性别身份的颠覆
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摘要
安吉拉·卡特是二十世纪后期英国最具独创性的作家之一。她的书写风格混合了魔幻写实、哥特式、超现实主义、女性主义和后现代主义等。本文要论述的是卡特的第七部小说《新夏娃的激情》。这是一部以美国内战为背景的反乌托邦小说。小说中卡特大胆的把玩生理性别和社会性别的两分法,呈现给读者一个不同政治、种族、性别团体之间激烈斗争的混乱世界。通过分析小说主人公艾弗林变性前后对性别身份的认知变化,零的男性王国对性别身份的强制性规范和塑造,以及特里斯黛莎的变装,本文探讨了传统生理决定论的性别身份实质和解构,并首次从后现代女性主义社会建构论的角度,尤其是用后现代女性主义的代表人物朱迪斯·巴特勒的性别表演论来解读小说对性别身份的颠覆,即生理性别和社会性别都是持续的,重复的社会表演,都是可以被社会建构的。
Angela Carter is one of the greatest British original writers in the late 20th century, known for the originality of her works and writing style, which is a mixture of magical realism, Gothic, surrealism, feminism, postmodernism, etc.. The novel under study here is The Passion of New Eve, Carter’s seventh novel, set in a dystopian United States in Civil War. In the novel, Carter boldly plays with the existing dichotomy between sex and gender, and presents us a chaotic world with the conflicts between different political, racial and gendered groups. Through the textual analysis of the protagonist Evelyn’s changing cognition of gender identity before and after the sexual reassignment, the forcible regulation and shaping of gender identity in Zero’s male-dominated Kingdom, and Tristessa’s drag performance, the thesis explores the nature and deconstruction of traditional biological determinist gender identity, and for the first time illustrates the subversion of gender identity in the novel from the social constructionist perspective of postmodern feminism. By especially employing a major postmodern feminist, Judith Butler’s theory of performativity of gender identity, the thesis argues that Carter subverts the gender identity and proves that both sex and gender are sustained, repeated social performance and can be socially constructed.
Angela Carter is one of the greatest British original writers in the late 20th century, known for the originality of her works and writing style, which is a mixture of magical realism, Gothic, surrealism, feminism, postmodernism, etc.. The novel under study here is The Passion of New Eve, Carter’s seventh novel, set in a dystopian United States in Civil War. In the novel, Carter boldly plays with the existing dichotomy between sex and gender, and presents us a chaotic world with the conflicts between different political, racial and gendered groups. Through the textual analysis of the protagonist Evelyn’s changing cognition of gender identity before and after the sexual reassignment, the forcible regulation and shaping of gender identity in Zero’s male-dominated Kingdom, and Tristessa’s drag performance, the thesis explores the nature and deconstruction of traditional biological determinist gender identity, and for the first time illustrates the subversion of gender identity in the novel from the social constructionist perspective of postmodern feminism. By especially employing a major postmodern feminist, Judith Butler’s theory of performativity of gender identity, the thesis argues that Carter subverts the gender identity and proves that both sex and gender are sustained, repeated social performance and can be socially constructed.
引文
1 Rushdie, Salman,“Angela Carter, 1940-92: A Very Good Wizard, a Very Dear Friend”. The New York Times. 8 March, 1992.
1 Vallorani, Nicoletta.“The Body of The City: Angela Carter’s‘The Passion of New Eve’”. Science Fiction Studies. Vol. 21. No. 3, Nov. 1994, 365-379.
2欧阳美和,徐崇亮.《新夏娃受难记》的女性主义读解[J].外国文学研究,2003(4):73-77.
3宋建福.反拨“两权”女性神话的《新夏娃激情》[J].英美文学研究论丛,2008(2):149-159.
1 Ron J. Hammond,Society in Focus: An Introduction to Sociology, Chapter 10, Sex and Gender, Allyn & Bacon, 2004.
2李银河.女性主义[M].山东人民出版社,2005.第107页.(本论文中引用此书的所有内容均为本论文作者译)
1转引自Anthony Giddens. Sociology: Introductory Readings. Cambridge and Malden: Polity Press, 2010, 144.
1 Mikkola, Mari.“Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008.
1 Bergman, Jerry.“The History of the Teaching of Human Female Inferiority in Darwinism”. Technical Journal. (now Journal of Creation) 14(1), April, 2000, 117.
2李银河.女性主义[M].山东人民出版社,2005.第101页.
1李银河.女性主义[M].山东人民出版社,2005.第105页.
1李银河.女性主义[M].山东人民出版社,2005.第110页.
2 Gordon, Neve.“Foucault’Subject: An Ontological Reading”, Polity, Vol. 31, No. 3, Spring, 1999, 395-414.
1 Digerser, Peter.“Performativity Trouble Postmodern Feminism and Essential Subjects”. Political Research Quarterly 47. 1994, 655.
1 Freud first used the phrase“Anatomy is destiny”in his essay“On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love”in 1912, and again in his paper“The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex”in 1924.
1 Derrida Jacques.“Signature, Event, Context”. Margins of Philosophy. trans. Alan Bass, The University of Chicago Press, 1972, 315.
2 Foucault, Michael. Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. Vintage Books, 1979.
1 Heath, Stephen.“Joan Riviere and the Masquerade.”Formations of Fantasy, ed. Victor Burgin, James Donald, and Cora Kaplan, London: Routledge, 1986, 45-61.
Atwood, Margaret.“Magic Token through the Dark Forest”. The Observer. 23 February, 1992, 61.
Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. tans. E. M. Parshley, New York: Vintage, 1973, 301.
Bergman, Jerry.“The History of the Teaching of Human Female Inferiority in Darwinism”. Technical Journal. (now Journal of Creation) 14(1), April, 2000, 117–126.
Bulter, Judith. Bodies That Matter, On the Discursive Limits of "Sex". New York and London: Roudedge, 1993.
---. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York and London: Routledge, 1990.
Carter, Angela. The Passion of New Eve. London: Virago Press, 1977.
Derrida Jacques.“Signature, Event, Context”. Margins of Philosophy. trans. Alan Bass, The University of Chicago Press, 1972, 307-330.
Digerser, Peter.“Performativity Trouble Postmodern Feminism and Essential Subjects”. Political Research Quarterly 47. 1994, 655–673.
Freud, Sigmund.“On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love”. Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works. vols. 11, 1912,
177-190. trans. of“Uber die allgemeinste Erniedrigung des Liebeslebens”. Studienausgabe 5. 197-209.
---.“The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex”, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works. vols, 12, 1924, 311-326.
Foucault, Michael. Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. Vintage Books, 1979.
Giddens, Anthony. Sociology: Introductory Readings. Cambridge and Malden: Polity Press, 2010.
Gordon, Neve.“Foucault’Subject: An Ontological Reading”. Polity. Vol. 31, No. 3, Spring 1999, 395-414.
Halberstam, Judith. Female Masculinity. Duke University Press, 1998.
Hammond,Ron J. Society in Focus: An Introduction to Sociology. Allyn & Bacon, 2004. Haraway, Donna.“A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and
Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century”. Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991, 149-181.
Haslanger, S.“Ontology and Social Construction”. Philosophical Topics, 23. 1995, 95–125.
Heath, Stephen.“Joan Riviere and the Masquerade.”Formations of Fantasy, ed. Victor Burgin, James Donald, and Cora Kaplan, London: Routledge, 1986, 45-61.
Lloyd, Moya. Judith Bulter: from Norms to Politics. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2007.
MacKinnon, C. Toward a Feminist Theory of State. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
Makinen, Merja.“Angela Carter's The Bloody Chamber and the Decolonisation of Feminine Sexuality”. Feminist Review. No 42, Autumn 1992, 2-15.
Mikkola, Mari.“Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008. Millett, Kate. Sexual Politics. New York: Doubleday, 1970.
Moi, Toril. What is a Woman?: and Other Essays. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Money, John.“Hermaphroditism, Gender and Precocity in Hyperadrenocorticism: Psychologic Findings”. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 96. 1955, 253–264.
Rubin, G.“The Traffic in Women: Notes on the‘Political Economy’of Sex”. Toward an Anthropology of Women. R. Reiter (ed.), New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975, 157-210.
Rushdie, Salman,“Angela Carter, 1940-92: A Very Good Wizard, a Very Dear Friend”. The New York Times. 8 March, 1992.
Scott, Joan W..“Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis”. The American Historical Review. Vol. 91, No. 5, Dec., 1986, 1053-1075.
Selden, R., Widdowson, P. and Brooker, P.. A Reader’s Guide to Comtemporary Literary Theory. Fourth Edition. Pearson Education Limited, 1997.
Shapiro, Eve.“Drag Kinging and the Transformation of Gender Identities”. Gender & Society. Vol. 21, No. 2. April 2007, 250-271.
Stoller, Robert. Sex and Gender: On the Development of Masculinity and Femininity. New York City: Science House, 1968.
“The 50 greatest British writers since 1945”. 5 January 2008. The Times. Vallorani, Nicoletta.“The Body of The City: Angela Carter’s‘The Passion of New Eve’”. Science Fiction Studies. Vol. 21. No. 3, Nov. 1994, 365-379.
李银河.女性主义[M].山东人民出版社,2005.
欧阳美和,徐崇亮.《新夏娃受难记》的女性主义读解[J].外国文学研究,2003(4):73-77.
宋建福.反拨“两权”女性神话的《新夏娃激情》[J].英美文学研究论丛,2008(2):149-159.
1 Vallorani, Nicoletta.“The Body of The City: Angela Carter’s‘The Passion of New Eve’”. Science Fiction Studies. Vol. 21. No. 3, Nov. 1994, 365-379.
2欧阳美和,徐崇亮.《新夏娃受难记》的女性主义读解[J].外国文学研究,2003(4):73-77.
3宋建福.反拨“两权”女性神话的《新夏娃激情》[J].英美文学研究论丛,2008(2):149-159.
1 Ron J. Hammond,Society in Focus: An Introduction to Sociology, Chapter 10, Sex and Gender, Allyn & Bacon, 2004.
2李银河.女性主义[M].山东人民出版社,2005.第107页.(本论文中引用此书的所有内容均为本论文作者译)
1转引自Anthony Giddens. Sociology: Introductory Readings. Cambridge and Malden: Polity Press, 2010, 144.
1 Mikkola, Mari.“Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008.
1 Bergman, Jerry.“The History of the Teaching of Human Female Inferiority in Darwinism”. Technical Journal. (now Journal of Creation) 14(1), April, 2000, 117.
2李银河.女性主义[M].山东人民出版社,2005.第101页.
1李银河.女性主义[M].山东人民出版社,2005.第105页.
1李银河.女性主义[M].山东人民出版社,2005.第110页.
2 Gordon, Neve.“Foucault’Subject: An Ontological Reading”, Polity, Vol. 31, No. 3, Spring, 1999, 395-414.
1 Digerser, Peter.“Performativity Trouble Postmodern Feminism and Essential Subjects”. Political Research Quarterly 47. 1994, 655.
1 Freud first used the phrase“Anatomy is destiny”in his essay“On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love”in 1912, and again in his paper“The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex”in 1924.
1 Derrida Jacques.“Signature, Event, Context”. Margins of Philosophy. trans. Alan Bass, The University of Chicago Press, 1972, 315.
2 Foucault, Michael. Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. Vintage Books, 1979.
1 Heath, Stephen.“Joan Riviere and the Masquerade.”Formations of Fantasy, ed. Victor Burgin, James Donald, and Cora Kaplan, London: Routledge, 1986, 45-61.
Atwood, Margaret.“Magic Token through the Dark Forest”. The Observer. 23 February, 1992, 61.
Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. tans. E. M. Parshley, New York: Vintage, 1973, 301.
Bergman, Jerry.“The History of the Teaching of Human Female Inferiority in Darwinism”. Technical Journal. (now Journal of Creation) 14(1), April, 2000, 117–126.
Bulter, Judith. Bodies That Matter, On the Discursive Limits of "Sex". New York and London: Roudedge, 1993.
---. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York and London: Routledge, 1990.
Carter, Angela. The Passion of New Eve. London: Virago Press, 1977.
Derrida Jacques.“Signature, Event, Context”. Margins of Philosophy. trans. Alan Bass, The University of Chicago Press, 1972, 307-330.
Digerser, Peter.“Performativity Trouble Postmodern Feminism and Essential Subjects”. Political Research Quarterly 47. 1994, 655–673.
Freud, Sigmund.“On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love”. Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works. vols. 11, 1912,
177-190. trans. of“Uber die allgemeinste Erniedrigung des Liebeslebens”. Studienausgabe 5. 197-209.
---.“The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex”, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works. vols, 12, 1924, 311-326.
Foucault, Michael. Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. Vintage Books, 1979.
Giddens, Anthony. Sociology: Introductory Readings. Cambridge and Malden: Polity Press, 2010.
Gordon, Neve.“Foucault’Subject: An Ontological Reading”. Polity. Vol. 31, No. 3, Spring 1999, 395-414.
Halberstam, Judith. Female Masculinity. Duke University Press, 1998.
Hammond,Ron J. Society in Focus: An Introduction to Sociology. Allyn & Bacon, 2004. Haraway, Donna.“A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and
Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century”. Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991, 149-181.
Haslanger, S.“Ontology and Social Construction”. Philosophical Topics, 23. 1995, 95–125.
Heath, Stephen.“Joan Riviere and the Masquerade.”Formations of Fantasy, ed. Victor Burgin, James Donald, and Cora Kaplan, London: Routledge, 1986, 45-61.
Lloyd, Moya. Judith Bulter: from Norms to Politics. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2007.
MacKinnon, C. Toward a Feminist Theory of State. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
Makinen, Merja.“Angela Carter's The Bloody Chamber and the Decolonisation of Feminine Sexuality”. Feminist Review. No 42, Autumn 1992, 2-15.
Mikkola, Mari.“Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008. Millett, Kate. Sexual Politics. New York: Doubleday, 1970.
Moi, Toril. What is a Woman?: and Other Essays. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Money, John.“Hermaphroditism, Gender and Precocity in Hyperadrenocorticism: Psychologic Findings”. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 96. 1955, 253–264.
Rubin, G.“The Traffic in Women: Notes on the‘Political Economy’of Sex”. Toward an Anthropology of Women. R. Reiter (ed.), New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975, 157-210.
Rushdie, Salman,“Angela Carter, 1940-92: A Very Good Wizard, a Very Dear Friend”. The New York Times. 8 March, 1992.
Scott, Joan W..“Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis”. The American Historical Review. Vol. 91, No. 5, Dec., 1986, 1053-1075.
Selden, R., Widdowson, P. and Brooker, P.. A Reader’s Guide to Comtemporary Literary Theory. Fourth Edition. Pearson Education Limited, 1997.
Shapiro, Eve.“Drag Kinging and the Transformation of Gender Identities”. Gender & Society. Vol. 21, No. 2. April 2007, 250-271.
Stoller, Robert. Sex and Gender: On the Development of Masculinity and Femininity. New York City: Science House, 1968.
“The 50 greatest British writers since 1945”. 5 January 2008. The Times. Vallorani, Nicoletta.“The Body of The City: Angela Carter’s‘The Passion of New Eve’”. Science Fiction Studies. Vol. 21. No. 3, Nov. 1994, 365-379.
李银河.女性主义[M].山东人民出版社,2005.
欧阳美和,徐崇亮.《新夏娃受难记》的女性主义读解[J].外国文学研究,2003(4):73-77.
宋建福.反拨“两权”女性神话的《新夏娃激情》[J].英美文学研究论丛,2008(2):149-159.