等社会各界共同关心的话题,大量研究已经证明区域因素是影响企业绩效的重要因素,但理论上关于区域因素对创业企业绩效的影响机理,不同的区域因素怎样影响创业企业绩效还缺乏研究。因此,对区域因素是否会影响创业企业绩效(经营绩效和创新绩效),能够在多大程度上解释创业企业绩效(经营绩效和创新绩效)的变化,这是本文的研究问题,也是对现有理论的补充和完善。本文对创业企业绩效(经营绩效和创新绩效)和区域各要素体系的具体构成,以及区域因素对创业企业绩效(经营绩效和创新绩效)影响作用的具体表现形式做全面和系统的描述,构建了理论模型,并基于中国52个城市6万多家企业的全样本进行统计分析和模型检验,考察了区域因素对创业企业绩效(经营绩效和创新绩效)的影响机理。
本文在相关理论回顾基础上,提出研究假设,采用了三种业绩指标,以市场销售为基础的销售利润率(ROS)、及传统的财务指标——总资产报酬率(ROA)、净资产收益率(ROE)考察区域因素对创业企业经营绩效的影响；同时,选择了两个创新绩效指标,企业新产品销售额、企业新产品销售额百分比(企业新产品销售额／企业总销售额)考察区域因素对创业企业创新绩效的影响,并进行了实证检验；所用数据来自中国工业企业统计数据库,样本具有代表性,研究结果具有可信性。
本文对于区域因素与创业企业经营绩效关系的研究得出以下结论：
(1)区域资源禀赋(区域人才、科技、区位、资本)对ROA和ROE有显著影响。其中人才环境、科技环境对ROA有显著负向影响,区位环境、资本环境对ROA有正向显著影响；人才环境对ROE有显著负向影响,科技环境、资本环境对ROE有正向显著影响,但区位环境对ROE没有显著影响。
(2)区域制度环境、区域开放度对ROA有显著正向影响,区域文化环境对ROA没有显著影响。区域开放度对ROE有显著正向影响,区域文化环境、制度环境对ROE没有显著影响。
(3)区域品牌对ROA和ROE有显著影响。其中营商品牌对ROA和ROE有显著正向影响,原产地品牌对ROA有负向显著影响,对ROE没有显著影响。
(4)区域产业集中度对ROA和ROE有显著正向影响。区域需求对ROA和ROE没有显著影响。
对于区域因素与创业企业创新绩效关系的研究得出的结论：
(1)资本竞争力、制度竞争力、文化竞争力、产业集聚与研发投入比率的交互项对创业企业创新绩效没有显著影响。
(2)在同样的研发投入下,人才竞争力、科技竞争力、区位竞争力、开放竞争力、营商品牌、原产地品牌、市场需求较好区域的企业会有更高的创新绩效；区域制度环境不会影响到区域创新效率。
本文的贡献和创新在于：
(1)在沿用前人的研究方法基础上,运用对52个城市6万多家创业企业2003-2009年经营绩效统计数据、2003-2007年创新绩效统计数据为样本数据,探讨了区域因素对创业企业绩效和创新绩效的影响。
(2)在探讨区域因素对创业企业绩效和创新绩效影响的基础上,分别检验了区域资源禀赋因素、区域软环境、区域品牌、区域产业集聚对创业企业经营绩效和创新绩效的影响,为探讨区域因素与创业企业经营绩效和创新绩效的关系,提供了较为可信的分析结论。
(3)在研究方法上进行了创新,利用方差成分分析方法和多层线性回归模型(零模型、全模型检验)考察了区域层而的变量对于创业企业层而变量的影响。
(4)将有助于政府、企业等社会各界充分认识区域因素对创业企业绩效的重要作用,以及这些因素影响作用的内在机制,从企业和政府两个层面为创业企业绩效的提升指明现实可靠的战略途径。
Enterprise performance has always been a core topic for the theoretical, business and social research, a number of studies have proved that the regional factor is very important for the firm performance, but the effect of different regional factors on the enterprise performance and its mechanism are still lack of studies. Therefore, the research question is that if the regional factors can affect enterprise performance and to the extent of the regional factors can explain enterprise performance changes. This paper try to build a model to analyze the effect of the different regional factors on the enterprise performance, and the research based on more than60000enterprises samples to exam the effect and its mechanism of region factors on enterprise performance.
This paper proposes to research assumptions, and uses three performance indicators, return on sale (ROS), return on assets (ROA), and the rate of return on investment (ROE) to study the effect of regional factors on the enterprise performance. Meanwhile, it selects two innovative indicators, the sale of enterprise's new products, the percentage of new product sales (the sales of new products/total sales), to test the effect of regional factors on enterprise innovation performance.
First, it makes the following conclusions about the relationship between the regional factors and enterprise performance.
(1) The regional resources have a significant effect on the ROA and ROE. The talent environment, technology environment has a significant negative effect on the ROA, the regional environment and capital environment has a significant positive effect on the ROA, talent environment has a significant negative effect on the ROE, the capital environment has a significant positive impact on the ROE, but the regional environment has not significantly effect on the ROE.
(2) The regional system environment and the region opening level has a significantly positive impact on the ROA, regional and cultural environment has no significant effect on the ROA. Regional opening level has a significantly positive impact on the ROE, regional cultural environment and system environment have no significant effect on the ROE.
(3) The regional brand has significant influence on the ROA and ROE.
(4) The regional industrial concentration has significantly positive effect on the ROA and ROE. Regional demand has no significant impact on the ROA and ROE.
Second, it makes the following conclusions about the relationship between the regional factors and the enterprise innovation performance:
(1) The capital competition, the system competition, the culture competition, the industry agglomeration, and the R&D input ratio has no significantly effect on the enterprise innovation performance.
(2) With the same R&D input, the talent competition, the competitiveness of science and technology, the regional competitiveness, business brand, brand origin, demand better regional companies will have higher innovation performance; regional infrastructure environment, regional system environment will affect the regional innovation efficiency.
The following are the contribution and Innovation of this paper:
(1) By using the previous research method, it discusses the effect of regional factors on entrepreneurial performance and innovation performance basing on60000enterprises'data from2001-2007and2003-2007.
(2) It exams the effect of the regional resources, regional soft environment, regional brand, industrial cluster on the entrepreneurial performance and innovation performance, therefore, we provide a reliable analysis results.
(3) It uses the variance component analysis method and the HLM models to explore the effect of regional variables on the enterprise variables.
(4) This research will be helpful for the government, enterprises and other social sectors to fully understand the effect of regional factors on enterprise performance and its mechanism. From the enterprise and government levels, it provides the realistic and reliable strategy to improve the enterprise's performance.
本文在相关理论回顾基础上,提出研究假设,采用了三种业绩指标,以市场销售为基础的销售利润率(ROS)、及传统的财务指标——总资产报酬率(ROA)、净资产收益率(ROE)考察区域因素对创业企业经营绩效的影响；同时,选择了两个创新绩效指标,企业新产品销售额、企业新产品销售额百分比(企业新产品销售额／企业总销售额)考察区域因素对创业企业创新绩效的影响,并进行了实证检验；所用数据来自中国工业企业统计数据库,样本具有代表性,研究结果具有可信性。
本文对于区域因素与创业企业经营绩效关系的研究得出以下结论：
(1)区域资源禀赋(区域人才、科技、区位、资本)对ROA和ROE有显著影响。其中人才环境、科技环境对ROA有显著负向影响,区位环境、资本环境对ROA有正向显著影响；人才环境对ROE有显著负向影响,科技环境、资本环境对ROE有正向显著影响,但区位环境对ROE没有显著影响。
(2)区域制度环境、区域开放度对ROA有显著正向影响,区域文化环境对ROA没有显著影响。区域开放度对ROE有显著正向影响,区域文化环境、制度环境对ROE没有显著影响。
(3)区域品牌对ROA和ROE有显著影响。其中营商品牌对ROA和ROE有显著正向影响,原产地品牌对ROA有负向显著影响,对ROE没有显著影响。
(4)区域产业集中度对ROA和ROE有显著正向影响。区域需求对ROA和ROE没有显著影响。
对于区域因素与创业企业创新绩效关系的研究得出的结论：
(1)资本竞争力、制度竞争力、文化竞争力、产业集聚与研发投入比率的交互项对创业企业创新绩效没有显著影响。
(2)在同样的研发投入下,人才竞争力、科技竞争力、区位竞争力、开放竞争力、营商品牌、原产地品牌、市场需求较好区域的企业会有更高的创新绩效；区域制度环境不会影响到区域创新效率。
本文的贡献和创新在于：
(1)在沿用前人的研究方法基础上,运用对52个城市6万多家创业企业2003-2009年经营绩效统计数据、2003-2007年创新绩效统计数据为样本数据,探讨了区域因素对创业企业绩效和创新绩效的影响。
(2)在探讨区域因素对创业企业绩效和创新绩效影响的基础上,分别检验了区域资源禀赋因素、区域软环境、区域品牌、区域产业集聚对创业企业经营绩效和创新绩效的影响,为探讨区域因素与创业企业经营绩效和创新绩效的关系,提供了较为可信的分析结论。
(3)在研究方法上进行了创新,利用方差成分分析方法和多层线性回归模型(零模型、全模型检验)考察了区域层而的变量对于创业企业层而变量的影响。
(4)将有助于政府、企业等社会各界充分认识区域因素对创业企业绩效的重要作用,以及这些因素影响作用的内在机制,从企业和政府两个层面为创业企业绩效的提升指明现实可靠的战略途径。
Enterprise performance has always been a core topic for the theoretical, business and social research, a number of studies have proved that the regional factor is very important for the firm performance, but the effect of different regional factors on the enterprise performance and its mechanism are still lack of studies. Therefore, the research question is that if the regional factors can affect enterprise performance and to the extent of the regional factors can explain enterprise performance changes. This paper try to build a model to analyze the effect of the different regional factors on the enterprise performance, and the research based on more than60000enterprises samples to exam the effect and its mechanism of region factors on enterprise performance.
This paper proposes to research assumptions, and uses three performance indicators, return on sale (ROS), return on assets (ROA), and the rate of return on investment (ROE) to study the effect of regional factors on the enterprise performance. Meanwhile, it selects two innovative indicators, the sale of enterprise's new products, the percentage of new product sales (the sales of new products/total sales), to test the effect of regional factors on enterprise innovation performance.
First, it makes the following conclusions about the relationship between the regional factors and enterprise performance.
(1) The regional resources have a significant effect on the ROA and ROE. The talent environment, technology environment has a significant negative effect on the ROA, the regional environment and capital environment has a significant positive effect on the ROA, talent environment has a significant negative effect on the ROE, the capital environment has a significant positive impact on the ROE, but the regional environment has not significantly effect on the ROE.
(2) The regional system environment and the region opening level has a significantly positive impact on the ROA, regional and cultural environment has no significant effect on the ROA. Regional opening level has a significantly positive impact on the ROE, regional cultural environment and system environment have no significant effect on the ROE.
(3) The regional brand has significant influence on the ROA and ROE.
(4) The regional industrial concentration has significantly positive effect on the ROA and ROE. Regional demand has no significant impact on the ROA and ROE.
Second, it makes the following conclusions about the relationship between the regional factors and the enterprise innovation performance:
(1) The capital competition, the system competition, the culture competition, the industry agglomeration, and the R&D input ratio has no significantly effect on the enterprise innovation performance.
(2) With the same R&D input, the talent competition, the competitiveness of science and technology, the regional competitiveness, business brand, brand origin, demand better regional companies will have higher innovation performance; regional infrastructure environment, regional system environment will affect the regional innovation efficiency.
The following are the contribution and Innovation of this paper:
(1) By using the previous research method, it discusses the effect of regional factors on entrepreneurial performance and innovation performance basing on60000enterprises'data from2001-2007and2003-2007.
(2) It exams the effect of the regional resources, regional soft environment, regional brand, industrial cluster on the entrepreneurial performance and innovation performance, therefore, we provide a reliable analysis results.
(3) It uses the variance component analysis method and the HLM models to explore the effect of regional variables on the enterprise variables.
(4) This research will be helpful for the government, enterprises and other social sectors to fully understand the effect of regional factors on enterprise performance and its mechanism. From the enterprise and government levels, it provides the realistic and reliable strategy to improve the enterprise's performance.
引文
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