镇赉县生态环境脆弱区引水灌溉对地下水及环境的影响研究
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摘要
镇赉县位于吉林西部,是生态环境脆弱区。主要环境问题有土壤盐渍化、荒漠化、原生水质较差等。当地政府为了发展农业经济,计划拟建五家子灌区和扩建完善白沙滩灌区,引嫩江水进行水田改造。由于该地区地下水埋藏较浅,潜水矿化度较高,土层中氟含量较高,引水灌溉后势必造成地下水环境的变化,进而产生对环境影响。本文针对该工程可能对地下水及环境产生的影响进行了分析,分别从水量、水位、水质和土壤环境四个方面进行讨论。采用GMS软件进行地下水流数值模拟,预测出灌区建成5、10年后地下水位及地下水质的变化,分析了灌溉将对环境产生的影响。研究成果表明,虽然区域水位有所抬升,但是强烈的洗盐作用使盐土区盐渍化程度减弱,范围缩小;引水灌溉工程对地下水水质产生有利影响;灌溉对保护现有湿地,遏制沙化、盐碱化和草原退化现象的发生,有重要意义。
The thesis is based on the topic of "groundwater resources evaluation" of the Water Diversion Project from Nenjiang River to Baicheng City.
Zhenlai County is located in western Jilin Province, where the ecological environment is fragile. The main environmental problems of the area are salinization, desertification, and poor quality of original water. For developing the agricultural economy, the local government planned to build up Wujiazi Irrigation area, expand the Baishatan Irrigation area, and improve the paddy with diversion from Nenjiang River. Since the depth of groundwater level is shallow, and the salinity is high with large quantity of fluoride in the soil, irrigation water will cause changes of groundwater concentration of salinity and fluoride ion, resulting in impact on the environment.
This thesis mainly introduces the natural economic conditions, the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the low plain in Zhenlai County. According to environmental problems of the irrigation area caused by the water diversion project, the influencing analyzes are made in four aspects, which are water quantity, water level, water quality and soil environment, and in this area both the hydrogeological conceptual model and the simulation model for the heterogeneous isotropy groundwater flow and groundwater quality are studied.
In water quantity aspect, considering the complex effects of different recharge and discharge, the storage of groundwater is calculated in current year and forecasted after the project is built. In water level and water quality forecasting aspect, the software of GMS is used to simulate, the water level and the concentration of different ions are forecasted, and the forecasting period is 5and10 years, this part being the main body of this thesis. Finally, according to the results of groundwater level and quality simulate, analyze the trend of groundwater and environment in the Zhenlai area in 5~10 years . The MAP module and MODFLOW module in GMS(Groundwater
Modeling System)software are used to simulate the Quaternary unconfined aquifer and confined aquifer of the Zhenlai County, and after the identification and verification of the model, the parameters which can reflect the actual hydrogeological conditions can be got. Based on these parameters, the most suitable irrigation system for the growth of the crops is chosen, and under different climate conditions, the model is used to forecast the changing trend of groundwater level of Zhenlai County after 5and10 years, meanwhile base on model of groundwater flow, and the groundwater quality is also forecasted. Base on the results of groundwater level and quality, conclude the influences on the environment by the projects.
The research results show that: (1) the built of Irrigation Area solve the serious problem of water shortage, and increase the storage of groundwater; (2) if the irrigation conditions are constant, under influence of different climate conditions, the rise of water level in this area may be different; (3) though the water level in the area may rise, violent lixiviation action decreases the salinization; (4) the water diversion project makes advantaged influence on groundwater quality. (5) Irrigation has great significance for the protection of existing wetlands, curbing desertification, salinization and the phenomena of grassland degradation.
Finally, according to the adverse influences on the environment, we propose some schemes and corresponding management measures for the ecological environment in long run. For curbing salinization, the exploitation of groundwater should be increased while irrigation, which could control the increasing of the water level and prevent the secondary salinization; meanwhile irrigation and drainage system should be strengthened in order to irrigate and drain freely, changing the water timely, which could wash salt. For curbing desertification, more trees and grass should be planted, biological sand-fixation, imply the responsible contract system of grassland, restrict grazing and restore natural vegetation, by doing all that the desertification will be improved.
The thesis is based on the topic of "groundwater resources evaluation" of the Water Diversion Project from Nenjiang River to Baicheng City.
Zhenlai County is located in western Jilin Province, where the ecological environment is fragile. The main environmental problems of the area are salinization, desertification, and poor quality of original water. For developing the agricultural economy, the local government planned to build up Wujiazi Irrigation area, expand the Baishatan Irrigation area, and improve the paddy with diversion from Nenjiang River. Since the depth of groundwater level is shallow, and the salinity is high with large quantity of fluoride in the soil, irrigation water will cause changes of groundwater concentration of salinity and fluoride ion, resulting in impact on the environment.
This thesis mainly introduces the natural economic conditions, the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the low plain in Zhenlai County. According to environmental problems of the irrigation area caused by the water diversion project, the influencing analyzes are made in four aspects, which are water quantity, water level, water quality and soil environment, and in this area both the hydrogeological conceptual model and the simulation model for the heterogeneous isotropy groundwater flow and groundwater quality are studied.
In water quantity aspect, considering the complex effects of different recharge and discharge, the storage of groundwater is calculated in current year and forecasted after the project is built. In water level and water quality forecasting aspect, the software of GMS is used to simulate, the water level and the concentration of different ions are forecasted, and the forecasting period is 5and10 years, this part being the main body of this thesis. Finally, according to the results of groundwater level and quality simulate, analyze the trend of groundwater and environment in the Zhenlai area in 5~10 years . The MAP module and MODFLOW module in GMS(Groundwater
Modeling System)software are used to simulate the Quaternary unconfined aquifer and confined aquifer of the Zhenlai County, and after the identification and verification of the model, the parameters which can reflect the actual hydrogeological conditions can be got. Based on these parameters, the most suitable irrigation system for the growth of the crops is chosen, and under different climate conditions, the model is used to forecast the changing trend of groundwater level of Zhenlai County after 5and10 years, meanwhile base on model of groundwater flow, and the groundwater quality is also forecasted. Base on the results of groundwater level and quality, conclude the influences on the environment by the projects.
The research results show that: (1) the built of Irrigation Area solve the serious problem of water shortage, and increase the storage of groundwater; (2) if the irrigation conditions are constant, under influence of different climate conditions, the rise of water level in this area may be different; (3) though the water level in the area may rise, violent lixiviation action decreases the salinization; (4) the water diversion project makes advantaged influence on groundwater quality. (5) Irrigation has great significance for the protection of existing wetlands, curbing desertification, salinization and the phenomena of grassland degradation.
Finally, according to the adverse influences on the environment, we propose some schemes and corresponding management measures for the ecological environment in long run. For curbing salinization, the exploitation of groundwater should be increased while irrigation, which could control the increasing of the water level and prevent the secondary salinization; meanwhile irrigation and drainage system should be strengthened in order to irrigate and drain freely, changing the water timely, which could wash salt. For curbing desertification, more trees and grass should be planted, biological sand-fixation, imply the responsible contract system of grassland, restrict grazing and restore natural vegetation, by doing all that the desertification will be improved.
引文
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[7] 王文科等.人类重大工程对格尔木冲洪积扇水资源与生态环境系统的影响研究[J].西安工程学院学报,2001,23(2):6~11.
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[9] 毛军.柴达木盆地香日德绿洲灌溉对地下水的影响及生态响应研究(D).北京林业大学,2007,6.
[10] 黎明 新疆渭干河流域地下水开采-生态环境保护研究(D).中国地质大学,2005,5.
[11] 郭占荣.西北内陆盆地地下水的生态环境效应研究(D).中国地质科学院,2000,10.
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[15] 肖长来、梁秀娟.前郭灌区灌溉与排水对地下水与环境影响的研究[J].第三十届国际地质大会水利系统论文选集》,黄河水利出版社,1996,7:236~243.
[16] 刘和林、杨改河等.内蒙古河套灌区引黄灌溉对盐渍化的影响分析[J].安徽农业科学 2006,34(5):948~950.
[17] 孙静霞、王玮晶等.浽滨灌区环境影响评价中水量平衡计算[J].黑龙江水利科技.2006,3(34):166~168.
[18] 贾涛.白城市五家子灌区引水工程对环境的影响研究(D).吉林大学,2007,6.
[19] 吉林省西部地区气象资料.长春:吉林省气象局,1953~2000.
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[21] 吉林省地下水动态观测资料.长春:吉林省水文水资源局,1979~2005.
[22] 汤洁、林年丰等.应用 GIS-ANN 进行土地盐碱化危险度评价——以吉林西部平原为例[J].自然灾害学报.2003,12(4):34~39.
[23] 林学钰等.地下水运移数学模型[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1985:51~62.
[24] 祝晓彬.地下水模拟系统(GMS)软件[J] .水文地质工程地质,2003,(5):53~55.
[25] 赵全升等.二重孔隙介质地下水溶质运移模型应用研究[J].青岛海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2003,33(5):680~686 .
[26] GHASSEMI F,MOLSON J W, FALKLAND A. Three-dimensional simulation of the Home Island freshwater lens:preliminary result [J].Environmental Modelling &Software,1999,14:181-190.
[27] MAZZIA A, PUTTII M.Mixed-finite element and finite volume discretization for heavy brine simulations in groundwater [J].Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics,2002,147:191-213.
[28] 梁秀娟、林学钰、苏小四等.GMS 与苏锡常地区地下水流模拟[J].人民长江.2005,11 (36):26~36.
[29] 肖长来.吉林西部地下水资源评价与水资源可持续开发利用研究(D).吉林大学,2001,5.
[30] 郑佳.白城市地下水数值模拟与评价(D).吉林大学,2006,6.
[31] 吴吉春,薛禹群,黄海等.山西柳林泉局部区域溶质运移二维数值模拟[J].水利学报.2001,(8):38~43.
[32] 程东会.北京城近郊区地下水硝酸盐氮和总硬度水文地球化学过程及数值模拟(D).中国地质大学,2007,5.
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