《新夏娃的激情》中的女性主义
摘要
安吉拉·卡特(1940-1992)是当代英国文坛备受瞩目的一位女作家,其在20世纪70年代发表的作品《新夏娃的激情》一度引起广泛争议。卡特曾经公开声称这部作品是“女性主义读本”,但令人遗憾的是,她在这部作品中所体现的女性主义思想却鲜有深入研究,因此笔者决定在前人研究基础上,对此进行探讨研究。
本文以女性主义视角结合文本细读的方法,分析了《新夏娃的激情》中所蕴含的女性主义思想：卡特大胆地向男性霸权发出挑战,同时也对于女性霸权予以否定,在她看来,只有建立在爱和平等基础上的两性关系才能创造幸福的世界。在这部作品中,卡特通过主人公的一系列遭遇,揭露了父权社会中女性的生存状况——在以男性中心主义为特征的父权社会中,她们不仅被不断地边缘化,降为毫无意义的欲望的客体,而且还面临着内化父权社会准则自我客体化的危险。小说主人公社会性别的逐步确立过程则揭示出社会性别是一种建构。通过这些揭露,卡特抨击鞭挞了父权制文化对女性的压制和贬低,呼吁女性正确认识自己的处境,摆脱不幸的遭遇。另一方面,作品中卡特虽然流露出对男性霸权的种种不满,但她对于激进女性主义者建立女性霸权和双性同体的构想也并不苟同。在卡特看来,理想的两性关系应该建立在平等和爱的基础之上,任何一方的霸权都是人类幸福生活的羁绊。
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is a celebrated female writer in contemporary English literature. Her novel The Passion of New Eve, written in the1970s, has aroused a widespread debate since its publication. Carter claimed the book as "a feminist tract", yet the feminist ideas it conveyed has not been studied comprehensively. Therefore, the author of the thesis tries to make a thorough research of the feminist thoughts in the book on the basis of other scholars' studies.
The thesis, based on exhaustive textual analysis combined with a feminist perspective, gives a detailed analysis of the feminist ideas conveyed in The Passion of New Eve. Carter denies both male hegemony in patriarchy and female hegemony in matriarchy. To her, nothing but the heterosexual relationship established on love and equality can usher in a happy world. In the book, through the protagonist's experiences, Carter exposes the miserable state of women in patriarchal society—they are not only marginalized and degraded into meaningless objects but face the danger of self-objectification by internalizing the patriarchal norms. The gradual establishment of the protagonist's gender indicates that gender is a social construct. Through this disposure, Carter attacks the suppression and degradation of women in patriarchal society. She urges women to be fully aware of their situation and rise up to make a change of the status quo. On the other hand, despite her discontent with male patriarchy, however, she does not consent to female hegemony and androgyny proposed by some radical feminists. In Carter's point of view, the ideal male and female relationship should be established on love and equality, as displayed in the relationship between Eve and Tristessa. Hegemony of any kind impedes the happy life of human beings.
本文以女性主义视角结合文本细读的方法,分析了《新夏娃的激情》中所蕴含的女性主义思想：卡特大胆地向男性霸权发出挑战,同时也对于女性霸权予以否定,在她看来,只有建立在爱和平等基础上的两性关系才能创造幸福的世界。在这部作品中,卡特通过主人公的一系列遭遇,揭露了父权社会中女性的生存状况——在以男性中心主义为特征的父权社会中,她们不仅被不断地边缘化,降为毫无意义的欲望的客体,而且还面临着内化父权社会准则自我客体化的危险。小说主人公社会性别的逐步确立过程则揭示出社会性别是一种建构。通过这些揭露,卡特抨击鞭挞了父权制文化对女性的压制和贬低,呼吁女性正确认识自己的处境,摆脱不幸的遭遇。另一方面,作品中卡特虽然流露出对男性霸权的种种不满,但她对于激进女性主义者建立女性霸权和双性同体的构想也并不苟同。在卡特看来,理想的两性关系应该建立在平等和爱的基础之上,任何一方的霸权都是人类幸福生活的羁绊。
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is a celebrated female writer in contemporary English literature. Her novel The Passion of New Eve, written in the1970s, has aroused a widespread debate since its publication. Carter claimed the book as "a feminist tract", yet the feminist ideas it conveyed has not been studied comprehensively. Therefore, the author of the thesis tries to make a thorough research of the feminist thoughts in the book on the basis of other scholars' studies.
The thesis, based on exhaustive textual analysis combined with a feminist perspective, gives a detailed analysis of the feminist ideas conveyed in The Passion of New Eve. Carter denies both male hegemony in patriarchy and female hegemony in matriarchy. To her, nothing but the heterosexual relationship established on love and equality can usher in a happy world. In the book, through the protagonist's experiences, Carter exposes the miserable state of women in patriarchal society—they are not only marginalized and degraded into meaningless objects but face the danger of self-objectification by internalizing the patriarchal norms. The gradual establishment of the protagonist's gender indicates that gender is a social construct. Through this disposure, Carter attacks the suppression and degradation of women in patriarchal society. She urges women to be fully aware of their situation and rise up to make a change of the status quo. On the other hand, despite her discontent with male patriarchy, however, she does not consent to female hegemony and androgyny proposed by some radical feminists. In Carter's point of view, the ideal male and female relationship should be established on love and equality, as displayed in the relationship between Eve and Tristessa. Hegemony of any kind impedes the happy life of human beings.
引文
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Bartky, S.L. Femininity and Domination:Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression. New York:Routledge,1990.
Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. Trans. H.M.Parshley. London:Jonathan Cape, 1953.
Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge,1990.
Carter, Angela. The Sadeian Woman:An Exercise in Cultural History. London:Virago Press,2000.
--- Nothing Sacred:Selected Writings. London:Virago,1992.
--- The Passion of New Eve. London:Virago,1992.
--- "Notes from the Front Line", On Gender and Writing. Ed. Michelene Wandor. London:Pandora Press,1983.
Goertz, Dee. "To Pose or Not to Pose:The Interplay of Object and Subject in the Works of Angela Carter". British Women Writing Fiction. Ed. Abby H. P. Werlock. Tuscaloosa:Alabama UP,2000.213-25.
Gamble, Sarah. The Fiction of Angela Carter. Palgrave Macmillan,2003.
---"Gender and Transgender Criticism" Introducing Criticism at the 21st Century. Ed. Julian Wolfreys, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2002.
Haffenden, John. Novelists in Interview, London:Methuen,1985.
---"Magical Mannerist", The Literary Review, Nov.1984:34-38.
Heilbrun, Carolyn G. Toward a Recognition of Androgyny:A search into Myth and Literature to Trace Manifestations of Androgyny and to Assess their Implications for Today. NJ:Replica Books,1997.
Irigaray, Luce. This Sex Which Is Not One. Trans. Catherine Porter. Ithaca:Cornell UP, 1985.
Johnson L. Heather. "Unexpected Geornetries:Transgressive Symbolism and the Transsexual Subject in Angela Carter's The Passion of New Eve" The Infernal Desire of Angela Carter:Fiction, Femininity, Feminism. Eds. Joseph Bristow and Trev Broughton, Harlow:Addison Wesley Longman,1997.166-183.
Jordan, Elaine "The Dangers of Angela Carter", New Feminist Discourses:Critical Essays on Theories and Texts, Ed. Isobel Armstrong. London:Routledge,1992. 122.
Kaveney, Roz. "New New World Dreams:Angela Carter and Science Fiction", Flesh and the Mirror:Essays on the Art of Angela Carter, Ed. Lorna Sage. London: Virago,1994:171-188.
Kenyon, Olga. The Writer's Imagination. Bradford:University of Bradford Print Unit, 1992.
Lee, Alison. "Angela Carter's New Eve(lyn):De/Engendering Narrative", Ambiguous Discourse:Feminist Narratology and British Women Writers. Ed. Kathy Mezei. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1996.238-249.
Moi, Toril. "Pornografi og fantasi:om kvinner, klaer og filosofi", Apr.1984. Vinduet, 17-24.
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Palmer, P. "Gender as Performance in the Fiction of Angela Carter and Margaret Atwood", The Infernal Desires of Angela Carter—Fiction, Femininity, Feminism. Eds. Joseph Bristow and Trev Broughton, Harlow:Addison Wesley Longman,1997.24-41.
Pitchford, Nicola. Tactical Readings:Feminist Postmodernism in the Novels of Kathy Acker and Angela Carter. Canada:Associated University Presses,2002.
Plato. Plato in Twelve Volumes. Vol.3. Trans. W.R.M.Lamb. London:Harvard University Press,1967.
Punter, David. The Hidden Script:Writing and the Unconscious, London:Routledge, 1985.
Rubenstein, Roberta. "Intersexions:Gender Metamorphosis in Angela Carter's The Passion of New Eve and Lois Gould's A Sea-Change", Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 1 Dec,1993:106.
Rushdie, Salman. "Angela Carter,1940-92:A Very Good Wizard, a Very Dear Friend". The New York Times.8 Mar,1992.
Sage, Lorna. "The Savage Sideshow:a Profile of Angela Carter by Lorna Sage", The New Review, Jun 1977:51-57.
Walby, Sylvia. Theorising Patriarchy, London:Basil Black Well,1990.
Watts, Helen Cagney, "Carter, Angela:All interview with Helen Cagney Watts", Bete Noire, Aug 1987:161-175.
Woolf,Virginia. A Room of One's Own. London:Broadview Press,2001.
李维屏(Li Weiping),程汇涓((?)Cheng Huijuan).安吉拉·卡特后现代主义历史小说的政治意图.外语研究,2010(5).
刘凯芳(Liu Kaifang).安吉拉·卡特作品论.外国文学评论,1997(10).
穆扬(Mu Yang).破除魔咒：安吉拉·卡特童话反写作品中的身体与主体.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2009.
欧阳美和(Ouyang Meihe),徐崇亮(Xu Chongliang).《新夏娃受难记》的女性主义读解.外国文学研究,2003(4).
王虹(Wang Hong).隐喻、道德与童话新编—评安吉拉·卡特的新编童话《与狼为伴》.四川外语学院学报,2000(2).
张中载(Zhang Zhongzai).安杰拉·卡特其人.外国文学,1994(1).
Bartky, S.L. Femininity and Domination:Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression. New York:Routledge,1990.
Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. Trans. H.M.Parshley. London:Jonathan Cape, 1953.
Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge,1990.
Carter, Angela. The Sadeian Woman:An Exercise in Cultural History. London:Virago Press,2000.
--- Nothing Sacred:Selected Writings. London:Virago,1992.
--- The Passion of New Eve. London:Virago,1992.
--- "Notes from the Front Line", On Gender and Writing. Ed. Michelene Wandor. London:Pandora Press,1983.
Goertz, Dee. "To Pose or Not to Pose:The Interplay of Object and Subject in the Works of Angela Carter". British Women Writing Fiction. Ed. Abby H. P. Werlock. Tuscaloosa:Alabama UP,2000.213-25.
Gamble, Sarah. The Fiction of Angela Carter. Palgrave Macmillan,2003.
---"Gender and Transgender Criticism" Introducing Criticism at the 21st Century. Ed. Julian Wolfreys, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2002.
Haffenden, John. Novelists in Interview, London:Methuen,1985.
---"Magical Mannerist", The Literary Review, Nov.1984:34-38.
Heilbrun, Carolyn G. Toward a Recognition of Androgyny:A search into Myth and Literature to Trace Manifestations of Androgyny and to Assess their Implications for Today. NJ:Replica Books,1997.
Irigaray, Luce. This Sex Which Is Not One. Trans. Catherine Porter. Ithaca:Cornell UP, 1985.
Johnson L. Heather. "Unexpected Geornetries:Transgressive Symbolism and the Transsexual Subject in Angela Carter's The Passion of New Eve" The Infernal Desire of Angela Carter:Fiction, Femininity, Feminism. Eds. Joseph Bristow and Trev Broughton, Harlow:Addison Wesley Longman,1997.166-183.
Jordan, Elaine "The Dangers of Angela Carter", New Feminist Discourses:Critical Essays on Theories and Texts, Ed. Isobel Armstrong. London:Routledge,1992. 122.
Kaveney, Roz. "New New World Dreams:Angela Carter and Science Fiction", Flesh and the Mirror:Essays on the Art of Angela Carter, Ed. Lorna Sage. London: Virago,1994:171-188.
Kenyon, Olga. The Writer's Imagination. Bradford:University of Bradford Print Unit, 1992.
Lee, Alison. "Angela Carter's New Eve(lyn):De/Engendering Narrative", Ambiguous Discourse:Feminist Narratology and British Women Writers. Ed. Kathy Mezei. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1996.238-249.
Moi, Toril. "Pornografi og fantasi:om kvinner, klaer og filosofi", Apr.1984. Vinduet, 17-24.
Mulvey, Launa. "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema". Feminism:An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism. Eds. Robyn R. Warhol and Daine Price Herndl. New Brunswick:Rutgers up,1997.438-448.
Palmer, P. "Gender as Performance in the Fiction of Angela Carter and Margaret Atwood", The Infernal Desires of Angela Carter—Fiction, Femininity, Feminism. Eds. Joseph Bristow and Trev Broughton, Harlow:Addison Wesley Longman,1997.24-41.
Pitchford, Nicola. Tactical Readings:Feminist Postmodernism in the Novels of Kathy Acker and Angela Carter. Canada:Associated University Presses,2002.
Plato. Plato in Twelve Volumes. Vol.3. Trans. W.R.M.Lamb. London:Harvard University Press,1967.
Punter, David. The Hidden Script:Writing and the Unconscious, London:Routledge, 1985.
Rubenstein, Roberta. "Intersexions:Gender Metamorphosis in Angela Carter's The Passion of New Eve and Lois Gould's A Sea-Change", Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 1 Dec,1993:106.
Rushdie, Salman. "Angela Carter,1940-92:A Very Good Wizard, a Very Dear Friend". The New York Times.8 Mar,1992.
Sage, Lorna. "The Savage Sideshow:a Profile of Angela Carter by Lorna Sage", The New Review, Jun 1977:51-57.
Walby, Sylvia. Theorising Patriarchy, London:Basil Black Well,1990.
Watts, Helen Cagney, "Carter, Angela:All interview with Helen Cagney Watts", Bete Noire, Aug 1987:161-175.
Woolf,Virginia. A Room of One's Own. London:Broadview Press,2001.
李维屏(Li Weiping),程汇涓((?)Cheng Huijuan).安吉拉·卡特后现代主义历史小说的政治意图.外语研究,2010(5).
刘凯芳(Liu Kaifang).安吉拉·卡特作品论.外国文学评论,1997(10).
穆扬(Mu Yang).破除魔咒：安吉拉·卡特童话反写作品中的身体与主体.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2009.
欧阳美和(Ouyang Meihe),徐崇亮(Xu Chongliang).《新夏娃受难记》的女性主义读解.外国文学研究,2003(4).
王虹(Wang Hong).隐喻、道德与童话新编—评安吉拉·卡特的新编童话《与狼为伴》.四川外语学院学报,2000(2).
张中载(Zhang Zhongzai).安杰拉·卡特其人.外国文学,1994(1).