基于外部性理论的城市交通拥挤收费定价研究
|
摘要
近年来城市化进程的加快和经济发展水平的提高,使得城市人口和机动车拥有量迅速增长,城市道路交通需求大大超过交通供给能力,产生了严重的交通拥挤。交通拥挤收费作为交通需求管理的措施之一,它通过对特定时段和路段的车辆实行收费,以从时间和空间上来疏散交通量,减少繁忙时段和繁忙路段道路上的交通负荷,同时还将促使交通量向大容量的公交系统转移,抑制私人小汽车交通量的增加,促进小汽车的有效利用,推进多人合乘的实施,实现最有效地使用道路,达到缓解交通拥挤的目的。该措施可以从源头上抑制出行的产生,使得出行者减少出行或者改变出行时间、方式或者出行路径,进而减少拥挤。
论文在总结国内外拥挤收费理论研究成果和国外拥挤收费实践成效的基础上,分析了交通拥挤产生的原因,阐述了交通拥挤收费的涵义、意义和目标,并且对静态拥挤收费理论和动态拥挤收费理论进行了定性和定量的推导。采用外部性理论对交通拥挤导致的行程时间、交通事故和环境污染外部额外增加的外部成本进行定性分析,然后分别采用合适的方法对这三项外部成本进行了量化：额外行程时间成本的量化采用了旅行成本法；交通事故成本采用了实际发生法；交通污染成本的量化同样采用了是实际发生法。通过上述方法,对城市交通拥挤产生的年总外部成本进行了量化,并建立了基于外部成本的拥挤定价模型。
最后结合成都市2009年机动车拥有量、平均车速等相应数据计算得出该年度成都市若实行拥挤收费时的收费额度。
In recent years, the urban population and the holding of vehicle have grown increasingly along with the process of urbanization and regional economies developing rapidly. Travel demands are growing so fast in cities that urban road travel demand exceeds supply greatly, resulting in serious traffic congestion. Congestion pricing, one of the Transportation Demand Management strategies, is to charge the vehicles for pass the specific road section at special time interval, in order to disperse the traffic volume from time and space, and reduce the traffic load at rush hour and the crowded road. Meanwhile it will shift the traffic volume to the public traffic system, restrain the increasing of private traffic, promote the car effective utilization, advance the implementation of car pool, improve the rate of the road utilizing, and alleviate the traffic congestion ultimately. This measure may suppress the production of transportation demand in the source, cause the travelers reducing their journey or changing the time, the way or the route of the journey, then reduce traffic jam.
On the basis of summarizing theoretical studies and practices of congestion at home and abroad, the paper analyzes the reasons of the traffic congestion, explains the meaning, significance and goal of the congestion pricing, make qualitative and quantitative derivation about the static congestion pricing and dynamic congestion pricing as well. Exterior costs aroused by congestion which are additional travel time, traffic accident and environmental pollution are analyzed qualitatively based on External theory. The paper quantifies the three exterior costs through the appropriate method separately. When quantifying the exterior cost of extra travel time, it adopts the travel cost law; it calculates the cost of additional traffic accident in terms of the cost which producing in the actual accident; the exterior cost of extra environmental pollution is also quantified according to the vehicle producing actually. Through the methods-above, the thesis quantifies the annual total exterior cost resulting from congestion in a city and is educed and establishes congestion pricing model based on exterior cost.
At last, the paper assumes the Chengdu carrying the congestion charge this year, the computes the rate combing with the corresponding data of the holding number of vehicle、average speed of Chengdu in 2009.
论文在总结国内外拥挤收费理论研究成果和国外拥挤收费实践成效的基础上,分析了交通拥挤产生的原因,阐述了交通拥挤收费的涵义、意义和目标,并且对静态拥挤收费理论和动态拥挤收费理论进行了定性和定量的推导。采用外部性理论对交通拥挤导致的行程时间、交通事故和环境污染外部额外增加的外部成本进行定性分析,然后分别采用合适的方法对这三项外部成本进行了量化：额外行程时间成本的量化采用了旅行成本法；交通事故成本采用了实际发生法；交通污染成本的量化同样采用了是实际发生法。通过上述方法,对城市交通拥挤产生的年总外部成本进行了量化,并建立了基于外部成本的拥挤定价模型。
最后结合成都市2009年机动车拥有量、平均车速等相应数据计算得出该年度成都市若实行拥挤收费时的收费额度。
In recent years, the urban population and the holding of vehicle have grown increasingly along with the process of urbanization and regional economies developing rapidly. Travel demands are growing so fast in cities that urban road travel demand exceeds supply greatly, resulting in serious traffic congestion. Congestion pricing, one of the Transportation Demand Management strategies, is to charge the vehicles for pass the specific road section at special time interval, in order to disperse the traffic volume from time and space, and reduce the traffic load at rush hour and the crowded road. Meanwhile it will shift the traffic volume to the public traffic system, restrain the increasing of private traffic, promote the car effective utilization, advance the implementation of car pool, improve the rate of the road utilizing, and alleviate the traffic congestion ultimately. This measure may suppress the production of transportation demand in the source, cause the travelers reducing their journey or changing the time, the way or the route of the journey, then reduce traffic jam.
On the basis of summarizing theoretical studies and practices of congestion at home and abroad, the paper analyzes the reasons of the traffic congestion, explains the meaning, significance and goal of the congestion pricing, make qualitative and quantitative derivation about the static congestion pricing and dynamic congestion pricing as well. Exterior costs aroused by congestion which are additional travel time, traffic accident and environmental pollution are analyzed qualitatively based on External theory. The paper quantifies the three exterior costs through the appropriate method separately. When quantifying the exterior cost of extra travel time, it adopts the travel cost law; it calculates the cost of additional traffic accident in terms of the cost which producing in the actual accident; the exterior cost of extra environmental pollution is also quantified according to the vehicle producing actually. Through the methods-above, the thesis quantifies the annual total exterior cost resulting from congestion in a city and is educed and establishes congestion pricing model based on exterior cost.
At last, the paper assumes the Chengdu carrying the congestion charge this year, the computes the rate combing with the corresponding data of the holding number of vehicle、average speed of Chengdu in 2009.
引文
[1]郭雅.城市道路拥挤收费及定价研究[D].长沙：长沙理工大学,2008.05
[2]http://www.bora-vw.com/bbs/printpage.asp?BoardID=33&ID=174973
[3]刘小明,任福田等.城市交通事故生成规律研究.中国公路学报，1995，,8(1)(增)：110-114.
[4]胡欣,江小群.城市经济学[M].上海：立信会计出版社,2005.
[5]De Borger B, Proost S.E. Dited reforming transport pricing in the European Union Transport economics[M]. Edward Elgar. Cheltenham. U K,2001.
[6]韩小亮，邓祖新.城市交通拥堵的经济学分析—基于计算经济学的模拟检验[J].财经研究.2006.5：19—31.
[7]陈艳艳，刘小明，陈金川.城市交通需求管理及应用,北京：人民交通出版社.2009：193-194.
[8]Kninght, F.h. Some fallacies in the interpretation of social cost. Quarterly Journal of Economic,1924.28A:582-606.
[9]马祖琦.伦敦中心区“交通拥挤收费政策”—背景、经验与启示[J].国外城市规划,2004,19：42-45.
[10]Dafermos SC, Sparrow F T. Optimal resource allocation and toll patterns in user-optimized transportation networks. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 5:198-200.
[11]Smith M J. The marginal cost taxation of a transportation network.. Transportation Research,1313:237-242.
[12]Wie B W, Tobin T L. Dynamic congestion pricing models for general traffic networks. Transportation Research Part B,32:313-327.
[13]Carey M, Strinivasan A. Externalities, average and marginal costs, and tolls on congested network with time-varying flows. Operation Research,4(1):217-231.
[14]Arnott R. de Palma A, Lindsey R. Departure time and route choice for the morning comute. Transportation Research Part B,24:209-228.
[15]Tabuchi T. Bottleneck congestion and model split.Journal of Urban Economics.34:414- 431.
[16]Henderson P J F. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology of Transport. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing. Co.
[17]朱柏铭.试论经济学中教学方法的应用.嘉兴学院学报，(1)：1-4.
[18]Verhoef E T, Nijkamp P, Rietveld P. Second-best congestion pricing:the case of an untolled alternative. Journal of Urban Economics,40:279-302.
[19]Yang H, Tang W H, Cheung W M, et al. Profitability and welfare gain of private toll roads in a network with heterogeneous users. Transportation Research Part A,36:537-554.
[20]Hau T D. Congestion Charging Mechanisms for Roads:An Evaluation of Current Practice. Washington D C:World Bank Policy Research Paper series, WPS.
[21]Daganzo C F. A pareto optimum congestion reduction scheme. Transportation Research Part B.29B:139-154.
[22]Viegas J M. Making urban road pricing acceptale and effective searching for quality and equity in urban mobility. Transport Policy.8:289-294.
[23]Huang H J. Fares and tolls in a competitive system with transit and highway:the case with two groups of commuters. Transportation Research Part E.36:267-284.
[24]Yang H, Huang H J. Carpooling and congestion pricing in a multilane highway with highoccupancy-vehicle lanes. Transportation Research Part A,33:139-155.
[25]晏克非,张国强.覃煜.基于车辆动态导航的拥挤定价.交通运输工程学报,2001,09,1(3)：4-76.
[26]周溪召.混合交通运量分布与均衡配流组合模型研究.系统工程学报,15(2)：153-157.
[27]吴红兵,陈义华.混合交通方式划分与交通分配联合模型.系统工程，23(7)：77-80.
[28]杨金花,晏克非.交通运输的外部性特征及外部成本内部化[J].交通与学院,2005,7：20-25.
[29]崔智涛，霍娅敏.城市交通拥挤的外部成本分析[J].武汉理工大学学报,2006.2：147-149.
[30]陆化普,朱军.解析城市交通[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.09：29-30.
[31]陆化普,王建伟,李江平等.城市交通管理评价体系[M].北京：人民交通出版社. 2003.
[32]陆化普.城市交通现代化管理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999,56-63
[33]冯血松，王铁城,陈善亮.车速对道路通行能力的影响及对策分析[J].城市公共交通,2005(5)：7-9.
[34]王强.城市道路拥挤收费理论体系研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[35]李都厚,赵志宏.对城市交通需求管理的理论分析与实现对策.长安大学学报(社会科学版),7(4)：10-13.
[36]陆化普.基于交通需求产生机理分析的大城市交通拥挤对策研究[J].道路交通与安全,2：18-22.
[37]郭雅.城市道路拥挤收费及定价研究[D].长沙：长沙理工大学硕士学位论文,2008：23-24.
[38]黄海军.拥挤道路使用收费的研究进展和实践难题.中国科学基金,学科进展与展望,2003,(4)：198-203.
[39]史峰.李志纯.拥挤道路使用收费的理论构架.交通运输工程学报,2002年,第二卷,第二期：78-82
[40]谢辉.城市交通拥挤收费影响分析[J].山西科技.2006.04：89-91.
[41]李冬梅.高速公路拥挤收费费率研究[D].东南大学硕士论文,2004.
[42]刘秉镰,王燕.城市交通经济分析[M].北京：中国经济出版社,1997：211-241.
[43]吴兆峰.城市交通管理多时段、多用户次优拥挤定价模型研究[D]，杭州：浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006：15-16.
[44]王利娜.道路拥挤收费模型及应用研究[D].长沙：长沙交通学院硕士学位论文,2003：9-15.
[45]苗启虎,何小竹,费方域.城市轨道交通的外部性及其盈利模式探讨[.T].城市轨道交通研究，2004(5).9-14.
[46]萨缪尔森,诺得豪斯.经济学,高鸿业译[M].北京：中国交通发展出版社，1992.
[47]叶韵.基于外部理论的城市规划研究[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2007：8-9.
[48]DETR, Transport and the Environment (1997).20th Report of Royal Commission on Environment Pollution. London, UK.
[49]http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/moban/detail.jsp?id=281103
[50]范征.社会机动化发展与机动化外部成本研究[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[51]陆化普.解决城市交通问题的途径与方法[J].科技导报.1997.6：42-44.
[52]陈宽民，王玉萍.城市道路交通事故分布特点及预防对策[J].交通运输工程学报,2003，3：84-87.
[53]荣朝和.西方运输经济学[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2002.
[54]刘希玲,丁焰.我国城市汽车行驶工况调查研究[J].环境科学研究,2000.1：23-27.
[55][英]肯尼思.巴顿,冯宗宪译.运输经济学[M].北京：商务印书馆.2006.
[56]訾琨等.机动车排放污染与城市交通环境[J].交通环保,2004(6),37-39.
[57]张胜.城市道路交通噪声的危害与治理.安徽科技[J],2006(7).53-55.
[58]四川省交通厅交通史志总编室.2009四川交通年鉴[M].四川：四川科学技术出版社，2009.
[59]成都市年鉴编委会.2009成都年鉴[M].四川：成都年鉴社，2009.
[60]欧洲运输部长联合会.交通社会成本的内部化[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,
[2]http://www.bora-vw.com/bbs/printpage.asp?BoardID=33&ID=174973
[3]刘小明,任福田等.城市交通事故生成规律研究.中国公路学报，1995，,8(1)(增)：110-114.
[4]胡欣,江小群.城市经济学[M].上海：立信会计出版社,2005.
[5]De Borger B, Proost S.E. Dited reforming transport pricing in the European Union Transport economics[M]. Edward Elgar. Cheltenham. U K,2001.
[6]韩小亮，邓祖新.城市交通拥堵的经济学分析—基于计算经济学的模拟检验[J].财经研究.2006.5：19—31.
[7]陈艳艳，刘小明，陈金川.城市交通需求管理及应用,北京：人民交通出版社.2009：193-194.
[8]Kninght, F.h. Some fallacies in the interpretation of social cost. Quarterly Journal of Economic,1924.28A:582-606.
[9]马祖琦.伦敦中心区“交通拥挤收费政策”—背景、经验与启示[J].国外城市规划,2004,19：42-45.
[10]Dafermos SC, Sparrow F T. Optimal resource allocation and toll patterns in user-optimized transportation networks. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 5:198-200.
[11]Smith M J. The marginal cost taxation of a transportation network.. Transportation Research,1313:237-242.
[12]Wie B W, Tobin T L. Dynamic congestion pricing models for general traffic networks. Transportation Research Part B,32:313-327.
[13]Carey M, Strinivasan A. Externalities, average and marginal costs, and tolls on congested network with time-varying flows. Operation Research,4(1):217-231.
[14]Arnott R. de Palma A, Lindsey R. Departure time and route choice for the morning comute. Transportation Research Part B,24:209-228.
[15]Tabuchi T. Bottleneck congestion and model split.Journal of Urban Economics.34:414- 431.
[16]Henderson P J F. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology of Transport. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing. Co.
[17]朱柏铭.试论经济学中教学方法的应用.嘉兴学院学报，(1)：1-4.
[18]Verhoef E T, Nijkamp P, Rietveld P. Second-best congestion pricing:the case of an untolled alternative. Journal of Urban Economics,40:279-302.
[19]Yang H, Tang W H, Cheung W M, et al. Profitability and welfare gain of private toll roads in a network with heterogeneous users. Transportation Research Part A,36:537-554.
[20]Hau T D. Congestion Charging Mechanisms for Roads:An Evaluation of Current Practice. Washington D C:World Bank Policy Research Paper series, WPS.
[21]Daganzo C F. A pareto optimum congestion reduction scheme. Transportation Research Part B.29B:139-154.
[22]Viegas J M. Making urban road pricing acceptale and effective searching for quality and equity in urban mobility. Transport Policy.8:289-294.
[23]Huang H J. Fares and tolls in a competitive system with transit and highway:the case with two groups of commuters. Transportation Research Part E.36:267-284.
[24]Yang H, Huang H J. Carpooling and congestion pricing in a multilane highway with highoccupancy-vehicle lanes. Transportation Research Part A,33:139-155.
[25]晏克非,张国强.覃煜.基于车辆动态导航的拥挤定价.交通运输工程学报,2001,09,1(3)：4-76.
[26]周溪召.混合交通运量分布与均衡配流组合模型研究.系统工程学报,15(2)：153-157.
[27]吴红兵,陈义华.混合交通方式划分与交通分配联合模型.系统工程，23(7)：77-80.
[28]杨金花,晏克非.交通运输的外部性特征及外部成本内部化[J].交通与学院,2005,7：20-25.
[29]崔智涛，霍娅敏.城市交通拥挤的外部成本分析[J].武汉理工大学学报,2006.2：147-149.
[30]陆化普,朱军.解析城市交通[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.09：29-30.
[31]陆化普,王建伟,李江平等.城市交通管理评价体系[M].北京：人民交通出版社. 2003.
[32]陆化普.城市交通现代化管理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999,56-63
[33]冯血松，王铁城,陈善亮.车速对道路通行能力的影响及对策分析[J].城市公共交通,2005(5)：7-9.
[34]王强.城市道路拥挤收费理论体系研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[35]李都厚,赵志宏.对城市交通需求管理的理论分析与实现对策.长安大学学报(社会科学版),7(4)：10-13.
[36]陆化普.基于交通需求产生机理分析的大城市交通拥挤对策研究[J].道路交通与安全,2：18-22.
[37]郭雅.城市道路拥挤收费及定价研究[D].长沙：长沙理工大学硕士学位论文,2008：23-24.
[38]黄海军.拥挤道路使用收费的研究进展和实践难题.中国科学基金,学科进展与展望,2003,(4)：198-203.
[39]史峰.李志纯.拥挤道路使用收费的理论构架.交通运输工程学报,2002年,第二卷,第二期：78-82
[40]谢辉.城市交通拥挤收费影响分析[J].山西科技.2006.04：89-91.
[41]李冬梅.高速公路拥挤收费费率研究[D].东南大学硕士论文,2004.
[42]刘秉镰,王燕.城市交通经济分析[M].北京：中国经济出版社,1997：211-241.
[43]吴兆峰.城市交通管理多时段、多用户次优拥挤定价模型研究[D]，杭州：浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006：15-16.
[44]王利娜.道路拥挤收费模型及应用研究[D].长沙：长沙交通学院硕士学位论文,2003：9-15.
[45]苗启虎,何小竹,费方域.城市轨道交通的外部性及其盈利模式探讨[.T].城市轨道交通研究，2004(5).9-14.
[46]萨缪尔森,诺得豪斯.经济学,高鸿业译[M].北京：中国交通发展出版社，1992.
[47]叶韵.基于外部理论的城市规划研究[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2007：8-9.
[48]DETR, Transport and the Environment (1997).20th Report of Royal Commission on Environment Pollution. London, UK.
[49]http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/moban/detail.jsp?id=281103
[50]范征.社会机动化发展与机动化外部成本研究[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[51]陆化普.解决城市交通问题的途径与方法[J].科技导报.1997.6：42-44.
[52]陈宽民，王玉萍.城市道路交通事故分布特点及预防对策[J].交通运输工程学报,2003，3：84-87.
[53]荣朝和.西方运输经济学[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2002.
[54]刘希玲,丁焰.我国城市汽车行驶工况调查研究[J].环境科学研究,2000.1：23-27.
[55][英]肯尼思.巴顿,冯宗宪译.运输经济学[M].北京：商务印书馆.2006.
[56]訾琨等.机动车排放污染与城市交通环境[J].交通环保,2004(6),37-39.
[57]张胜.城市道路交通噪声的危害与治理.安徽科技[J],2006(7).53-55.
[58]四川省交通厅交通史志总编室.2009四川交通年鉴[M].四川：四川科学技术出版社，2009.
[59]成都市年鉴编委会.2009成都年鉴[M].四川：成都年鉴社，2009.
[60]欧洲运输部长联合会.交通社会成本的内部化[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,