黄土地区浅埋暗挖地铁区间隧道结构体系受力特征研究
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摘要
随着西安地铁二号线的运营，黄土地区进入了地下空间广泛利用的时期。黄土地区首次进行城市地铁建设运营面临着一系列亟待解决的问题：黄土地铁隧道中初期支护和二次衬砌承担荷载的比例；系统锚杆在黄土地铁隧道中的作用效果；浅埋暗挖施工方法在小间距隧道施工中对支护系统的受力影响；运营中围岩条件恶化对结构的影响等，这些问题关系到地铁工程的顺利贯通和安全运营。因此论文以西安地铁二号线区间隧道为研究对象，通过原位测试、理论分析、模型试验以及数值仿真等手段，对以上问题开展了相关研究。
选取不同区段的典型测试断面，通过支护体系及围岩中布设的测试元件对支护结构受力状态进行监测，根据测试结果分析黄土浅埋地铁隧道初期支护和二次衬砌的力学特性，确定了支护体系各部分承担荷载的比例，黄土强度较高时，初期支护和二次衬砌的荷载比例约为1:0.9，强度较低时，初期支护和二次衬砌的荷载比例达到1:1.23，二次衬砌不但承担了通过初期支护传递的围岩压力，还要承受初期支护的自重。因此，黄土地铁隧道中，初期支护仅作为施工过程中的安全支持，二次衬砌是主要的承载结构。设计施工时应该更加重视二次衬砌的作用，保证其质量安全；而初期支护可考虑一些在保证施工安全前提下的新型支护结构形式，并优化其截面尺寸。
利用三维力学试验平台，开展黄土浅埋地铁隧道模型试验。针对黄土围岩的特性，成功地配置出能满足黄土地铁隧道试验的围岩、衬砌结构及系统锚杆等要求的模型材料，制定了围岩不同含水率，系统锚杆不同位置及锚杆不同长度的11组模型试验方案；针对模型试验中锚杆轴力受缩尺影响无法直接量测的难题，利用光纤光栅传感器直接量测得出锚杆轴力；结合现场实测和数值模拟的计算结果，揭示出拱肩到墙脚间的系统锚杆的作用特性；成果表明：在衬砌结构出现裂缝到完全破坏的过程中，拱肩到墙脚间的系统锚杆能够提供有效的安全储备，延缓支护系统的破坏时间，提高黄土地区浅埋地铁隧道施工中的安全性。
通过数值仿真技术，建立三维数值模型，研究黄土浅埋地铁隧道中小间距条件下双洞台阶法对地表、地层及相邻洞室衬砌结构的影响规律。研究表明：浅埋暗挖法施工中地表地层沉降基本经历缓慢变化、急剧变化及逐渐平稳三个阶段；开挖的纵向影响范围在2倍洞径大约12m范围内，横向的地表沉降曲线呈宽底漏斗状，底宽约12m，到10m地层沉降曲线变为标准W型，地表及10m地层内受到的变形影响较大；这些成果为西安地铁修建中地上地下重点文物和古今建筑的保护提供技术支持。
运用数值模拟、现场实测和室内模型试验对黄土地铁围岩浸水后围岩变化特点、支护结构的安全性进行综合评价。成果表明：浸水的影响范围约为0.5倍洞径，影响范围内的围岩强度降低而变形增大，浸水降低了围岩的自承能力，致使土体中原来由围岩承担的地层压力转嫁到衬砌结构上，浸水后衬砌最大弯矩和最大轴力分别比浸水前增大7%和15%，浸水后锚杆基本失去支护作用，因此黄土地区地铁运营过程中应密切监测洞室周边0.5倍洞径内围岩的变化情况。
With the operation of metro line2in Xi'an, loess region come into a period of extensive use ofunderground space. The first time in the loess region subway construction and operation faces anumber of outstanding issues, especially in how to share the load in each part of the lining, how isthe effect that system anchor plays in shallow tunnels,the influence to the support system duringsmall space construction by shallow-buried undercut and the influence to the structure bydeterioration of rock conditions during subway operation. Such issues have respect to the tunnellink-up successfully and timely, as well as long-term safe operation.Therefore, paper chose intervaltunnel of Xi'an metro line2as study object, through systematic and comprehensive in-situ testingand theoretical analysis, model tests based on similarity theory, numerical simulation based on thefinite element theory, we have studied and summarized the issues above.
Selecting typical testing cross-section in different section, we have monitored thesupporting structure's strained-condition by testing element laid in structure and rock. Based onthe testing results we have analyzed the mechanics characteristic of early support and secondarylining in loess shallow subway tunnel, and determine he load ratio of various parts in bracingsystem. When Loess intensity is high, early support and secondary lining of the load ratio isabout1:0.9, when the intensity is low, the load ratio is up to1:1.23, the second lining notonly assumed by the early supporting delivery of the rock pressure, but also bear the earlysupport of the weight. So in leoss subway tunnel early support just as a reserve safety in theconstruction process, secondary lining should be used as the main load-bearing structure; it playsmore important with decrease of soil strength in supporting system.
In the three-dimensional geo-mechanical test platform, for the loess rock features, wehave configured the testing materials including rock material, lining material and anchormaterial which can meet the test of loess subway tunnel. By drawing up11groups of testprogram in different rock moisture contents, different anchor locations and different anchorlengths, using FBG element to measure the stress of anchor and structure, we have carried outsystemic model tests about loess shallow subway tunnel. The results combined with fieldmeasurement and numerical simulation indicates that anchor system laid between spandrel and sidewall can provide effective long-term security reserve, delay the time of destructionduring the lining crack, they can also improve the construction safety in loess shallowsubway tunnel. Can be expected when the moment that rock produces ductile destruction,sprayed concrete grille is failure, the effect of anchor system will be more prominent.
Through large-scale numerical simulation, building a three-dimensional numericalmodel, we have studied the effects of construction space of double-hole loess shallow subwaytunnel, then revealed the influence range between surface, stratum and adjacent liningstructure in three-dimensional. The vertical extent of excavation at2times the diameterof about12m range, the horizontal width of the bottom surface subsidence funnel-shapedcurve,the bottom width of12m,10m ground settlement to become the standard W-curve,surface, andare within10m of strata deformation greater impact.And we have found thatduring construction, the surface and stratum settlement goes through three stages as slowchange, rapid change and increasingly stable，such achievements can provide a theoreticalbasis for a series of key cultural relics above or below ground and ancient and modernarchitecture protection in Xi'an.
Using numerical simulation, field measurement and indoor model test, we have had acomprehensive evaluation about rock change characteristics and supporting structure's safetyafter loess rock flooding, we find that The impact of flooding range is about0.5times thediameter, the rock strength lower and deformation increase among flooding range,the rockappear loose collapse, the rock's self-supporting capacity is reduced,which resulting in theformation pressure borne by rock transferred to the lining. After soaking the maximum axialforce and the maximum bending moment of the lining increased7%and15%before floodingrespectively.So during the process of loess metro operations the changes of rock within0.5times the diameter around the cavern should be closely monitored.
选取不同区段的典型测试断面，通过支护体系及围岩中布设的测试元件对支护结构受力状态进行监测，根据测试结果分析黄土浅埋地铁隧道初期支护和二次衬砌的力学特性，确定了支护体系各部分承担荷载的比例，黄土强度较高时，初期支护和二次衬砌的荷载比例约为1:0.9，强度较低时，初期支护和二次衬砌的荷载比例达到1:1.23，二次衬砌不但承担了通过初期支护传递的围岩压力，还要承受初期支护的自重。因此，黄土地铁隧道中，初期支护仅作为施工过程中的安全支持，二次衬砌是主要的承载结构。设计施工时应该更加重视二次衬砌的作用，保证其质量安全；而初期支护可考虑一些在保证施工安全前提下的新型支护结构形式，并优化其截面尺寸。
利用三维力学试验平台，开展黄土浅埋地铁隧道模型试验。针对黄土围岩的特性，成功地配置出能满足黄土地铁隧道试验的围岩、衬砌结构及系统锚杆等要求的模型材料，制定了围岩不同含水率，系统锚杆不同位置及锚杆不同长度的11组模型试验方案；针对模型试验中锚杆轴力受缩尺影响无法直接量测的难题，利用光纤光栅传感器直接量测得出锚杆轴力；结合现场实测和数值模拟的计算结果，揭示出拱肩到墙脚间的系统锚杆的作用特性；成果表明：在衬砌结构出现裂缝到完全破坏的过程中，拱肩到墙脚间的系统锚杆能够提供有效的安全储备，延缓支护系统的破坏时间，提高黄土地区浅埋地铁隧道施工中的安全性。
通过数值仿真技术，建立三维数值模型，研究黄土浅埋地铁隧道中小间距条件下双洞台阶法对地表、地层及相邻洞室衬砌结构的影响规律。研究表明：浅埋暗挖法施工中地表地层沉降基本经历缓慢变化、急剧变化及逐渐平稳三个阶段；开挖的纵向影响范围在2倍洞径大约12m范围内，横向的地表沉降曲线呈宽底漏斗状，底宽约12m，到10m地层沉降曲线变为标准W型，地表及10m地层内受到的变形影响较大；这些成果为西安地铁修建中地上地下重点文物和古今建筑的保护提供技术支持。
运用数值模拟、现场实测和室内模型试验对黄土地铁围岩浸水后围岩变化特点、支护结构的安全性进行综合评价。成果表明：浸水的影响范围约为0.5倍洞径，影响范围内的围岩强度降低而变形增大，浸水降低了围岩的自承能力，致使土体中原来由围岩承担的地层压力转嫁到衬砌结构上，浸水后衬砌最大弯矩和最大轴力分别比浸水前增大7%和15%，浸水后锚杆基本失去支护作用，因此黄土地区地铁运营过程中应密切监测洞室周边0.5倍洞径内围岩的变化情况。
With the operation of metro line2in Xi'an, loess region come into a period of extensive use ofunderground space. The first time in the loess region subway construction and operation faces anumber of outstanding issues, especially in how to share the load in each part of the lining, how isthe effect that system anchor plays in shallow tunnels,the influence to the support system duringsmall space construction by shallow-buried undercut and the influence to the structure bydeterioration of rock conditions during subway operation. Such issues have respect to the tunnellink-up successfully and timely, as well as long-term safe operation.Therefore, paper chose intervaltunnel of Xi'an metro line2as study object, through systematic and comprehensive in-situ testingand theoretical analysis, model tests based on similarity theory, numerical simulation based on thefinite element theory, we have studied and summarized the issues above.
Selecting typical testing cross-section in different section, we have monitored thesupporting structure's strained-condition by testing element laid in structure and rock. Based onthe testing results we have analyzed the mechanics characteristic of early support and secondarylining in loess shallow subway tunnel, and determine he load ratio of various parts in bracingsystem. When Loess intensity is high, early support and secondary lining of the load ratio isabout1:0.9, when the intensity is low, the load ratio is up to1:1.23, the second lining notonly assumed by the early supporting delivery of the rock pressure, but also bear the earlysupport of the weight. So in leoss subway tunnel early support just as a reserve safety in theconstruction process, secondary lining should be used as the main load-bearing structure; it playsmore important with decrease of soil strength in supporting system.
In the three-dimensional geo-mechanical test platform, for the loess rock features, wehave configured the testing materials including rock material, lining material and anchormaterial which can meet the test of loess subway tunnel. By drawing up11groups of testprogram in different rock moisture contents, different anchor locations and different anchorlengths, using FBG element to measure the stress of anchor and structure, we have carried outsystemic model tests about loess shallow subway tunnel. The results combined with fieldmeasurement and numerical simulation indicates that anchor system laid between spandrel and sidewall can provide effective long-term security reserve, delay the time of destructionduring the lining crack, they can also improve the construction safety in loess shallowsubway tunnel. Can be expected when the moment that rock produces ductile destruction,sprayed concrete grille is failure, the effect of anchor system will be more prominent.
Through large-scale numerical simulation, building a three-dimensional numericalmodel, we have studied the effects of construction space of double-hole loess shallow subwaytunnel, then revealed the influence range between surface, stratum and adjacent liningstructure in three-dimensional. The vertical extent of excavation at2times the diameterof about12m range, the horizontal width of the bottom surface subsidence funnel-shapedcurve,the bottom width of12m,10m ground settlement to become the standard W-curve,surface, andare within10m of strata deformation greater impact.And we have found thatduring construction, the surface and stratum settlement goes through three stages as slowchange, rapid change and increasingly stable，such achievements can provide a theoreticalbasis for a series of key cultural relics above or below ground and ancient and modernarchitecture protection in Xi'an.
Using numerical simulation, field measurement and indoor model test, we have had acomprehensive evaluation about rock change characteristics and supporting structure's safetyafter loess rock flooding, we find that The impact of flooding range is about0.5times thediameter, the rock strength lower and deformation increase among flooding range,the rockappear loose collapse, the rock's self-supporting capacity is reduced,which resulting in theformation pressure borne by rock transferred to the lining. After soaking the maximum axialforce and the maximum bending moment of the lining increased7%and15%before floodingrespectively.So during the process of loess metro operations the changes of rock within0.5times the diameter around the cavern should be closely monitored.
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