摘要
酸雨是国际社会关注的重大环境污染问题之一。柳州是广西的老工业基地和西南交通枢纽,由于工业发展特别是高硫煤的大量使用,使柳州市的酸雨相当严重,成为我国三大酸雨区之一。
根据中国林科院与韩国林科院在柳州开展的酸雨对森林影响研究计划,在柳州北部工业区——长塘设置酸雨严重污染区监测样地;在距市中心22Km,酸雨污染较轻的三门江森林公园设对照样地,研究柳州市酸雨的特征及对马尾松林分的影响。结果表明:(1)柳州市酸雨的化学特征是酸度离子(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)浓度高,平均SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~-=6.55,属硫酸型酸雨。(2)2003年长塘降水的酸雨频率平均低于2002年,而三门江的与2002年持平,柳州的平均酸雨频率2002年为82.34%,2003年为61.99%。但降水中[NO_3~-]长塘增长了83.4%,三门江则略有下降。柳州降水的平均pH值2002年为5.10,2003年为5.32。(3)酸雨对马尾松个体的树高、材积生长有一定的抑制作用。(4)分析表明,长塘0-60cm土层的pH值平均为4.02,三门江的为4.80,酸雨已使土壤酸化,加剧林地土壤养分的淋溶和使土壤贫瘠化,从而影响了地上植被的生长发育。长塘试验样地土壤的全N、速效P、速效K等各项本底值均低于三门江对照样地。(5)酸雨抑制林地土壤微生物的活性,使其数量减少。三门江林地土壤微生物的数量均比长塘样地高,在微生物活动旺盛的春季,还高出一个数量级。(6)增施石灰试验表明,施石灰对缓解土壤酸化有良好效果。其中最理想的施石灰量为20-30Kg/100m~2,施石灰可中和土壤酸性,pH平均升高0.13,使土壤有机质、有效P、K等增加,并使林下土壤微生物数量增多;在春季,细菌数量达到8.0×10~9个/Kg干土,固氮菌达2.5×10~7个/Kg干土,从而促进了林分生长。每100 m~2林地施肥效果从大到小顺序为30Kg或20 Kg>40Kg>0 Kg。撒施石灰是减缓酸雨区土壤酸化的有效措施之一。(7)提出了整治柳州市酸雨的措施和建议。
Acid rain has affected on our Ecosystem with the industry development. For consumption of high sulphur coal, Liuzhou has been one among three of acid rain area of China. According to the research about the effect on forest by acid rain cooperated between Chinese Academy of Forestry and South Korea Academy of Forestry, a polluted plot in Changtang and a clear plot in Sanmenjinag were set to study about the impact on the growth of Masson Pine by acid rain in Liuzhou city, which is a industrial and traffic center of Southwest of China. The result indicated that (1) the major anion of acid rain in Liuzhou were SO42 and NO3, the major cations were Ca2+, NH4+ ,proving it sulfate type acid rain. (2)The frequency of acid rain in 2003 had dropped down to 61.99% compare to 82.34% in 2002 in Liuzhou.But the NO3 concentration had increased 83.4% in 2003 in Changtang and that of Sanmenjiang had declined lightly. The average pH was 5.10 in 2002 and 5.32 in 2003 in Liuzhou.(3)The study also showed that the Masson Pines wer
e affected on its height growth, tree volume by the acid rain. (4)The average pH of 0-60cm soil in Changtang was 4.02 and that of Sanmenjiang was 4.80.The soils were acidified by acid rain and nutritions of the soils were leached resulting in infertiling and impacting the growth of Masson Pine. The background element content of total nitrgen, avaivable phosphorus, avaivable potassium and so on in No. 1 plot of polluted area were lower than the clear plots resulted from the soil acidification.(5)The activities of microbes were restrained by acid rain. The number of microorganism in No. 1 plot of Changtang was lower than those in Sanmenjiang plots. (6)Moreover measures to control acid rain by liming in polluted area to neutralize resulted in reducing averagely 0.13 pH of soil, and the element content in soil had been improved gradually. The number of microbes had been increased in the No.2, No.3 and No.4 plots in polluted area. The quantity of bacteria had sored to 8.0×109per kilogram soil and N2-fixing bacte
ria also get 2.5×107per kilogram soil in Spring.The appropriate quantity of liming were 20Kg to 30Kg per 100 m2 of soil. It is a practical and effective way to reduce the pollution of acid rain. (7) Some suggestions were put forward to integrated control the acid rain from the origin of coal use and control every process of fossil fuel comsuption.
引文
[1] 齐文启,席俊清,汪志国等.酸雨研究的现状和发展趋势.中国环境监测 2002(2):5~11
[2] 蒋大和.关于我国酸雨的污染物输送问题.中国环境科学.1996(8):246~253。
[3] 文兴.中国酸雨成因研究.中国环境科学.1994,14(5):323~3292
[4] 王玮,王文兴,全浩.我国酸性降水来源探讨.中国环境科学.1995,15(2):89~945
[5] 杨昂,孙波,赵其国.中国酸雨的分布、成因及其对土壤环境的影响.土壤.1999(1):13~19
[6] Frank A.Record.酸雨对陆生生态的影响.世界环境,1987(3):11~1211
[7] 莫斯塔法·托尔巴.酸雨的危害.世界环境.1984(2):10~13.
[8] 李洪珍.中国酸雨现状.世界环境.1988(4):14~156
[9] 温达志,周国逸,孔国辉等.南亚热带酸雨地区陆地生态系统植被、土壤与地表水现状的研究.生态学杂志,2000,19 (5) 11~18
[10] http://www.jx.xinhuanet.com.新华江西网.(13/5/2004)
[11] 徐仁扣.我国降水中的NH_4~+及其在土壤酸化中的作用.农业环境保护 1996,15(3):139~140,1424
[12] 戎秋涛等.模拟酸雨对浙东北红壤中盐基离子和铝的淋失影响研究.环境科学学报,1997,17(1):32~3812
[13] 钱宜,周军英.运用市场机制控制大气污染----美国酸雨计划中的SO2排放交易系统 2001,20(6):465~467
[14] 樊后保.世界酸雨研究概况.福建林学院学报,2002,22(4):371~375
[15] 吕忠才,高晖,黄继国.我国酸雨污染及其控制规划构想.中国环境管理.2001(8):6~10
[16] 郝吉明,谢绍东,段雷等.酸沉降临界负荷及其应用.清华大学出版社,2001
[17] 梁宏温,温远光,何斌等.柳州市酸雨化学特征与成因分析.广西农业生物科学,2002
[18] 朱寿增.柳州市酸雨对土体物理力学性质的影响.桂林工学院学报.1996(4):143~149
[19] 潘洁,刘一鸥,陈卫华等.1996~2000年柳州市酸雨监测报告.广西预防医学.2002(6):147~148.
[20] 张彬,韦英才,梁浒.柳州市工业产业布局分析研究.广西经贸.2003(10):9~11.
[21] 林业部科技司.林业标准汇编(三).中国林业标准出版社,1996
[22] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.中国农业出版社.
[23] 许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物手册.农业出版社,1986
[24] 广西酸雨现状与趋势研究.中国环境科学研究院,广西壮族自治区科学技术委员会主持,广西环保科研所承担,1990.10
[25] 廖柏寒,蒋青.我国酸雨中盐基离子的重要性.农业环境保护,2001,20(4):254~256
[26] 林成来,洪伟,吴承祯等.马尾松人工林生长模型的研究.福建林学院学报,2000(3):227~230
[27] 冯宗炜.中国酸雨的生态影响和防治对策.云南环境科学(增刊),2000,19(8):13
[28] 周定国,徐魁梧,马连祥.酸雨对树木生长和木材材性的影响.世界林业研究,2000(2):27~30.
[29] 钱公望 浅述森林衰退和酸雨的影响 广东造纸 1997(3):37~41
[30] Qian, G.w., Y.Iahizaka, and H.,Tsuruta, 1991: Chemical change of aerosol particles during the formation of acidic fog droplets.Chem. Soc. Jpn.,5690-6972
[31] Ishizaka, Y., and G.W.q.ian,: mixture of sulfate and nitrate in individual particles in acidic fogs. Atmosphere Res. 1994(31), 147-156.
[32] [美]M.亚历山大.土壤微生物导论.科学出版社,1983
[33] J. L. Chapman M. J. Reiss. Ecology principles and applications(Second Edition) Cambridge University Press(《生态学原理与应用》(第二版) 清华大学出版社)
[34] 张光华,赵殿五等.酸雨.中国环境科学出版社,1989
[35] [加拿大]K.A>阿姆森.森林土壤:性质与作用.科学出版社,1984
[36] 刘怀唐,蓝俊康,张力.广西红壤系列土的分带及其环境地球化学特征.桂林工学院学报,2000,20(1):21~25
[37] 刘广深,许中坚,徐文彬等.模拟酸雨对土壤有效磷的影响.矿物学报 2002(3):35~38
[38] 温达志,周国逸,孔国辉等.南亚热带酸雨地区陆地生态系统植被、土壤与地表水现状的研究.生态学杂志,2000,19(5):11~18
[39] 丁爱芳,俞元春.酸性土壤中铝的活性及其对植物生物学影响.南京晓庄学院学报 2000,16(12):25~28
[40] [美]J.B.马德,T.T.科兹洛夫斯基.植物对空气污染的反应.科学出版社,1984
[41] 于天仁等.中国土壤的酸化问题.见:中国林学会主编.酸雨与农业.北京:中国林业出版社,1989,79~847
[42] 杨细明.马尾松人工林凋落物分解及养分释放规律性.福建林学院学报,2002,22(1):1~3
[43] 傅柳松,吴杰民,杨影等.模拟酸雨对土壤活性铝释放影响研究.环境科学,1993,14(1):20~25
[44] 高吉喜,曹洪法.马尾松苗期体内铝离子存在方式、形式和分布.环境科学,1992,13(6):69~72
[45] 孔繁祥.低PH值、铝及钙比对斜生栅藻谷胱甘肽含量影响研究.环境化学 1998,17(5):422~427
[46] Brown A W,Van Dijk H FG.et al.Critical loads for nitrogen with special emphasis on ammonium. Nilsson, Grennfelt P,ed.Critieal Loads for sulphur and nitrogen(report from a workshop held at Skoloster,Sweden, 19~24March,1988).Nordic Council of Ministers:295
[47] Taina Pennanen,Hannu Fritze,Pekka Vanhala. Structure of a Microbial Community in Soil after Prolonged Addition of Low Levels of Simulated Acid Rain. Appl Environ Microbiol,1998,64(6) :2173-2180
[48] 周德明,陈晓萍,张建汀等.马尾松飞播林地土壤微生物的研究.中南林学院学报 2002,22(9):59~62
[49] 薛立,邝立刚,陈红跃等.不同林分土壤养分、微生物与酶活性的研究.土壤学报,2003,40(3):280~285
[50] 熊治廷.环境生物学.武汉大学出版社,2000
[51] 傅柳松等.模拟酸雨对浙江省主要类型土壤铝溶出规律研究.农业环境保护,1993,12(3):114~11913
[52] 沈国舫,金鉴明.中国环境问题院士谈.中国纺织出版社,2001
[53] 胡家骏,周群英,环境工程微生物学.高等教育出版社,1988
[54] 柳劲松,王丽华,宁秀娟.环境生态学基础.化学工业出版社,2003
[55] 广西柳州市环境质量报告书,2001年度(详本)
[56] A. Ogoshi et al. eds. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria. 1997
[57] 周国逸,小仓纪雄.模拟酸雨的土壤淋洗液对马尾松华山松幼苗生长的影响.应用与
环境生物学报,1995(2):138~144.
[58] 鲁如坤,时正元,钱承梁.磷在土壤中有效性的衰减.土壤学报 2000(37):323~328
[59] 陶家法,卢秋雁,程锐彦.小麦、玉米接种耐氨固氮菌试验初分析.微生物学杂志,1996,16(1)
[60] Chen, J.S. and Chiu, C. Y. Characterization of soil organic matter in different particle size fractions in humid subalpine soils by CP/MAS 13C NMR. Geoderma (in press).
[61] 王德春,赵殿五.中国酸雨概述.世界环境,1998,(2):8~103
[62] Imberger, K. T. and Chiu, C. Y. 2002. Topographical and seasonal effects on soil fungal and bacterial activity in subtropical, perhumid, primary and regenerated montane forests. Soil Biol. & Biochem. 34, 711-720.
[63] Imberger, K.T. and Chiu, C.Y. 2001. Spartial changes of soil fungal and bacterial biomass from a sub-alpine coniferous forest to grassland in a humid, sub-tropical region. Biol. Fertil. Soils 33, 105-110.
[64] Cronan, C.S.,Grigal.D.F..use of calcium aluminum ratios as indicators of stress in forest ecosystems. Environm. Qual. 1995,24:209~226
[65] 蔡士锐.土壤污染与环境容量.海洋出版社,1992
[66] 高吉喜,曹洪法,舒俭民.酸雨对植物新陈代谢的影响.环境科学研究,1996B,9(4):41~45
[67] 高吉喜.SO2对植物新陈代谢的影响(Ⅰ).环境科学研究.1997 (Ⅱ) 10(6):5~9
[68] 高吉喜,潘凤云,周兴宝.二氧化硫对植物新陈代谢的影响(Ⅱ).环境科学研究 1997B 10(6):5~9
[69] 高吉喜,张林波等.SO2和酸雨对我国南方七省大豆生长发育及产量影响.见陈志远主编.中国酸雨研究.中国环境科学出版社,1997E
[70] 高拯民.土壤----植物系统污染生态系统研究.中国科学出版社,1986
[71] 高吉喜,曹洪法,舒俭民.土壤中铝对马尾松影响主试验研究.林业科学,1991A 27(6):649~651
[72] 李蕾.推行大气污染物排放总量控制,试行大气排放许可证制度.环境科学研究 1992 6(5):49~50
[73] 舒俭民.酸沉降发对马尾松影响的生态基准值及经济损失估算.中国环境科学 1993 13(4):279~283
[74] 张林波,曹洪法,沈英娃等.苏、浙、皖、闽、湘、颚、赣7省酸沉降农业危害----农业损失估算.中国环境科学出版社,1997 17(6):489~491
[75] 施耀,张清宇,吴祖成等(美).21世纪的环保理念——污染综合预防.化学工业出版社,2001
[76] 陈英旭.环境学.中国环境科学出版社,2001
[77] Eldon D. Enger and Bradley F. Smith Environmental Science---A study of Interrelationships(Seventh edition) McGraw-Hill 2000.环境科学---交叉关系学科(第7版).清华大学出版社,2000
[78] 郝吉明,马广,俞珂.大气污染控制工程.高等教育出版社,1997
[79] M.克劳福特.大气污染控制理论.科学出版社,1987
[80] Avila, P,Barinelemy, C, Bahamonde,A. et al, Catalyst for NOx removal in nitric acid plant gaseous effluents, Atmosphere Environment, 1993 27A (3):443~447
[81] David K, Liu, D.Y. Shen, S.G> Chang, Removal of Nox and SO2 from flue gas using aqueous emulsion of yellow phosphorus and alkali. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25(1):55~60
[82] [英]N.沃尔克.土壤微生物学.科学出版社,1981
[83] 中国环境科学研究院学术委员会.环境科学论文集.中国环境科学出版社,1992
[84] 赵志模,郭依泉.群落生态学原理与方法.科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1990
[85] 张万儒,许本彤.森林土壤定位研究方法.中国林业出版社.1986
[86] 王彬辉.排污收费,超标处罚.环境与开发 2001 (1) 42~45
[87] 中国环境科学研究院学术委员会.环境科学论文集1990—1991.中国环境科学出版社,1992
[88] 林文莲,谢锦升.严重侵蚀红壤管理措施马尾松生长过程特点.福建水土保持.2003 (9):44~48
[89] Thomas Loerting and Klaus R. Liedl Toward elimination of discrepancies between theory and experiment: The rate constant of the atmospheric conversion of SO_3 to H_2SO_4 PNAS, 2000, 97(8):8874~8878
[90] C.C. Trettin, D.W. Johnson and D.E. Todd, Jr. Forest Nutrient and Carbon Pools at Walker Branch Watershed changes during a 21-Year Period. Soil Science Society of America, 1999(1),63:1436~1448
[91] 邵宗臣,何群,王维君.模拟酸雨对红壤铝形态的影响.热带亚热带土壤科学,1997,6(3):187~193
[92] 仇荣亮,吴箐.陆地生态环境酸沉降敏感性研究.环境科学进展,1997,5(4):8~12
[93] W.W.Mcfee.Sensitivity Ratings of Soils to Acid Deposition:A Review.Environ.& Exp. Botany, 1983,25(3):203~210
[94] L.T. Strand, G. Abrahamsen and A. O. Stuanes. Leaching from Organic Matter-Rich Soils by Rain of Different Qualities.Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31:547~556
[95] 孟福赐译,R.J.Wright.土壤铝毒与植物生长.土壤学进展,1992,20(20):29~33
[96] J.E.Rechcigl,D.L.Sparks:Effect of Acid Rain on the soil Environment:A Review.Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal., 1985,16(7):653~680
[97] Takao Gotoh,Takashi Nishimura,Minoru Nakata.Air Pollution by Concrete Dust from the Great Hanshin Earthquake.Journal of Environmental Quality, 2002,31:718~723
[98] 俞元春,丁爱芳,胡笳.模拟酸雨对土壤酸化和盐基迁移的影响.南京林业大学学报 2001,25(3):39~42
[99] 罗质超,王建林,林美芝等.酸性红壤铝毒与作物生长和关系及其调控研究.热带亚热带土壤科学,1996,5(3):114~121
[100] 黄振管,曹广才,李廷华等.植物.环境与人类.气象出版社,1999
[101] 王金南,杨金田,Stephanie Benkovic.二氧化硫排放交易——美国的经验与中国的前景(SO2 Emission Trading Program—US experience and China's perspective).中国环境科学出版社,2000
[102] 彭镇华.上海现代城市森林发展研究.http://nyw.sh.gov.cn(09/20/2002)
[103] Sara Abdulla. More trees please. http://www.nature.com(09/20/1999)
[104] 我国正在大力建设城市森林生态体系.新华网chinagate.com.cn(07/18/2003)
[105] 张素英,高晓欣.排污权交易——新经济管理手段.生态经济 2002(12):26~30
[106] 陈秉衡,洪传洁,朱惠刚等.上海市城区大气SO2污染对健康影响定量评价.环境与健康杂志 2002(1):11~13
[107] 严健汉,詹重慈.环境土壤学.华中师范大学出版社,1985
[108] 王敬明等.林木与大气污染概论.中国环境科学出版社,1989
[109] 单运峰.酸雨、大气污染与植物.中国环境科学出版社,1994 [97] [美]Willoam H.
Smith.大气污染与森林.气象出版社,1986
[110] 吴杰民等.酸雨长期淋溶对土壤酶活性的影响.农业环境保护,1993,12(3):108~113
[111] 杨景辉.土壤污染与防治.科学出版社,1995
[112] 杨宗慧.我国酸雨状况和对策.云南环境科学.2002(3):25~26
[113] 葛诚.微生物肥料的生产应用及发展.中国农业出版社,1996
[114] Zhang,F.Z.et al.Chenical composition of precipitation in a forest area of Chongqing,Southwest China.Proceedings of China-Japan Joint Symposium:Impacts of Salinization and acidification on Terrestrial Ecosystems and Theirs Rehabilitation in East Asia. 1994, 179~184
[115] Cronan, C.S.,Grigal.D.F..Use of calcium aluminum ratios as indicators of stress in forest ecosystems. Enviroum. Qual. 1995,24:209~226
[116] 高吉喜.可持续发展理论探索---生态承力载力理论、方法与应用.中国科学出版社 2001
[117] 方精云,唐艳鸿,林俊达等.全球生态学——气候变化与生态响应.高等教育出版社,Springer施普林格出版社,2000
[118] 曲格平.世界环境问题的发展.中国环境科学出版社,1987
[119] 吴杰民等.模拟酸雨对土壤酶活性的影响.环境科学,1998,9(1):26~3016
[120] 张志杰.环境污染生态学.中国环境科学出版社,1989