组织记忆、知识共享对企业绩效影响研究
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摘要
自从上世纪八十年代以来，知识经济和网络经济随着现代经济全球化发展趋势进一步融合，企业面临复杂多变的环境，特别是信息通信技术的迅猛发展，企业形态发生了很大变化，出现了网络组织，组织间、组织和成员、以及组织成员间相互依赖性增强。企业如何在快速变化，变革的社会中适应环境，切实提高企业绩效成为学者们一个研究主题。
在知识管理领域，组织记忆和知识共享是构成企业知识管理行为的主要部分。组织记忆是企业一个历史行为，对企业发展具有推动力，长期积累将形成路径依赖；知识共享是企业有效进行知识创新的方式之一，是维持企业竞争优势的重要措施。它们对于企业绩效的表现将影响企业发展，特别是以往研究证实，组织记忆对企业绩效，知识共享对于企业绩效都存在三种情况：正向效应、没有显著效应和负面效应。组织记忆、知识共享和企业绩效关系的平衡和发展成为企业发展过程需要解决的问题。本研究在总结组织记忆和知识共享理论前提下，构建了组织记忆和企业绩效，知识共享和企业绩效，组织记忆、知识共享和企业绩效，以及有调节的中介模型四种不同状态下知识管理体系，创立了相关概念模型。以中国长三角区域的企业为主要的调查对象，实证分析了这些假设模型。主要的研究内容如下：
首先，本研究从资源基础理论、战略管理理论、组织学习理论、知识管理理论和社会资本理论等为视角，通过信息采纳、企业战略柔性、企业社会资本等相关理论对企业绩效的影响进行分析；以往的研究将组织记忆作为组织学习的组成部分而进行分析探讨，而本研究则认为组织记忆和组织学习是并列的企业行为，并以组织学习理论和种群动力学模型为辅，验证了组织记忆在不同环境下对于企业绩效存在线性或非线性曲线。
其次，通过文献回顾和实证手段等方法系统地研究了组织记忆和企业绩效，知识共享和企业绩效，以及组织记忆、知识共享和企业绩效三者之间的关系。为打开组织记忆和知识共享对企业绩效影响的黑箱，通过实证方式验证：（1）短期内组织记忆和企业绩效之间具有正向效应；长期来看，组织记忆对企业绩效之间存在非线性U型关系。（2）企业知识共享和企业绩效之间总的关系是非线性倒U型关系，在不同时期和阶段存在正效应或负效应，并不是单一效应，而是一种曲线关系。其中企业的知识转移能力和知识吸收能力之间存在正向作用；企业知识转移和预期绩效之间呈正U型效应；企业知识吸收和预期绩效之间呈倒U型关系；知识吸收在知识转移对企业绩效影响之间起部分中介作用。（3）研究组织记忆、知识共享和企业绩效三者之间关系过程，发现短期而言，组织记忆对企业绩效具有积极的正向作用；但是长期来看，组织记忆对企业绩效起非线性正U型作用；知识共享在短期内对企业绩效具有积极的正向作用；但是长期来看，知识共享对企业绩效起非线性倒U型作用；总体而言，组织记忆对知识共享具有正向效应（这需要企业切实适应环境，柔性决策，构建有效的知识管理机制，不断淘汰旧知识，吸取新知识，及时转化为生产力），但是程序记忆对知识共享效应不显著；知识共享在组织记忆和企业绩效之间起了部分中介作用。
最后本研究通过构建有调节的中介效应模型，进一步分析了知识共享在组织记忆和企业绩效之间起了部分中介作用之外企业家社会资本起的作用。验证了组织记忆能够在及时与时俱进，适应环境，那么对于企业绩效具有一定时期的积极作用；同时再次验证知识共享行为在组织记忆影响企业绩效过程起了部分中介作用，企业家社会资本是其中一个因素，弥补了部分中介效应，企业家社会资本调节了知识共享行为和企业绩效之间的关系，企业家社会资本能力越强，就越能促使知识共享行为促进企业绩效提升。
这样就可以为企业绩效提升提供切实可行发展路径，使得组织刚性柔性化，并促进企业战略柔性，从而为企业应用各种管理系统，促进企业成员间、企业和成员、企业单元间、企业间的融合发展，解决企业知识管理问题，为社会提供解决方案。
Since the1980s, the knowledge economy and network economy are further integrated with modern development trend of economic globalization. Enterprises are facing a complicated and changeable environment, especially the rapid development of information and communication technology, great changes have taken place in enterprise form. The dependence between network organization, organization and members and members of the organization enhanced. How firms adapting to the environment in the rapidly changing society, and how to improve firm performance have becoming a topic of research scholars.
In the field of knowledge management, organizational memory and knowledge sharing is the major parts of the enterprise knowledge management behavior. Organizational memory is a historical behavior, and it has a driving force to the development of enterprise. If long-term accumulation, path dependence will be built. Knowledge sharing is one of the effective way for the knowledge innovation in enterprise, and it is also an important measure to maintain the competitive advantage of enterprise. The performance of the firm performance by them will affect the enterprise development, especially in the past studies, it confirms that the organizational memory to the firm performance, the knowledge sharing to the firm performance, both have three situations: positive effect, no significant effect and negative effect. The balance and the development between organizational memory, knowledge sharing, and firm performance become the most important problem for the enterprises to solve. In the study, on the condition of the theory of organizational memory and knowledge sharing, we build four different knowledge management system, including the organizational memory and firm performance, knowledge sharing and firm performance, organizational memory, knowledge sharing and firm performance, then established the related concept model. The enterprises in Yangtze river delta area of china as the main enterprise, we analysis these assumptions model empirically. The main research contents are as follows:
First of all, the study from the perspective of the resource-based theory, strategic management theory, organizational learning theory, knowledge management theory and social capital theory, using the adoption of information, flexible business strategy, corporate social capital, and other related theory to analyze the influence of firm performance. Previous studies treated organizational memory as a part of the organizational learning and then to analyze it. However this study argues that organizational memory and organizational learning is a paratactic behavior of enterprise, and the theory of organizational learning and the dynamics model is ancillary to them. For verifying the organizational memory has linear or non-linear curve relationship with enterprise performance.
Secondly, through literature review and empirical methods to systematically study the relationship between organizational memory and firm performance, knowledge sharing and firm performance, and organizational memory, knowledge sharing, and the firm performance. In order to open the black box about how can the organizational memory and knowledge sharing influence the firm performance, we using the empirical way to test and verify.
(1) In the short term organizational memory has a positive effect on firm performance. In the long run, the organizational memory for nonlinear u-shaped relationship between firm performance. In the long term, the relation between the organizational memory and the firm performance is no linear U shape.(2)The general relationship between knowledge sharing and firm performance is nonlinear inverted u-shaped. But in different periods and stages it maybe positive or negative effects, not a single effect, but a curve relationship. Thereinto, the firm knowledge transfer ability and knowledge absorption ability has some positive effect; the relationship between firm knowledge transfer and the expected performance is positively u-shaped. While the enterprise knowledge absorption and expected performance is inverted u-shaped. Absorption of knowledge is the partial mediating in the process when the knowledge transfer effect the firm performance.(3)Studying the process of relationship between organizational memory, knowledge sharing and firm performance, we found that in the short term, organizational memory has a positive effect on firm performance; But in the long term, the relation between the organizational memory and the firm performance is no linear U shape. In the short term, knowledge sharing has a positive effect on business performance; But in the long term, the relation between the knowledge sharing and the firm performance is no linear U shape. In general, organizational memory has a positive effect on the knowledge sharing (this requires enterprises to adapt to the environment, the flexible decision-making, and building effective knowledge management mechanism, continuously eliminate the old knowledge, learn the new knowledge, timely transform into productivity), but no significant effect on knowledge sharing; in organization memory and the partial mediating role between firm performance. Knowledge sharing is the partial mediating effect between organizational memory and firm performance.
Finally, by building a moderated-mediator variable effects model, we further analyzes the affection of knowledge sharing on entrepreneurs' social capital while knowledge sharing is the mediator between organizational memory and firm performance. Verifying the organizational memory can keep pace with the times, in time to adapt to the environment, then it has positive effect on firm performance at a certain period. At the same time, once again to verify knowledge sharing is the partial medatior between organizational memory and firm performance, and the entrepreneurs' social capital is one of the factors that make up the partial effect. The entrepreneurs' social capital moderate the relationship between knowledge sharing behavior and firm performance, the stronger the ability of entrepreneurs' social capita is, the better to promote enterprise performance by knowledge sharing behavior.
In this way, it can provide the feasible development path for firm performance, making the organization flexible, and promoting the firm strategy flexibility, thus for enterprise to exploit all kinds of management system, promoting the members of enterprise, enterprise and members, the unit of enterprise, the integration and development between enterprises, solving the problem of enterprise knowledge management, providing a solution for society.
在知识管理领域，组织记忆和知识共享是构成企业知识管理行为的主要部分。组织记忆是企业一个历史行为，对企业发展具有推动力，长期积累将形成路径依赖；知识共享是企业有效进行知识创新的方式之一，是维持企业竞争优势的重要措施。它们对于企业绩效的表现将影响企业发展，特别是以往研究证实，组织记忆对企业绩效，知识共享对于企业绩效都存在三种情况：正向效应、没有显著效应和负面效应。组织记忆、知识共享和企业绩效关系的平衡和发展成为企业发展过程需要解决的问题。本研究在总结组织记忆和知识共享理论前提下，构建了组织记忆和企业绩效，知识共享和企业绩效，组织记忆、知识共享和企业绩效，以及有调节的中介模型四种不同状态下知识管理体系，创立了相关概念模型。以中国长三角区域的企业为主要的调查对象，实证分析了这些假设模型。主要的研究内容如下：
首先，本研究从资源基础理论、战略管理理论、组织学习理论、知识管理理论和社会资本理论等为视角，通过信息采纳、企业战略柔性、企业社会资本等相关理论对企业绩效的影响进行分析；以往的研究将组织记忆作为组织学习的组成部分而进行分析探讨，而本研究则认为组织记忆和组织学习是并列的企业行为，并以组织学习理论和种群动力学模型为辅，验证了组织记忆在不同环境下对于企业绩效存在线性或非线性曲线。
其次，通过文献回顾和实证手段等方法系统地研究了组织记忆和企业绩效，知识共享和企业绩效，以及组织记忆、知识共享和企业绩效三者之间的关系。为打开组织记忆和知识共享对企业绩效影响的黑箱，通过实证方式验证：（1）短期内组织记忆和企业绩效之间具有正向效应；长期来看，组织记忆对企业绩效之间存在非线性U型关系。（2）企业知识共享和企业绩效之间总的关系是非线性倒U型关系，在不同时期和阶段存在正效应或负效应，并不是单一效应，而是一种曲线关系。其中企业的知识转移能力和知识吸收能力之间存在正向作用；企业知识转移和预期绩效之间呈正U型效应；企业知识吸收和预期绩效之间呈倒U型关系；知识吸收在知识转移对企业绩效影响之间起部分中介作用。（3）研究组织记忆、知识共享和企业绩效三者之间关系过程，发现短期而言，组织记忆对企业绩效具有积极的正向作用；但是长期来看，组织记忆对企业绩效起非线性正U型作用；知识共享在短期内对企业绩效具有积极的正向作用；但是长期来看，知识共享对企业绩效起非线性倒U型作用；总体而言，组织记忆对知识共享具有正向效应（这需要企业切实适应环境，柔性决策，构建有效的知识管理机制，不断淘汰旧知识，吸取新知识，及时转化为生产力），但是程序记忆对知识共享效应不显著；知识共享在组织记忆和企业绩效之间起了部分中介作用。
最后本研究通过构建有调节的中介效应模型，进一步分析了知识共享在组织记忆和企业绩效之间起了部分中介作用之外企业家社会资本起的作用。验证了组织记忆能够在及时与时俱进，适应环境，那么对于企业绩效具有一定时期的积极作用；同时再次验证知识共享行为在组织记忆影响企业绩效过程起了部分中介作用，企业家社会资本是其中一个因素，弥补了部分中介效应，企业家社会资本调节了知识共享行为和企业绩效之间的关系，企业家社会资本能力越强，就越能促使知识共享行为促进企业绩效提升。
这样就可以为企业绩效提升提供切实可行发展路径，使得组织刚性柔性化，并促进企业战略柔性，从而为企业应用各种管理系统，促进企业成员间、企业和成员、企业单元间、企业间的融合发展，解决企业知识管理问题，为社会提供解决方案。
Since the1980s, the knowledge economy and network economy are further integrated with modern development trend of economic globalization. Enterprises are facing a complicated and changeable environment, especially the rapid development of information and communication technology, great changes have taken place in enterprise form. The dependence between network organization, organization and members and members of the organization enhanced. How firms adapting to the environment in the rapidly changing society, and how to improve firm performance have becoming a topic of research scholars.
In the field of knowledge management, organizational memory and knowledge sharing is the major parts of the enterprise knowledge management behavior. Organizational memory is a historical behavior, and it has a driving force to the development of enterprise. If long-term accumulation, path dependence will be built. Knowledge sharing is one of the effective way for the knowledge innovation in enterprise, and it is also an important measure to maintain the competitive advantage of enterprise. The performance of the firm performance by them will affect the enterprise development, especially in the past studies, it confirms that the organizational memory to the firm performance, the knowledge sharing to the firm performance, both have three situations: positive effect, no significant effect and negative effect. The balance and the development between organizational memory, knowledge sharing, and firm performance become the most important problem for the enterprises to solve. In the study, on the condition of the theory of organizational memory and knowledge sharing, we build four different knowledge management system, including the organizational memory and firm performance, knowledge sharing and firm performance, organizational memory, knowledge sharing and firm performance, then established the related concept model. The enterprises in Yangtze river delta area of china as the main enterprise, we analysis these assumptions model empirically. The main research contents are as follows:
First of all, the study from the perspective of the resource-based theory, strategic management theory, organizational learning theory, knowledge management theory and social capital theory, using the adoption of information, flexible business strategy, corporate social capital, and other related theory to analyze the influence of firm performance. Previous studies treated organizational memory as a part of the organizational learning and then to analyze it. However this study argues that organizational memory and organizational learning is a paratactic behavior of enterprise, and the theory of organizational learning and the dynamics model is ancillary to them. For verifying the organizational memory has linear or non-linear curve relationship with enterprise performance.
Secondly, through literature review and empirical methods to systematically study the relationship between organizational memory and firm performance, knowledge sharing and firm performance, and organizational memory, knowledge sharing, and the firm performance. In order to open the black box about how can the organizational memory and knowledge sharing influence the firm performance, we using the empirical way to test and verify.
(1) In the short term organizational memory has a positive effect on firm performance. In the long run, the organizational memory for nonlinear u-shaped relationship between firm performance. In the long term, the relation between the organizational memory and the firm performance is no linear U shape.(2)The general relationship between knowledge sharing and firm performance is nonlinear inverted u-shaped. But in different periods and stages it maybe positive or negative effects, not a single effect, but a curve relationship. Thereinto, the firm knowledge transfer ability and knowledge absorption ability has some positive effect; the relationship between firm knowledge transfer and the expected performance is positively u-shaped. While the enterprise knowledge absorption and expected performance is inverted u-shaped. Absorption of knowledge is the partial mediating in the process when the knowledge transfer effect the firm performance.(3)Studying the process of relationship between organizational memory, knowledge sharing and firm performance, we found that in the short term, organizational memory has a positive effect on firm performance; But in the long term, the relation between the organizational memory and the firm performance is no linear U shape. In the short term, knowledge sharing has a positive effect on business performance; But in the long term, the relation between the knowledge sharing and the firm performance is no linear U shape. In general, organizational memory has a positive effect on the knowledge sharing (this requires enterprises to adapt to the environment, the flexible decision-making, and building effective knowledge management mechanism, continuously eliminate the old knowledge, learn the new knowledge, timely transform into productivity), but no significant effect on knowledge sharing; in organization memory and the partial mediating role between firm performance. Knowledge sharing is the partial mediating effect between organizational memory and firm performance.
Finally, by building a moderated-mediator variable effects model, we further analyzes the affection of knowledge sharing on entrepreneurs' social capital while knowledge sharing is the mediator between organizational memory and firm performance. Verifying the organizational memory can keep pace with the times, in time to adapt to the environment, then it has positive effect on firm performance at a certain period. At the same time, once again to verify knowledge sharing is the partial medatior between organizational memory and firm performance, and the entrepreneurs' social capital is one of the factors that make up the partial effect. The entrepreneurs' social capital moderate the relationship between knowledge sharing behavior and firm performance, the stronger the ability of entrepreneurs' social capita is, the better to promote enterprise performance by knowledge sharing behavior.
In this way, it can provide the feasible development path for firm performance, making the organization flexible, and promoting the firm strategy flexibility, thus for enterprise to exploit all kinds of management system, promoting the members of enterprise, enterprise and members, the unit of enterprise, the integration and development between enterprises, solving the problem of enterprise knowledge management, providing a solution for society.
引文
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