F6负荷测试车并行数据采集系统的研究
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摘要
牵引特性是地面车辆和地面机械的重要技术指标之一,为了测试地面车辆或土壤工作部件的牵引特性和在不同牵引力下的工作性能,使用专用车辆提供所需的负荷和相应的控制,对牵引特性的测试十分必要。
    虽然八十年代以来国内外先后开发了专用的负荷测试车的采集系统进行牵引性能试验,但随着技术进步,显露出这类采集系统的不足:对试验所测量的牵引力、车速度、油耗、驱动轮转速等各项参数只能在仪器的数码管上显示一种参数,而不能同时显示多个参数,不能对实验过程全面监视,寻找最大牵引功率点往往凭经验来完成等。本文为解决吉林大学地面机械仿生技术教育部重点实验室F6负荷测试车数据采集系统在实际使用中发现的问题,参考国内外负荷测试车的采集系统,结合当今仪器的新发展,采用成本优化的思想研制开发了一套并行数据采集系统。
    从运动学、动力学和信号分析与处理的基本理论知识,分析各性能参数之间的关系,阐述其数学模型,提出开发系统的思路。主要包括:带有负荷测试车的被试车在路面上做变速运动时受力分析和牵引平衡方程式;被试车的受力分析和牵引平衡方程式;负荷测试车的牵引方向的力平衡方程式;采样频率确定、频谱分析和FFT变换。
    负荷测试车并行系统主要由传感器,信号调理装置,采集卡、笔记本电脑组成,完成对牵引力,行驶速度、发动机转速、驱动轮转速、燃油消耗等参数的测量,通过传感器把各种非电量的物理量转换成与之有确定对应关系的电量,分别进入信号调理装置和采集卡,送入笔记本电脑进行相应的计算和处理。在硬件的设计和元器件的选择时,结合了性能参数的要求和确定元器件的基本理论,保留了原系统中测量仪器部分,选择了本实
    
    
    验室虚拟仪器设备中的daqbook/120和5B模块。
    在软件开发中,选DASYLab作为开发平台,采用“自顶向下,逐层细分”的设计原则,将软件系统分解成若干功能模块,按信号和工作流程图,实现了并行数据采集系统的软件系统;在系统的调试中,考虑现场调试所应花费时间和人力、物力费用,成功搭建以AT89C51模拟输出信号的室内模拟试验台,从而实现了降低成本和缩短研制周期的目的。
    对系统的干扰问题进行了研究。分析了系统的内外部干扰,确定出了主要干扰源及干扰的传播途径,通过在软硬件上采取措施,如采用UPS电源、隔离技术、对移动机械现场采集信号进行频谱分析、选择合适的滤波频率等,取得了较好的效果。
    最后,进行了一系列实际实验,用原系统和并行系统在同一条件下采集数据,随机挑选了第三挡位稳定状态的数据进行了分析,结果表明达到了采集参数精度的要求,显示曲线基本反映了被试车的牵引特性,解决了原系统不能实时显示和保存各测量参数过程值,增加了做非稳态试验的功能,证明了本测试系统快速、简捷、精确地完成了被试车的性能参数的测试,为完善松软地面机械仿生行走理论与技术提供了一定的实验手段,对推动牵引试验技术有重要的意义。
    全文共分为七章,第一章为绪论,主要阐述了测试技术及负荷测试车概况,结合F6负荷测试车数据采集系统存在问题,说明了开发并行数据采集系统的目的和意义。第二章阐述了测试系统中参数处理的理论基础。 第三章进行了并行数据采集系统的硬件设计,选择了性价比比较高的元器件。第四章开发了并行数据采集系统的软件系统,搭建室内模拟实验台,进行了系统的调试。第五章进行了系统抗干扰的研究。第六章进行了验证实验,分析了并行数据采集系统的实验结果。第七章为总结。
Traction character is one of the most important targets of vehicle and terrain- machine. It is of great necessity that using special vehicle to supply the load and control relevant, for the sake of testing traction character and working capability under different traction of vehicle and soil engaging components.
    With the development of technology, the disadvantages of the acquisition system of load-testing vehicle that used to testing traction capability developed by the experts in all of the world since 1980’s. For example:F6 load-testing vehicle could only display one of the parameters of traction, velocity, consumption of oil and rotate speed of driving wheel. Neither could the F6 load-testing vehicle display all the parameters synchronously nor surveillance process of the experiment. And the F6 load-testing vehicle could just find out the maximum power by experience. This thesis is based on the survey of the data acquisition system of F6 load-testing vehicle in the key laboratory for terrain-machine bionics engineering, ministry of education, china, studied reference to the data acquisition system of load-testing vehicle in and out abroad, with the development of modern instrument, exploited a parallel data acquisition system with the thought of cost optimizing.
    This thesis analyzes the relations of each parameter, explains the mathematic model, and brings forward the idea of exploitation system with the knowledge of kinematics, dynamics, signal analyzing and processing. It is including that analysis of force and the traction balanced equation while wheeled tractor with load testing vehicle is varying velocity on the road, analysis of force and the traction balanced equation of tested vehicle, the force balanced equation of load-testing vehicle on the traction direction, the sampling frequency ascertaining, spectrum analyze and the FFT transform.
    The parallel system is composed of sensors, signal modulating device, collecting cards and a notebook PC. Survey the traction, the velocity, rotate speed of the motor, the rotate speed of driving wheel and consumption of oil. It transforms every non-electronic physical quantity such as traction, velocity, rotate speed of the engine, rotate speed of driving wheel and fuel consumption into the electronic signals which have a corresponding relation with them by sensors, collected signals enter single modulating device and collecting cards, finally come into notebook PC for calculating
    
    
    and processing. Considering the need of capability parameters and basic theories of deciding parts of apparatus and keeping the original measurement parts, the daqbook/120 and 5B module of the virtual apparatus in our laboratory were chosen.
    DASYLab was selected as the exploiting platform, the software system was disassembled into several function modules according to the principle of from top to the bottom, subdivide stepwise. Actualize the software of parallel data acquisition system according to the signal and working flow chart. An indoor simulate test-bed was established based on AT89C51 simulate output signal, considering the cost of time, manpower and material resources. The developing period was reduced and cost was saved when modulating the system.
    The interference of the system was researched, the inside and outside interference of the system was analyzed, and the main interference and the way how it transmits were found out. The collected signals of the moving machine were made spectrum analysis. A satisfying result was achieved by means of using UPS electrical source, isolating technical and choosing suitable frequency of the filter.
    Comparing the former system with the parallel system, it is demonstrated obviously by analyzing the data in stable state of the third gear level chosen randomly that the developed system attained the precision of collecting the parameters. The curves showed traction character approximately, which modified the disadvantage that can not display and save the processing data of the original system. Add the function of doing unstable state e
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