旅游对非物质文化遗产的影响研究
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摘要
旅游是非物质文化遗产的保护与开发的重要手段,旅游对非物质文化遗产的影响研究已成为当今世界尤其是我国的研究热点。本文针对当前我国在此方面研究的不足,首先,以“比较文化理论”和“社会交换理论”为基础,提出旅游对非物质文化遗产的影响机理:旅游通过作用于非物质文化遗产的承载者“人”与其赖以生存的“情境”最终实现对非物质文化遗产的影响,并探索了在此机理作用下的旅游地非物质文化遗产“和谐共生”与“彼相消亡”两种发展变迁模式;然后,对非物质文化遗产赋存丰富的古镇西塘进行实证研究,通过田野调查与文献分析,明确影响旅游地非物质文化遗产变迁的内外部因素,通过参与性快速评估法及双因子标准衡量法,综合研究者与当地人的视角,明确“旅游”因素对非物质文化遗产的多方面影响及在其发展变迁中所起的作用;最后,以“场域理论”为指导,分析旅游对非物质文化遗产的影响机制即相关利益群体:政府、旅游企业、旅游者和当地居民在非物质文化遗产的发展变迁中所起的作用及他们之间的相互作用,并据此提出相关调控手段:(政府)“正确领航”、增强(当地居民)“文化抵抗力”、调节(旅游企业)“加速器”、引导(游客)“冲击力”。
     本文着眼于非物质文化遗产的特殊性,综合运用旅游人类学与旅游社会学理论与研究方法,具有一定的前瞻性和创新性。期望本研究能为我国非物质文化遗产的可持续发提供参考。
Tourism plays a very important role in the reservation and exploration of intangible heritage. The studies of the influence of tourism on the intangible heritage have attracted universal attention. In the view of the deficiency of current studies in China, this thesis, firstly based on culture comparison theory and social exchange theory, proposes the influence principle of tourism on the intangible heritage: through effecting the people who command the intangible heritage and the context of intangible heritage relies on the tourism finally influence the intangible heritage. Different change models of the intangible heritage following the principle are also proposed: mutually benefited and mutually destroyed. Then, taking Xitang ancient town who is abound of intangible heritage as an example, through reviewing relative studies achievements and field investigation, this thesis finds out the changes of local intangible heritage and identifies the influence factors. By using the participatory rapid appraisal and double factors standard judging method, combining the perspectives of researchers and local residents, this thesis explores the role tourism plays in the changes of intangible heritage. Finally, under the instruction of the field theory, this thesis analyses the influence mechanism of tourism on the intangible heritage, in other words, the roles of different relative stakeholders: the government, the tourism enterprises, the tourists and the local residents play in the changes of intangible heritage, and how different stakeholders affect each other. At last, based on the influence mechanism this thesis proposes adjustment mechanism to achieve the sustainable development of both intangible heritage and tourism industry.
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