云南旅游地质景观类型与区划研究
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摘要
云南具有形成旅游地质资源的优越地质条件,旅游地质景观类型极其丰富,一直为中外地质学界所瞩目。但是,系统研究云南旅游地质景观的形成、分布及其规律性的还不多,用于指导云南旅游资源的开发与保护还缺乏一定的理论及方法。本论文基于云南旅游地质资源环境运用现代地质学、区域成矿学的基本理论,将成矿理论、成矿预测等思路和方法,遵循客观、科学认识原则,分析旅游地质景观特点及其与地质环境的关系,运用现代区划理论及方法对云南旅游地质景观进行类型划分及区划,将地质学及地质资源与地质工程学科与旅游资源开发有机地结合起来,拓展地质的应用领域,深化地质在旅游资源开发中的应用原理、途径、方法。
论文在云南旅游地质景观研究基础上,突出了创新性、特色性研究：
1、运用地质理论、方法分析旅游地质资源／景观的成景作用,基于地质作用的成景作用进行旅游景观系列分类；
2、地质与旅游的融合、对应,旅游地质景观和成景作用与旅游景观类型、系列对应,进行旅游地质景观类型与系列研究；
3、根据云南旅游地质景观形成的地质环境,引用成矿理论进行旅游地质景观成因分析,并进行旅游地质景观区划。
4、旅游地质景观区划注重旅游资源的整体性和特色性。
获取了云南旅游地质景观类型与区划研究的系统成果：
1、旅游地质景观是具有旅游利用价值的地质景观,是旅游景观中以地质现象或地质体为旅游对象,具有利用价值的那部分景观。旅游地质景观指具有旅游功能,能对旅游者有吸引力、能激发人的旅游动机、能吸引旅游者的地质单元或地质景象。旅游地质景观具有一定地质实体,一定地质景象,具有一定形体,具有一定的、独立的地质单元,具有一定的观赏价值,科考价值和旅游价值的地质单元。
2、旅游地质景观是地质资源的组成,运用现代地质学、区域成矿学的基本理论,将成矿理论、成矿预测等思路和方法,遵循客观、科学认识原则,分析旅游地质景观的形成特点及其与地质环境的关系,运用现代区划理论及方法对云南旅游地质景观进行类型划分及区划,其成果可以指导旅游资源调查、评价和开发保护进行更科学、细致、全面、准确的论证,得到更切实际的评价结果。
3、云南地质环境复杂多样,新构造运动强烈,深大断裂发育,形成了生态环境多样性、自然风光奇异的自然景观,构成了五彩缤纷的旅游地质景观是云南特色旅游资源组成。与此同时,强烈发育的活动性构造,又致使旅游生态地质环境极其脆弱,常常形成旅游发展的制约条件。
4、按旅游地质景观的属性、成因、形态、物质组成、开发利用方式、开发利用价值、景观的后期变化特征及综合分类等提出了8种旅游地质景观分类。综合分类法对云南旅游地质景观进行了详细的分类,该分类基于旅游地质景观的主导成景因素,分为三大类型旅游地质景观：①基于外生地质作用的景观形成的主导因素(水)—水的物态及其地质作用形成的旅游地质景观类型；②基于内生地质作用的景观形成的主导因素(力)—地应力的成景作用形成的旅游地质景观类型；③基于构造旋回地球演化的景观形成的主导因素—构造旋回与构造层形成的旅游地质景观类型。并对各类景观类型分别进行了描述。
5、旅游地质景观成景作用的主要决定性阶段是现代地质景观的形成阶段,亦即现代地质地貌格架的形成过程,特别是旅游地质景观造型形成的地质作用过程。旅游地质景观成景作用过程可划分为成景基础地质作用阶段和成景主导造型阶段。成景作用是在一定地域中由控制成景诸要素(构造、岩石类型、地层、生物作用、地貌形态、大气环境)结合成的,具有成景功能的统一整体,这个系统就成为成景系统。成景系统一般包括四个部分：①控制成景基础因素,包括构造、岩石、地层古生物、气候、地貌、外动力及内动力等；②成景要素,包括地质体、水、空间及时间等；③成景作用过程,包括成景发生、持续、终结以及成景后的变化和保存；④成景产物,包括形成的景观系列。
6、成景系统研究是在景观成因研究基础上,着重探讨区域上的成景规律。它具备如下一些特征：①它是地史演化的自然产物,是地质系统的一个组成部分：②它是产在一定地质构造环境中的开放系统,与所在环境之间的控制成景因素产生交互作用；③它具有自发排除作用过程中的干扰因素,保持成景作用的持续性,实现其成景功能；④成景作用需要一定空间范围及持续时间；⑤成景系统具有层次性；根据不同地域大小确定的成景系统具有系统和子系统之分;⑥成景系统是变化、动态的,它的内部结构、组成与外部环境相互作用,都随时间而变化；⑦成景系统在时间和空间上分布是不均匀的,因控制因素条件分布不均一,成景系统的演化是不可逆转的。
7、以地质景观为基础的旅游景观,可以地质景观单元为基础,划分旅游地质景观等级体制。将旅游地质景观单元等级划分为成景域,成景区(带),景源区。基于云南地质背景条件,成景地质作用,景观类型及时空展布特征,将云南旅游地质景观分为2个景观域,6个景观带,9个景观亚带,划出了22个特色的景源区。以此为基础总结了云南旅游地质景观特点：①类型丰富多样的旅游地质景观呈多成因、多类型、多形态；②景观类型地域性突出、特色鲜明。板块缝合构造、新构造运动旅游地质景观,地球生物起源、恐龙世界,岩溶景观等云南地域特色旅游地质景观。③高品位景观分块集中、规模大。特色高品位旅游地质景观具块状展布或带状展布,规模宏大,结构极佳,具有较高的利用价值,利于开发保护。三江并流、禄丰恐龙、元谋猿人、石林等具备世界级旅游地质景观。④景观配套、组合性好。云南丰富多样的成景条件导致景观组合性好,利于旅游地质景观单元多层次、多功能综合开发。
8、云南最具特色的旅游地质景观有：(1)最古老的地质体—中元古代大红山群；(2)早寒武纪生物大爆炸；(3)侏罗纪恐龙化石产地；(4)人类历史文化层；(5)风化溶蚀、侵蚀及淋蚀景观；(6)板块缝合线地质遗迹；(7)沿断裂带分布的温泉景观；(8)构造侵蚀地貌；(9)高原丹霞地貌；(10)第四纪火山作用地质遗迹；(11)国际著名的矿产地。
9、旅游规划主要以行政地域来圈划旅游地界,而实际上旅游地质景观是跨行政地域的区域。旅游地质景观区划有利于旅游地特色旅游资源的厘定,有利于区域旅游合作,有利于旅游资源的最佳和最大限度的合理开发利用,有利于旅游资源的保护。
10、基于旅游地质资源特征及成景作用,有针对性地提出了旅游地质资源开发与保护建议。
旅游地质景观类型与区划及旅游开发中的应用是旅游地质研究的出发点和归宿。应着重研究旅游地质资源、旅游地质景观区划与旅游区划、行政区划的耦合关系及其在旅游开发区域合作中的作用,地域旅游特色产品塑造的应用。旅游地质景观成景岩组与成景控制条件的组合是研究旅游景观保护措施的重要依据。
Yunnan, a place concerned by sino-foreign geological academic circle, has superior geological conditions to form tourism geological resources and most plentiful tourism geological landscape types. Unfortunately, systematical research on the formation, distribution laws of Yunnan tourism geological landscape is very rare, and it is lack of some theory and methodology to guide the development and protection of Yunnan tourism geological resources. In the paper, the basic theories such as modern geology and regional metallogeny are applied on the basis of Yunnan tourism geological resource environment, the ideas and methods, including metallogenic theory and metallogenic prognosis etc. are utilized to analyze the relations of the characteristics of tourism geological landscape and its geological environment when the objective and scientific recognition principle is followed. The modern regionalizational theory and methodology is used to make types classification and regionalization. Geology, geological resources, geological engineering disciplines and development of geological resources are related together organically to expand the application domain of geology and to deepen the application principles, approaches and methodologies of geology in the development of tourism resources.
On the basis of research on tourism geological landscape of Yunnan Province, the creativeness and characteristics of the paper are shown as follows:
1. The theories and methods of geology are applied to analyze landscape formation of tourism geological resources/landscape.The classification of tourism landscape series is made based on the landscape formation of geological function.
2. The research on the types and series of tourism geological landscape is made through the combination and comparison between geology and tourism and those among tourism geological landscape, landscape formation and types and series of tourism landscape.
3. According to the geological environment of the formation of tourism geological landscape in Yunnan Province, the metallogenic theory is used to analyze the formation causes of tourism geological landscape and to regionalize the tourism geological landscapes.
4. The regionalization of tourism geological landscapes should take importance to the integration and characteristics of them.
The systematic results of research on types and regionalization of tourism geological landscapes are achieved to be shown as follows:
1. Tourism geological landscape is a kind of geological landscape with tourism utilization value. It is the landscape of geological phenomenon or geological body being used as tourism object with utilization value. Tourism geological landscape refers to the geological units or geological spectacles with tourism function or with attraction to motivate the tourists. Tourism geological landscape has some geological body, some geological scene, some shape and some unique geological units with some appreciation value, scientific investigation and tourism value.
2. The tourism geological landscape is composed of geological resources. The basic theories such as modern geology and regional metallogeny are applied to analyze the formation characteristics of tourism geological landscape and the relation of it to geological environment with metallogenic theory and metallogenic prognosis following objective and scientific recognition principle. Modern regionalization theories and methodologies are applied to make types classification and regionalization for the tourism geological landscape in Yunnan Province. The result of the research can be used to guide the investigation, evaluation and development protection of tourism resources, and it can also be used to make scientific, detailed overall and precise demonstration for the development of tourism geological resource to achieve more practical appraisal result.
3. The geological environment in Yunnan Province is complicated and diversified and the varieties of ecological environment and natural landscape of fantastic natural scenery is attribute to the new strong structure movement and deep fault development. And the fantastic natural scenery forms multi-colored tourism geological landscape, which is a kind of special tourism resource in Yunnan province. At the same time, the active structure with strong development has made the tourism ecological and geological environment much weakness, and This is one of restrict conditions of tourism development.
4. Eight kinds of tourism landscape classifications are proposed according to the attributes, genesis, shape, material composition, mode and value of development and utilization and variation characteristics in the later period and comprehensive classification. Comprehensive classification is used to make detail classification for the tourism geological landscape in Yunnan Province. Based on the main landscape formation of tourism geological landscape, the tourism geological landscape in Yunnan Province can be divided into three types:1) the tourism geological landscape type formed on the basis of the main causes(water) of formation of ectogenic geological function—the tourism geological landscape formed by the physical state of water and its geological function; 2) the tourism geological landscape type formed on the basis of the main causes(force) of formation of endogenetic geological function—the landscape formation of ground stress;3) the tourism geological landscape type formed on the basis of the main causes(force) of formation of tectonic cycle and earth evolution—the tourism geological landscape type formed by tectonic cycle and structural layer. Each kind of landscape types is described respectively.
5. The main decisive stage of landscape formation of tourism geological landscape is the formation stage of modern geological landscape. That is the formation process of grillwork of modern geology and landform, especially the tourism geological landscape modeling formed geological process. The landscape formation process of tourism geological landscape can be divided into basic landscape formation geological stage and main landscape formation modeling stage. The landscape formation is a combination of each element controlling landscape formation (structure, types of rock, strata, biological effect, geomorphologic shape and atmospheric environment), a integration with scenic function. And the system is called scenic effect system. The scenic effect system is generally composed of four parts:1) basic factors controlling landscape formation, including structure, rock, stratigraphy paleontology, climate, geomorphology, external and internal motive force etc.2) elements of landscape formation, including geological body, water, space and time etc.3) landscape formation process, including start, last, end and variation and preservation after landscape formation.4) products of landscape formation, including landscape series being formed.
6. The research on landscape formation system mainly explores the rules of landscape formation in the region based on the study on the genesis of the landscape. It is characterized by the following:1) it is the natural products during the evolution of geologic history, and a components of geological system; 2) it is a open system produced in some geological structure environment, and interacting with the factors controlling landscape formation in the environment; 3) it has the function which spontaneously eliminates interference factors during function and keeps the landscape formation lasting to realize the landscape function; 4) landscape formation need some space and time; 5) landscape formation system has hierarchical feature. The landscape formation system defined by different regions can be divided into systems and sub-systems; 6) The landscape formation system is varied and dynamic, and its internal structures and components interact with the external environment, varying with time; 7) The landscape formation system distributes unevenly in time and space for the controlling factors, and the evolution of landscape formation system is irreversible.
7.The tourism landscape based on geological landscape can divide geological landscape hierarchy on the basis of geological landscape unit. Geological landscape unit of the tourism will be graded into scenic domain, scenic spot (belt), scenic source area. Based on the conditions of the geological background in Yunnan Province, the geological function of landscape formation, types and characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of the geological landscape, tourism landscape in Yunnan is divided into two domains, six landscape zones, nine landscape sub-zones, and 22 characteristic scenic source regions are designated. Based on this, geological landscape characteristics in Yunnan are summarized:①the rich types of tourism geological landscape are characterized with different causes,various types, diverse forms;②The types of landscape has prominent and distinct regional features. There are some typical Yunnan local special geological landscape like Tectonic plate suture, Neotectonics geological landscape of tourism, the biological origin of the Earth, Dinosaur World, karst landscapes.③high-grade landscape has concentrated and large-scale blocks. Geological landscapes of high-grade tourism spread in strips or blocks, with the characteristics of large scale, excellent structure and high value, which will help the development and protection. Three Parallel Rivers, Lufeng Dinosaur, Yuanmou man, Stone Forest have qualifications for world-class tourism geological landscapes.④High-grade landscapes are well-matched and of good combination. A variety of the conditions of landscape formation in Yunnan leads to a good combination of landscape, which is conducive to multi-level and multi-functional integrated development of tourism unit.
8.The most unique tourist geological landscapes in Yunnan include:(1) the most ancient geological body-the Great Red Mountains in Mesoproterozoic; (2) early Cambrian explosion; (3) Jurassic dinosaur fossils origin; (4) layers of human history and culture; (5) dissolution weathering, erosion and leaching corrosion landscape; (6) geological relics of plate suture line; (7) hot springs landscape distributed along the fault zone; (8) tectonic erosion landform; (9) Danxia landform in plateau; (10) geological relics caused by Quaternary volcanism; (11) internationally well-known mineral deposits.
9.Tourism planning mainly delimits tourist boundaries according to the district, while tourism geological landscapes are in fact transregional districts Tourism division of geological landscape will help to the regularization of characteristics tourism resources in resorts and regional tourism cooperation,it will also lead to the best and maximum rational exploitation and utilization of tourism resources as well as the protection of tourism resources.
10.Based on the characteristics of geological resources and landscape-formation effect, the author has made a targeted proposal on the development and protection of tourism geological resources.
The types and division of geological landscape as well as application in tourism development are the start and the destination of tourism geological research. Researches should focus on the geological resources of tourism, the coupling between division of tourism geological landscape, administrative divisions and tourism divisions, focuses should also be put on the role in regional cooperation of tourism development and the application of local specialities-shaping.The combination of scene-formtion petrofabric and its controlling condition is an important basis for research on measures to protect tourism landscapes.
论文在云南旅游地质景观研究基础上,突出了创新性、特色性研究：
1、运用地质理论、方法分析旅游地质资源／景观的成景作用,基于地质作用的成景作用进行旅游景观系列分类；
2、地质与旅游的融合、对应,旅游地质景观和成景作用与旅游景观类型、系列对应,进行旅游地质景观类型与系列研究；
3、根据云南旅游地质景观形成的地质环境,引用成矿理论进行旅游地质景观成因分析,并进行旅游地质景观区划。
4、旅游地质景观区划注重旅游资源的整体性和特色性。
获取了云南旅游地质景观类型与区划研究的系统成果：
1、旅游地质景观是具有旅游利用价值的地质景观,是旅游景观中以地质现象或地质体为旅游对象,具有利用价值的那部分景观。旅游地质景观指具有旅游功能,能对旅游者有吸引力、能激发人的旅游动机、能吸引旅游者的地质单元或地质景象。旅游地质景观具有一定地质实体,一定地质景象,具有一定形体,具有一定的、独立的地质单元,具有一定的观赏价值,科考价值和旅游价值的地质单元。
2、旅游地质景观是地质资源的组成,运用现代地质学、区域成矿学的基本理论,将成矿理论、成矿预测等思路和方法,遵循客观、科学认识原则,分析旅游地质景观的形成特点及其与地质环境的关系,运用现代区划理论及方法对云南旅游地质景观进行类型划分及区划,其成果可以指导旅游资源调查、评价和开发保护进行更科学、细致、全面、准确的论证,得到更切实际的评价结果。
3、云南地质环境复杂多样,新构造运动强烈,深大断裂发育,形成了生态环境多样性、自然风光奇异的自然景观,构成了五彩缤纷的旅游地质景观是云南特色旅游资源组成。与此同时,强烈发育的活动性构造,又致使旅游生态地质环境极其脆弱,常常形成旅游发展的制约条件。
4、按旅游地质景观的属性、成因、形态、物质组成、开发利用方式、开发利用价值、景观的后期变化特征及综合分类等提出了8种旅游地质景观分类。综合分类法对云南旅游地质景观进行了详细的分类,该分类基于旅游地质景观的主导成景因素,分为三大类型旅游地质景观：①基于外生地质作用的景观形成的主导因素(水)—水的物态及其地质作用形成的旅游地质景观类型；②基于内生地质作用的景观形成的主导因素(力)—地应力的成景作用形成的旅游地质景观类型；③基于构造旋回地球演化的景观形成的主导因素—构造旋回与构造层形成的旅游地质景观类型。并对各类景观类型分别进行了描述。
5、旅游地质景观成景作用的主要决定性阶段是现代地质景观的形成阶段,亦即现代地质地貌格架的形成过程,特别是旅游地质景观造型形成的地质作用过程。旅游地质景观成景作用过程可划分为成景基础地质作用阶段和成景主导造型阶段。成景作用是在一定地域中由控制成景诸要素(构造、岩石类型、地层、生物作用、地貌形态、大气环境)结合成的,具有成景功能的统一整体,这个系统就成为成景系统。成景系统一般包括四个部分：①控制成景基础因素,包括构造、岩石、地层古生物、气候、地貌、外动力及内动力等；②成景要素,包括地质体、水、空间及时间等；③成景作用过程,包括成景发生、持续、终结以及成景后的变化和保存；④成景产物,包括形成的景观系列。
6、成景系统研究是在景观成因研究基础上,着重探讨区域上的成景规律。它具备如下一些特征：①它是地史演化的自然产物,是地质系统的一个组成部分：②它是产在一定地质构造环境中的开放系统,与所在环境之间的控制成景因素产生交互作用；③它具有自发排除作用过程中的干扰因素,保持成景作用的持续性,实现其成景功能；④成景作用需要一定空间范围及持续时间；⑤成景系统具有层次性；根据不同地域大小确定的成景系统具有系统和子系统之分;⑥成景系统是变化、动态的,它的内部结构、组成与外部环境相互作用,都随时间而变化；⑦成景系统在时间和空间上分布是不均匀的,因控制因素条件分布不均一,成景系统的演化是不可逆转的。
7、以地质景观为基础的旅游景观,可以地质景观单元为基础,划分旅游地质景观等级体制。将旅游地质景观单元等级划分为成景域,成景区(带),景源区。基于云南地质背景条件,成景地质作用,景观类型及时空展布特征,将云南旅游地质景观分为2个景观域,6个景观带,9个景观亚带,划出了22个特色的景源区。以此为基础总结了云南旅游地质景观特点：①类型丰富多样的旅游地质景观呈多成因、多类型、多形态；②景观类型地域性突出、特色鲜明。板块缝合构造、新构造运动旅游地质景观,地球生物起源、恐龙世界,岩溶景观等云南地域特色旅游地质景观。③高品位景观分块集中、规模大。特色高品位旅游地质景观具块状展布或带状展布,规模宏大,结构极佳,具有较高的利用价值,利于开发保护。三江并流、禄丰恐龙、元谋猿人、石林等具备世界级旅游地质景观。④景观配套、组合性好。云南丰富多样的成景条件导致景观组合性好,利于旅游地质景观单元多层次、多功能综合开发。
8、云南最具特色的旅游地质景观有：(1)最古老的地质体—中元古代大红山群；(2)早寒武纪生物大爆炸；(3)侏罗纪恐龙化石产地；(4)人类历史文化层；(5)风化溶蚀、侵蚀及淋蚀景观；(6)板块缝合线地质遗迹；(7)沿断裂带分布的温泉景观；(8)构造侵蚀地貌；(9)高原丹霞地貌；(10)第四纪火山作用地质遗迹；(11)国际著名的矿产地。
9、旅游规划主要以行政地域来圈划旅游地界,而实际上旅游地质景观是跨行政地域的区域。旅游地质景观区划有利于旅游地特色旅游资源的厘定,有利于区域旅游合作,有利于旅游资源的最佳和最大限度的合理开发利用,有利于旅游资源的保护。
10、基于旅游地质资源特征及成景作用,有针对性地提出了旅游地质资源开发与保护建议。
旅游地质景观类型与区划及旅游开发中的应用是旅游地质研究的出发点和归宿。应着重研究旅游地质资源、旅游地质景观区划与旅游区划、行政区划的耦合关系及其在旅游开发区域合作中的作用,地域旅游特色产品塑造的应用。旅游地质景观成景岩组与成景控制条件的组合是研究旅游景观保护措施的重要依据。
Yunnan, a place concerned by sino-foreign geological academic circle, has superior geological conditions to form tourism geological resources and most plentiful tourism geological landscape types. Unfortunately, systematical research on the formation, distribution laws of Yunnan tourism geological landscape is very rare, and it is lack of some theory and methodology to guide the development and protection of Yunnan tourism geological resources. In the paper, the basic theories such as modern geology and regional metallogeny are applied on the basis of Yunnan tourism geological resource environment, the ideas and methods, including metallogenic theory and metallogenic prognosis etc. are utilized to analyze the relations of the characteristics of tourism geological landscape and its geological environment when the objective and scientific recognition principle is followed. The modern regionalizational theory and methodology is used to make types classification and regionalization. Geology, geological resources, geological engineering disciplines and development of geological resources are related together organically to expand the application domain of geology and to deepen the application principles, approaches and methodologies of geology in the development of tourism resources.
On the basis of research on tourism geological landscape of Yunnan Province, the creativeness and characteristics of the paper are shown as follows:
1. The theories and methods of geology are applied to analyze landscape formation of tourism geological resources/landscape.The classification of tourism landscape series is made based on the landscape formation of geological function.
2. The research on the types and series of tourism geological landscape is made through the combination and comparison between geology and tourism and those among tourism geological landscape, landscape formation and types and series of tourism landscape.
3. According to the geological environment of the formation of tourism geological landscape in Yunnan Province, the metallogenic theory is used to analyze the formation causes of tourism geological landscape and to regionalize the tourism geological landscapes.
4. The regionalization of tourism geological landscapes should take importance to the integration and characteristics of them.
The systematic results of research on types and regionalization of tourism geological landscapes are achieved to be shown as follows:
1. Tourism geological landscape is a kind of geological landscape with tourism utilization value. It is the landscape of geological phenomenon or geological body being used as tourism object with utilization value. Tourism geological landscape refers to the geological units or geological spectacles with tourism function or with attraction to motivate the tourists. Tourism geological landscape has some geological body, some geological scene, some shape and some unique geological units with some appreciation value, scientific investigation and tourism value.
2. The tourism geological landscape is composed of geological resources. The basic theories such as modern geology and regional metallogeny are applied to analyze the formation characteristics of tourism geological landscape and the relation of it to geological environment with metallogenic theory and metallogenic prognosis following objective and scientific recognition principle. Modern regionalization theories and methodologies are applied to make types classification and regionalization for the tourism geological landscape in Yunnan Province. The result of the research can be used to guide the investigation, evaluation and development protection of tourism resources, and it can also be used to make scientific, detailed overall and precise demonstration for the development of tourism geological resource to achieve more practical appraisal result.
3. The geological environment in Yunnan Province is complicated and diversified and the varieties of ecological environment and natural landscape of fantastic natural scenery is attribute to the new strong structure movement and deep fault development. And the fantastic natural scenery forms multi-colored tourism geological landscape, which is a kind of special tourism resource in Yunnan province. At the same time, the active structure with strong development has made the tourism ecological and geological environment much weakness, and This is one of restrict conditions of tourism development.
4. Eight kinds of tourism landscape classifications are proposed according to the attributes, genesis, shape, material composition, mode and value of development and utilization and variation characteristics in the later period and comprehensive classification. Comprehensive classification is used to make detail classification for the tourism geological landscape in Yunnan Province. Based on the main landscape formation of tourism geological landscape, the tourism geological landscape in Yunnan Province can be divided into three types:1) the tourism geological landscape type formed on the basis of the main causes(water) of formation of ectogenic geological function—the tourism geological landscape formed by the physical state of water and its geological function; 2) the tourism geological landscape type formed on the basis of the main causes(force) of formation of endogenetic geological function—the landscape formation of ground stress;3) the tourism geological landscape type formed on the basis of the main causes(force) of formation of tectonic cycle and earth evolution—the tourism geological landscape type formed by tectonic cycle and structural layer. Each kind of landscape types is described respectively.
5. The main decisive stage of landscape formation of tourism geological landscape is the formation stage of modern geological landscape. That is the formation process of grillwork of modern geology and landform, especially the tourism geological landscape modeling formed geological process. The landscape formation process of tourism geological landscape can be divided into basic landscape formation geological stage and main landscape formation modeling stage. The landscape formation is a combination of each element controlling landscape formation (structure, types of rock, strata, biological effect, geomorphologic shape and atmospheric environment), a integration with scenic function. And the system is called scenic effect system. The scenic effect system is generally composed of four parts:1) basic factors controlling landscape formation, including structure, rock, stratigraphy paleontology, climate, geomorphology, external and internal motive force etc.2) elements of landscape formation, including geological body, water, space and time etc.3) landscape formation process, including start, last, end and variation and preservation after landscape formation.4) products of landscape formation, including landscape series being formed.
6. The research on landscape formation system mainly explores the rules of landscape formation in the region based on the study on the genesis of the landscape. It is characterized by the following:1) it is the natural products during the evolution of geologic history, and a components of geological system; 2) it is a open system produced in some geological structure environment, and interacting with the factors controlling landscape formation in the environment; 3) it has the function which spontaneously eliminates interference factors during function and keeps the landscape formation lasting to realize the landscape function; 4) landscape formation need some space and time; 5) landscape formation system has hierarchical feature. The landscape formation system defined by different regions can be divided into systems and sub-systems; 6) The landscape formation system is varied and dynamic, and its internal structures and components interact with the external environment, varying with time; 7) The landscape formation system distributes unevenly in time and space for the controlling factors, and the evolution of landscape formation system is irreversible.
7.The tourism landscape based on geological landscape can divide geological landscape hierarchy on the basis of geological landscape unit. Geological landscape unit of the tourism will be graded into scenic domain, scenic spot (belt), scenic source area. Based on the conditions of the geological background in Yunnan Province, the geological function of landscape formation, types and characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of the geological landscape, tourism landscape in Yunnan is divided into two domains, six landscape zones, nine landscape sub-zones, and 22 characteristic scenic source regions are designated. Based on this, geological landscape characteristics in Yunnan are summarized:①the rich types of tourism geological landscape are characterized with different causes,various types, diverse forms;②The types of landscape has prominent and distinct regional features. There are some typical Yunnan local special geological landscape like Tectonic plate suture, Neotectonics geological landscape of tourism, the biological origin of the Earth, Dinosaur World, karst landscapes.③high-grade landscape has concentrated and large-scale blocks. Geological landscapes of high-grade tourism spread in strips or blocks, with the characteristics of large scale, excellent structure and high value, which will help the development and protection. Three Parallel Rivers, Lufeng Dinosaur, Yuanmou man, Stone Forest have qualifications for world-class tourism geological landscapes.④High-grade landscapes are well-matched and of good combination. A variety of the conditions of landscape formation in Yunnan leads to a good combination of landscape, which is conducive to multi-level and multi-functional integrated development of tourism unit.
8.The most unique tourist geological landscapes in Yunnan include:(1) the most ancient geological body-the Great Red Mountains in Mesoproterozoic; (2) early Cambrian explosion; (3) Jurassic dinosaur fossils origin; (4) layers of human history and culture; (5) dissolution weathering, erosion and leaching corrosion landscape; (6) geological relics of plate suture line; (7) hot springs landscape distributed along the fault zone; (8) tectonic erosion landform; (9) Danxia landform in plateau; (10) geological relics caused by Quaternary volcanism; (11) internationally well-known mineral deposits.
9.Tourism planning mainly delimits tourist boundaries according to the district, while tourism geological landscapes are in fact transregional districts Tourism division of geological landscape will help to the regularization of characteristics tourism resources in resorts and regional tourism cooperation,it will also lead to the best and maximum rational exploitation and utilization of tourism resources as well as the protection of tourism resources.
10.Based on the characteristics of geological resources and landscape-formation effect, the author has made a targeted proposal on the development and protection of tourism geological resources.
The types and division of geological landscape as well as application in tourism development are the start and the destination of tourism geological research. Researches should focus on the geological resources of tourism, the coupling between division of tourism geological landscape, administrative divisions and tourism divisions, focuses should also be put on the role in regional cooperation of tourism development and the application of local specialities-shaping.The combination of scene-formtion petrofabric and its controlling condition is an important basis for research on measures to protect tourism landscapes.
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