河南省沿黄地下水数值模拟及地下水资源评价
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摘要
河南省位于我国的中部,是个农业大省,工业基础薄弱,部分地区仅农业用水开采量就已接近或超过地下水的资源量,水资源匮乏成了制约经济发展的重要因素。近年来,黄河断流形势日益严峻,直接威胁河南省的濮阳、开封、新乡、郑州等城市的供水安全。水资源的可持续开发利用已成为河南省实现可持续发展十分重要的因素。为了解决沿黄城市的水资源危机,充分利用黄河水资源,河南省规划在富水性较好的沿黄地段拟建10个城市后备水源地。
本文结合河南省地质调查院开展的“河南省沿黄城市后备地下水水源地普查”项目,全面收集沿黄地区的地下水勘查资料,综合分析沿黄城市后备水源地地区的地质、水文地质条件,利用地下水数值模拟软件GMS,建立了区域浅层含水层地下水流模拟模型(1999.1‐2009.12)。模拟模型计算结果表明:现状条件下,沿黄地区多年平均浅层地下水补给资源量为29.32×10~8m~3/a;沿黄地区浅层地下水主要的补给来源有降水入渗补给、鱼塘回渗、灌溉回渗、黄河侧渗和河渠渗漏,共占总补给量的96.26%;沿黄地区浅层地下水主要排泄项为人工开采,包括鱼塘开采、农业开采、工业和生活开采,占到了总排泄量的70.60%。
在区域模型的基础上,具体分析区内10个城市后备水源地的水文地质条件,细化各个水源地范围内的水文地质参数,通过区域模型提供边界条件,建立起10个水源地在规划开采条件下的局部地下水流预测模型(2010.1‐2029.12)。模型预测结果表明:水源地在规划开采条件下,设计总开采量170.55×10~4m~3/d,其主要组成来自于黄河侧渗补给(71.18%),水源地开采20年,水源地地下水位逐渐下降并趋于稳定,水源地漏斗中心水位降深均小于15m,各水源地设计开采量是有保障的。
在水源地地下水流预测模型的基础上,建立了水源地地下水运动的质点追踪模型,采用逆向示踪法,确定了水源地地下水位稳定状态下,开采井100天和1000天的水力捕获区,分别对10处城市后备水源地划分了地下水水源地一级保护区、二级保护区和准保护区。
Henan province is located in China's center, that is a big agricultural province, the industry foundation is weak, parts of which the agricultural water extraction has only close to or exceed the amount of groundwater, Water scarcity became the important factors restricting economic development. In recent years, the turnoff situation of the Yellow River becomes increasingly serious, which has a direct threat of the water supply security such as Puyang, Kaifeng, Xinxiang, Zhengzhou city in Henan province. The sustainable development and utilization of water resources has become a very important factor to realize the sustainable development of Henan province. In order to solve the water resources crisis of the cities along the Yellow River and make full use of the Yellow River water resources, Henan province plans to build ten city reserve groundwater resource areas in locations along the Yellow River of which water-hearing capability is better.
In accordance to the project of“Reserve Groundwater Source Area Census of Cities along the Yellow River”which is implemented by the Henan Geological Survey Institute, this paper comprehensively collected the groundwater exploration materials of region along the Yellow River, and comprehensively analyzed the geology and hydrogeology conditions of the urban groundwater resource area along the Yellow River, then a regional groundwater flow simulation model of the shallow aquifer along the Yellow River was constructed by using software GMS with data from 1999 to 2009. The results indicate that: Under the current conditions, the amount of annual average recharge resources accounts for 29.32×10~8m~3/a; The main sources of shallow groundwater system of region along the Yellow River are rainfall recharge, fishpond leakage, infiltration recharge of irrigation, the seepage of the Yellow river and canal leakage, which account for 96.26% of total recharge; Meanwhile, the major sink of shallow groundwater system of region along the Yellow River is artificial withdrawal, which includes fishpond water, agricultural water, industrial and living water, that take up 70.60% of total discharge of shallow groundwater system.
On the basis of regional model, the hydrogeology conditions of ten city reserve groundwater resource areas were specifically analyzed, and the hydrogeology parameters within the scope of each source were refined, then the local groundwater flow prediction model of the shallow aquifer of each source was constructed with boundary conditions offered by the regional model and data from 2010 to 2029. Model predicted results show that: Under the condition in planning, the volumes of groundwater withdrawal are 170.55×10~4m~3/d, its main composition comes from the seepage of the Yellow River, which accounts for 71.18%. Substantially extracted for 20 years, the level of each groundwater resource area is gradually declined and comes to a steady state, and the water-level drawdown in funnel center is all less than 10m, the extraction of design of each groundwater resource area could be satisfied.
On the basis of local model, the particle tracking model of each groundwater resource was constructed, and then the hydraulic capture zones of exploited wells with the date of 100 days and 1000 days were computed by using reverse tracking method under the condition of stable water level. Finally, the groundwater wellhead protection zones were divided into three levels: The first-class, the second-class and the quasi-protection area.
本文结合河南省地质调查院开展的“河南省沿黄城市后备地下水水源地普查”项目,全面收集沿黄地区的地下水勘查资料,综合分析沿黄城市后备水源地地区的地质、水文地质条件,利用地下水数值模拟软件GMS,建立了区域浅层含水层地下水流模拟模型(1999.1‐2009.12)。模拟模型计算结果表明:现状条件下,沿黄地区多年平均浅层地下水补给资源量为29.32×10~8m~3/a;沿黄地区浅层地下水主要的补给来源有降水入渗补给、鱼塘回渗、灌溉回渗、黄河侧渗和河渠渗漏,共占总补给量的96.26%;沿黄地区浅层地下水主要排泄项为人工开采,包括鱼塘开采、农业开采、工业和生活开采,占到了总排泄量的70.60%。
在区域模型的基础上,具体分析区内10个城市后备水源地的水文地质条件,细化各个水源地范围内的水文地质参数,通过区域模型提供边界条件,建立起10个水源地在规划开采条件下的局部地下水流预测模型(2010.1‐2029.12)。模型预测结果表明:水源地在规划开采条件下,设计总开采量170.55×10~4m~3/d,其主要组成来自于黄河侧渗补给(71.18%),水源地开采20年,水源地地下水位逐渐下降并趋于稳定,水源地漏斗中心水位降深均小于15m,各水源地设计开采量是有保障的。
在水源地地下水流预测模型的基础上,建立了水源地地下水运动的质点追踪模型,采用逆向示踪法,确定了水源地地下水位稳定状态下,开采井100天和1000天的水力捕获区,分别对10处城市后备水源地划分了地下水水源地一级保护区、二级保护区和准保护区。
Henan province is located in China's center, that is a big agricultural province, the industry foundation is weak, parts of which the agricultural water extraction has only close to or exceed the amount of groundwater, Water scarcity became the important factors restricting economic development. In recent years, the turnoff situation of the Yellow River becomes increasingly serious, which has a direct threat of the water supply security such as Puyang, Kaifeng, Xinxiang, Zhengzhou city in Henan province. The sustainable development and utilization of water resources has become a very important factor to realize the sustainable development of Henan province. In order to solve the water resources crisis of the cities along the Yellow River and make full use of the Yellow River water resources, Henan province plans to build ten city reserve groundwater resource areas in locations along the Yellow River of which water-hearing capability is better.
In accordance to the project of“Reserve Groundwater Source Area Census of Cities along the Yellow River”which is implemented by the Henan Geological Survey Institute, this paper comprehensively collected the groundwater exploration materials of region along the Yellow River, and comprehensively analyzed the geology and hydrogeology conditions of the urban groundwater resource area along the Yellow River, then a regional groundwater flow simulation model of the shallow aquifer along the Yellow River was constructed by using software GMS with data from 1999 to 2009. The results indicate that: Under the current conditions, the amount of annual average recharge resources accounts for 29.32×10~8m~3/a; The main sources of shallow groundwater system of region along the Yellow River are rainfall recharge, fishpond leakage, infiltration recharge of irrigation, the seepage of the Yellow river and canal leakage, which account for 96.26% of total recharge; Meanwhile, the major sink of shallow groundwater system of region along the Yellow River is artificial withdrawal, which includes fishpond water, agricultural water, industrial and living water, that take up 70.60% of total discharge of shallow groundwater system.
On the basis of regional model, the hydrogeology conditions of ten city reserve groundwater resource areas were specifically analyzed, and the hydrogeology parameters within the scope of each source were refined, then the local groundwater flow prediction model of the shallow aquifer of each source was constructed with boundary conditions offered by the regional model and data from 2010 to 2029. Model predicted results show that: Under the condition in planning, the volumes of groundwater withdrawal are 170.55×10~4m~3/d, its main composition comes from the seepage of the Yellow River, which accounts for 71.18%. Substantially extracted for 20 years, the level of each groundwater resource area is gradually declined and comes to a steady state, and the water-level drawdown in funnel center is all less than 10m, the extraction of design of each groundwater resource area could be satisfied.
On the basis of local model, the particle tracking model of each groundwater resource was constructed, and then the hydraulic capture zones of exploited wells with the date of 100 days and 1000 days were computed by using reverse tracking method under the condition of stable water level. Finally, the groundwater wellhead protection zones were divided into three levels: The first-class, the second-class and the quasi-protection area.
引文
Bauer P, Gumbricht T, Kinzelbach W. A regional coupled surface water/groundwater model of the Okavango delta, Botswana [J]. Water Resources Research, 2006, 42(4): 1435-1449.
Belcher W R, Welch A H. Death valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and califomia hydrogeologic framework and transient ground-water flow model [M]. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report, 2004: 5205.
Bravo R, Rogers J R, Cleveland T G. New three dimensional finite difference model of groundwater flow and land subsidence in the Houston area [J].International Symposium on Land Subsidence, Houston,TX,USA,1991(5):15-26.
Bredehoeft, J. D., Status of Quantitative Groundwater Hydrology, Advances in Groundwater Hydrology. American Water Resources Association, 1976.
Chieh S H, Schroeder D, Arley B, et al. 3-dimensional groundwater modeling of Civil Engineers, Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New York: ASCE,1988, 1168-1175.
Crome A S, Shikaze S G, Ptacek C J, et al. numerical modeling of groundwater flow and contaminant transport to Point Pelee marsh, Ontario, Canada [J]. Hydrological Processes, 2004, 2(18): 293-314.
Ebraheem A M, Garamoon H K, Riad S, et al. Numerical modeling of groundwater resource management options in the East Oweinat area, SW Egypt [J]. Environmental Geology, 2003, 4(1): 433-447.
Islam M R, Jewett D, Williams J R, et al. Calibration of groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling for Ogallala, Nebraska [J]. Proceedings of the 1998 2nd International Water Resources Engineering Conference, 1998, Aug 3-7: 105-110.
Nastev M, Rivera A, Lefebvre R, et al. Numerical simulation of groundwater flow in reginional rock aquifers, southwestern Quebec, Canada [J]. Hydrogeology Journal, 2005, 13(5-6): 835-848.
Nielsen K. Groundwater management model of the greater Copenhagen region [J]. Water Supply, 1987, 5(3): 823-824.
Orban P, Brouyere s, Corbeanu H, et al. Large-scale groundwater flow and transport modeling: Methodology and application to Meuse Basin, Belgium [J]. Iahs-aish Publication, 2005, 297(6): 489-495.
Qazi A R. 3D digital model for groundwater management [J]. Ground Water in Water Resources Planning. 1983, 142(2): 889-899.
Rivera A, Johns R T, Schindler M, Modeling of strongly coupled groundwater brine flow and transport at the Konrad radioactive waste site in Germany [J], Proceedings of the ModelCARE96 Conference, 1996(9): 343-352.
Samani Z, Garcia J A, Avalos B. Calibration and validation of the International Symposium on Groundwater Management, 1995(8): 89-94.
Steffen W. Mehl and Mary C. Hill. Modflow-2005, The U.S. geological survey modular ground-water model-documentation of shared node local grid refinement (LGR) and the boundary flow and head (BFH) package. Chapter 12 of Book 6, Modeling Techniques Section A, Ground Water. 2005.
陈崇希,林敏,朱伟武,等.运城市地下水咸化趋势预测——准三维数值模拟方法[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,1993,18(1):49-58.
姬亚东,柴学周,刘其声,等.大区域地下水流数值模拟研究现状及存在问题[J].煤田地质与勘探,2009,37(5):32-35.
黎明,陈崇希,张明江.新疆渭干河流域地下水三维数值模拟[J].地质科技情报,2005,24(1):74-78.
邵景力,崔亚莉,赵云章,等.黄河下游影响带(河南段)三维地下水流数值模拟模型及其应用[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2003,330(1):51-55.
邵景力,崔亚莉,王荣,等.华北平原地下水流模拟及地下水资源评价[J].资源科学.2009,31(3):361-366.
沈照理,等.《水文地质学》,科学出版社,1991.
孙讷正.《地下水流的数学模型和数值方法》,地质出版社,1981.
王爱国.多层含水层系统的地下水流模拟模型[J].水利水电技术,1990(11):7-14.
汪家权,吴义锋,钱家忠,等.济南泉域岩溶地下水等参有限元数值模拟[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(3):29-41.
魏加华,崔亚莉,邵景力,等.济宁市地下水与地面沉降三维有限元模拟[J].长春科技大学学报,2000,30(4):376-380.
吴昌瑜,张家发.大区域地下水系统综合性模型的开发[J].人民黄河,2003,1(1):46-49.
吴吉春,薛禹群,黄海,等.山西柳林泉域地下水流数值模拟[J].水文地质工程地质,2001,28(2):18-20.
武选民,陈崇希,史生胜,等.西被黑河额济纳盆地水资源管理研究——三维地下水水流数
值模拟[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2003,28(5):527-532.
肖长来,张力春,郑佳,等.松嫩平原南部区域地下水数值模拟预报所反映出的水文地质条件变化[J].吉林水利,2005(10):1-6.
薛禹群.《地下水动力学》,地质出版社,1997.
张斌,杨文,祁敏,等.三维数值模型在三江平原地下水资源计算中的应用[J].黑龙江水专学报,2004,31(3):20-22.
祝晓彤,吴吉春,叶淑君,等.长江三角洲(长江以南)地区深层地下水数值模拟[J].地理科学,2005,25(1):68-73.
Belcher W R, Welch A H. Death valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and califomia hydrogeologic framework and transient ground-water flow model [M]. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report, 2004: 5205.
Bravo R, Rogers J R, Cleveland T G. New three dimensional finite difference model of groundwater flow and land subsidence in the Houston area [J].International Symposium on Land Subsidence, Houston,TX,USA,1991(5):15-26.
Bredehoeft, J. D., Status of Quantitative Groundwater Hydrology, Advances in Groundwater Hydrology. American Water Resources Association, 1976.
Chieh S H, Schroeder D, Arley B, et al. 3-dimensional groundwater modeling of Civil Engineers, Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New York: ASCE,1988, 1168-1175.
Crome A S, Shikaze S G, Ptacek C J, et al. numerical modeling of groundwater flow and contaminant transport to Point Pelee marsh, Ontario, Canada [J]. Hydrological Processes, 2004, 2(18): 293-314.
Ebraheem A M, Garamoon H K, Riad S, et al. Numerical modeling of groundwater resource management options in the East Oweinat area, SW Egypt [J]. Environmental Geology, 2003, 4(1): 433-447.
Islam M R, Jewett D, Williams J R, et al. Calibration of groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling for Ogallala, Nebraska [J]. Proceedings of the 1998 2nd International Water Resources Engineering Conference, 1998, Aug 3-7: 105-110.
Nastev M, Rivera A, Lefebvre R, et al. Numerical simulation of groundwater flow in reginional rock aquifers, southwestern Quebec, Canada [J]. Hydrogeology Journal, 2005, 13(5-6): 835-848.
Nielsen K. Groundwater management model of the greater Copenhagen region [J]. Water Supply, 1987, 5(3): 823-824.
Orban P, Brouyere s, Corbeanu H, et al. Large-scale groundwater flow and transport modeling: Methodology and application to Meuse Basin, Belgium [J]. Iahs-aish Publication, 2005, 297(6): 489-495.
Qazi A R. 3D digital model for groundwater management [J]. Ground Water in Water Resources Planning. 1983, 142(2): 889-899.
Rivera A, Johns R T, Schindler M, Modeling of strongly coupled groundwater brine flow and transport at the Konrad radioactive waste site in Germany [J], Proceedings of the ModelCARE96 Conference, 1996(9): 343-352.
Samani Z, Garcia J A, Avalos B. Calibration and validation of the International Symposium on Groundwater Management, 1995(8): 89-94.
Steffen W. Mehl and Mary C. Hill. Modflow-2005, The U.S. geological survey modular ground-water model-documentation of shared node local grid refinement (LGR) and the boundary flow and head (BFH) package. Chapter 12 of Book 6, Modeling Techniques Section A, Ground Water. 2005.
陈崇希,林敏,朱伟武,等.运城市地下水咸化趋势预测——准三维数值模拟方法[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,1993,18(1):49-58.
姬亚东,柴学周,刘其声,等.大区域地下水流数值模拟研究现状及存在问题[J].煤田地质与勘探,2009,37(5):32-35.
黎明,陈崇希,张明江.新疆渭干河流域地下水三维数值模拟[J].地质科技情报,2005,24(1):74-78.
邵景力,崔亚莉,赵云章,等.黄河下游影响带(河南段)三维地下水流数值模拟模型及其应用[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2003,330(1):51-55.
邵景力,崔亚莉,王荣,等.华北平原地下水流模拟及地下水资源评价[J].资源科学.2009,31(3):361-366.
沈照理,等.《水文地质学》,科学出版社,1991.
孙讷正.《地下水流的数学模型和数值方法》,地质出版社,1981.
王爱国.多层含水层系统的地下水流模拟模型[J].水利水电技术,1990(11):7-14.
汪家权,吴义锋,钱家忠,等.济南泉域岩溶地下水等参有限元数值模拟[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(3):29-41.
魏加华,崔亚莉,邵景力,等.济宁市地下水与地面沉降三维有限元模拟[J].长春科技大学学报,2000,30(4):376-380.
吴昌瑜,张家发.大区域地下水系统综合性模型的开发[J].人民黄河,2003,1(1):46-49.
吴吉春,薛禹群,黄海,等.山西柳林泉域地下水流数值模拟[J].水文地质工程地质,2001,28(2):18-20.
武选民,陈崇希,史生胜,等.西被黑河额济纳盆地水资源管理研究——三维地下水水流数
值模拟[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2003,28(5):527-532.
肖长来,张力春,郑佳,等.松嫩平原南部区域地下水数值模拟预报所反映出的水文地质条件变化[J].吉林水利,2005(10):1-6.
薛禹群.《地下水动力学》,地质出版社,1997.
张斌,杨文,祁敏,等.三维数值模型在三江平原地下水资源计算中的应用[J].黑龙江水专学报,2004,31(3):20-22.
祝晓彤,吴吉春,叶淑君,等.长江三角洲(长江以南)地区深层地下水数值模拟[J].地理科学,2005,25(1):68-73.