耦合电极的磁分散电弧等离子体的数值模拟研究
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摘要
电弧等离子体在工业中应用广泛。由于其自收缩效应,使得等离子体具有体积小、能量集中、参数梯度大等特点,给等离子体大规模工业生产带来了困难,如原料注入困难、产品均匀性难以控制等。在同轴电极磁旋转电弧等离子体发生器中,洛伦兹力驱动电弧高速旋转,电弧被分散,产生充满弧室截面的均匀等离子体,这种新颖电弧等离子体源被称之为大面积分散电弧等离子体源(Large Aera Dispersed Arc Plasma Sourece-LADAPS)。
与收缩电弧等离子体相比,磁分散电弧等离子体的弧柱周向均匀、阳极弧根扩散、阴极弧根呈现出收缩、分裂和扩散等多种形式的特征,且这些阴极弧根位形是动态的和可转化的。对于这些物理现象的试验结果的理论研究尚不够深入,尤其是阴极弧根位形与弧柱等离子体位形之间关系尚未有研究报道,实验研究存在很大困难。对此开展数值模拟研究,有助于加深对磁分散电弧等离子体位形及产生的机理的理解,为磁分散电弧应用提供理论指导。
本文改进了Lowke一维阴极模型,构建了耦合阴极的磁分散电弧等离子体计算的MHD模型和方程,解决了电极与等离子体耦合计算的问题,编写了相应的Fluent UDF程序。数值模拟计算了不同条件下磁分散电弧等离子体位形,揭示了磁分散等离子体传热与流动规律,探讨了电弧的阴极弧根与弧柱之间的相互作用关系以及其对磁分散电弧等离子体位形的影响。
在小尺度(弧室直径Φ10)同轴磁旋转电弧等离子体发生器中,采用二维模型数值模拟了完全分散电弧等离子体位形。分别研究了不同锥角的阴极形状、轴向磁场强度、入口气体速度、电弧电流以及阴极材质等对等离子体参数分布及流动状况的影响。计算结果显示：(1)加入轴向磁场后,等离子体的阴极弧根,弧柱及阳极弧根都为扩散型,其电流密度都显著低于自由燃烧弧阴极弧根、弧柱和阳极弧根的电流密度；(2)随着阴极锥角的增大,阴极弧根由阴极前端面中心向阴极侧面移动,扩散性增强,电流密度降低。阴极弧根位形的变化导致等离子体温度,速度,弧压等参数均减小,等离子体位形变化不大；(3)随着轴向磁场强度的增大,阴极弧根由阴极前端面中心向阴极侧面移动,弧根扩散程度增大,电流密度减小,等离子体极值温度降低；阳极弧根在轴向上被压缩,电流密度增大；(4)随着入口气体速度的增大,等离子体阴极弧根被吹到阴极前端,弧根电流密度分布变化很小,电弧被拉长,弧压升高,等离子体轴向厚度增大,温度梯度减小,流动加剧；(5)电弧电流对等离子位形基本无影响,仅影响等离子体温度,速度,弧压的极值；大的电弧电流更容易造成阴极弧根扩散；(6)阴极功函数提高,弧根电流扩散性减弱,弧根电流密度略微增大,对等离子体位形影响较小,仅能略微提高等离子体温度。
采用二维模型耦合电极计算轴向磁场对针-板电极电弧等离子体位形的影响,得到的结果是：(1)随着轴向磁感应强的增加,阳极弧根电流在轴心分布减小,电流密度极值位置外移,呈现空心趋势；(2)弧柱在在阳极附略有扩张,而在阴极附近收缩,后者与同轴电极磁旋转分散电弧有相反的变化趋势,随着轴向磁场增加,阴极弧根直径减小,弧根电流密度增加；(3)继续增大轴向磁场,等离子体偏离轴线程度增加,在阳极轴线附近形成涡旋。也获得类似等离子体位形实验结果。
模拟了大尺度(弧室直径Φ70)同轴电极磁旋转分散电弧等离子体的位形,与探针实验相对比有相同的变化趋势。计算的等离子体温度显著低于诊断的电子温度,说明本研究条件下等离子体可能偏离局域热力学平衡状态。
论文最后还采用三维定常模型模拟了磁分散电弧等离子体的参数分布,初步研究了磁分散电弧的非轴对称性问题,弧柱等离子体位形及阳极弧根显示较好的轴对称,而阴极弧根并非轴对称分布。提出了该研究后续发展方向问题。
通过对各种不同情况数值模拟结果以及和实验结果对比研究得出以下结论：
(1)耦合阴极模型数值模拟计算出的阴极弧根位形和近阴极区弧柱位形会显著不同于固定阴极弧根模型；阴极弧根和近阴极区位形及参数相互影响；阴极弧根和近阴极区位形变化影响弧柱等离子体和阳极弧根位形及参数变化。
(2)大气压电弧等离子体可以形成分散的等离子体,并且可以用外部条件控制电弧等离子体位形；外部条件通过流动来控制等离子体位形。
(3)同轴电极磁旋转电弧可以产生较好的轴对称扩散电弧等离子体,阳极弧根也是如此,而阴极弧根可以是非轴对称的。
The arc plasma is widely used in industry. Being highly concentrated energy and great parameters gradient, arc plasma is difficult in large scale industry application.
Compared with contractive arc, the magnetically dispersed arc plasma, which is called "Large Area Dispersed Arc Plasma Source-LADAPS", present diffusive arc column and diffusive anode arc root, as well as various forms of cathode arc root, such as shrink, split and diffusive, and these forms are dynamic and transformable.
In this paper, Lowke's one-dimensional model for the arc plasma coupled with the cathode is developed for computation program compiled with FLUENT. With this program, the arc plasma with axial magnetism in different boundary conditions is simulated. Various plasma configurations, including cathode arc root, arc column and anode arc root, are obtained and discussed. The mechanism of the interaction among cathode arc root, arc column and anode arc root are analyzed.
The fully dispersed arc plasma in a small scale (Φ10) is simulated with two-dimensional model. The plasma parameter distribution and flow in different conditions such as cathode shape, magnetic field intensity, gas velocity, arc currents, work function of the cathode material and so on, is discussed. The results show that:(1) with axial magnetic field, the cathode arc root, arc column and anode arc root appear to be dispersed (diffusion), and the current density are much smaller than those of free burning arc respectively.(2) As the cathode apex angle increasing, the cathode arc root moves to the side from the center of the front end. The arc root diffusive area increases and the current density decreases, so as that the average and maximum temperature of plasma, the maximum velocity and the arc voltage decrease, but the plasma configuration (location and shape) is essentially same.(3)The cathode arc root moves to the side from the center of the front end as the magnetic field increasing. The arc root diffuses much and the current density decreases. The plasma temperature decrease and plasma region moves upstream. The anode arc root is compress in the axial direction, the current density of the anode arc root increases.(4) As the input gas velocity increasing, the cathode arc root is blown to the tip of the cathode, and the current distribution on the cathode tip has no obvious change, the thickness of the plasma increases, and the arc voltage increases, the gas flow intensifies.(5) The arc current has no effect on the location or the shape of the plasma, but only increases the values of the parameter. The cathode arc root diffuses much easily as arc currents increasing.(6) The work function of the cathode affects current distribution on the arc root. A smaller work function leads cathode arc root diffusing greater.
A free burning arc configurated of needle-plate electrodes with axial magnetic field is simulated. The results show that:with the axial magnetic field intensity increasing, the anode current density decreases at the axial, and the peak value decreases and transfers in radial direction, the arc column near the anode expends, and the arc column near the cathode shrinks. As axial magnetic field increasing, the cathode arc root gets much contractively, which is contrary to that of the dispersed arc in coaxial electrodes plasma generator. That is resulted from the pinch of gas flow affected by the cathode jet, which is enhanced by Lorentz force as axial magnetic field being increasing. With the axial magnetic field increasing, a vortex appears in the heartland near anode. Those results are proved by experiments.
The dispersed arc plasma in large scale generator (Φ70) is simulated. The temperature distribution is similar with the experiment result. But the difference of value indicates that the plasma is NLTE.
Lastly, a three-dimensional model is employed to simulate the dispersed arc plasma in a small scale generator, the result shows that the arc column and the anode arc root appear excellent symmetry, but the cathode arc root is non-axisymmetric.
According to the numerical simulations and the experimental results, Main conclusions are drawn as follow:
(1) The configuration of the cathode arc root and of the arc column near cathode region simulated with coupled cathode model are different with un-coupled model. The parameters distribution of the cathode root and of the arc near cathode region affects each other, and they affect the characteristics of the arc column and the anode arc root.
(2) The arc plasma at atmospheric pressure can be dispersed uniformly; the arc plasma configuration can be affect by the boundary condition by means of flow.
(3) It is easy to maintain the arc plasma column and the anode arc root uniformly-dispersed in coaxial electrodes magnetically dispersed arc plasma generator, but the cathode arc root may be non-axisymmetric.
与收缩电弧等离子体相比,磁分散电弧等离子体的弧柱周向均匀、阳极弧根扩散、阴极弧根呈现出收缩、分裂和扩散等多种形式的特征,且这些阴极弧根位形是动态的和可转化的。对于这些物理现象的试验结果的理论研究尚不够深入,尤其是阴极弧根位形与弧柱等离子体位形之间关系尚未有研究报道,实验研究存在很大困难。对此开展数值模拟研究,有助于加深对磁分散电弧等离子体位形及产生的机理的理解,为磁分散电弧应用提供理论指导。
本文改进了Lowke一维阴极模型,构建了耦合阴极的磁分散电弧等离子体计算的MHD模型和方程,解决了电极与等离子体耦合计算的问题,编写了相应的Fluent UDF程序。数值模拟计算了不同条件下磁分散电弧等离子体位形,揭示了磁分散等离子体传热与流动规律,探讨了电弧的阴极弧根与弧柱之间的相互作用关系以及其对磁分散电弧等离子体位形的影响。
在小尺度(弧室直径Φ10)同轴磁旋转电弧等离子体发生器中,采用二维模型数值模拟了完全分散电弧等离子体位形。分别研究了不同锥角的阴极形状、轴向磁场强度、入口气体速度、电弧电流以及阴极材质等对等离子体参数分布及流动状况的影响。计算结果显示：(1)加入轴向磁场后,等离子体的阴极弧根,弧柱及阳极弧根都为扩散型,其电流密度都显著低于自由燃烧弧阴极弧根、弧柱和阳极弧根的电流密度；(2)随着阴极锥角的增大,阴极弧根由阴极前端面中心向阴极侧面移动,扩散性增强,电流密度降低。阴极弧根位形的变化导致等离子体温度,速度,弧压等参数均减小,等离子体位形变化不大；(3)随着轴向磁场强度的增大,阴极弧根由阴极前端面中心向阴极侧面移动,弧根扩散程度增大,电流密度减小,等离子体极值温度降低；阳极弧根在轴向上被压缩,电流密度增大；(4)随着入口气体速度的增大,等离子体阴极弧根被吹到阴极前端,弧根电流密度分布变化很小,电弧被拉长,弧压升高,等离子体轴向厚度增大,温度梯度减小,流动加剧；(5)电弧电流对等离子位形基本无影响,仅影响等离子体温度,速度,弧压的极值；大的电弧电流更容易造成阴极弧根扩散；(6)阴极功函数提高,弧根电流扩散性减弱,弧根电流密度略微增大,对等离子体位形影响较小,仅能略微提高等离子体温度。
采用二维模型耦合电极计算轴向磁场对针-板电极电弧等离子体位形的影响,得到的结果是：(1)随着轴向磁感应强的增加,阳极弧根电流在轴心分布减小,电流密度极值位置外移,呈现空心趋势；(2)弧柱在在阳极附略有扩张,而在阴极附近收缩,后者与同轴电极磁旋转分散电弧有相反的变化趋势,随着轴向磁场增加,阴极弧根直径减小,弧根电流密度增加；(3)继续增大轴向磁场,等离子体偏离轴线程度增加,在阳极轴线附近形成涡旋。也获得类似等离子体位形实验结果。
模拟了大尺度(弧室直径Φ70)同轴电极磁旋转分散电弧等离子体的位形,与探针实验相对比有相同的变化趋势。计算的等离子体温度显著低于诊断的电子温度,说明本研究条件下等离子体可能偏离局域热力学平衡状态。
论文最后还采用三维定常模型模拟了磁分散电弧等离子体的参数分布,初步研究了磁分散电弧的非轴对称性问题,弧柱等离子体位形及阳极弧根显示较好的轴对称,而阴极弧根并非轴对称分布。提出了该研究后续发展方向问题。
通过对各种不同情况数值模拟结果以及和实验结果对比研究得出以下结论：
(1)耦合阴极模型数值模拟计算出的阴极弧根位形和近阴极区弧柱位形会显著不同于固定阴极弧根模型；阴极弧根和近阴极区位形及参数相互影响；阴极弧根和近阴极区位形变化影响弧柱等离子体和阳极弧根位形及参数变化。
(2)大气压电弧等离子体可以形成分散的等离子体,并且可以用外部条件控制电弧等离子体位形；外部条件通过流动来控制等离子体位形。
(3)同轴电极磁旋转电弧可以产生较好的轴对称扩散电弧等离子体,阳极弧根也是如此,而阴极弧根可以是非轴对称的。
The arc plasma is widely used in industry. Being highly concentrated energy and great parameters gradient, arc plasma is difficult in large scale industry application.
Compared with contractive arc, the magnetically dispersed arc plasma, which is called "Large Area Dispersed Arc Plasma Source-LADAPS", present diffusive arc column and diffusive anode arc root, as well as various forms of cathode arc root, such as shrink, split and diffusive, and these forms are dynamic and transformable.
In this paper, Lowke's one-dimensional model for the arc plasma coupled with the cathode is developed for computation program compiled with FLUENT. With this program, the arc plasma with axial magnetism in different boundary conditions is simulated. Various plasma configurations, including cathode arc root, arc column and anode arc root, are obtained and discussed. The mechanism of the interaction among cathode arc root, arc column and anode arc root are analyzed.
The fully dispersed arc plasma in a small scale (Φ10) is simulated with two-dimensional model. The plasma parameter distribution and flow in different conditions such as cathode shape, magnetic field intensity, gas velocity, arc currents, work function of the cathode material and so on, is discussed. The results show that:(1) with axial magnetic field, the cathode arc root, arc column and anode arc root appear to be dispersed (diffusion), and the current density are much smaller than those of free burning arc respectively.(2) As the cathode apex angle increasing, the cathode arc root moves to the side from the center of the front end. The arc root diffusive area increases and the current density decreases, so as that the average and maximum temperature of plasma, the maximum velocity and the arc voltage decrease, but the plasma configuration (location and shape) is essentially same.(3)The cathode arc root moves to the side from the center of the front end as the magnetic field increasing. The arc root diffuses much and the current density decreases. The plasma temperature decrease and plasma region moves upstream. The anode arc root is compress in the axial direction, the current density of the anode arc root increases.(4) As the input gas velocity increasing, the cathode arc root is blown to the tip of the cathode, and the current distribution on the cathode tip has no obvious change, the thickness of the plasma increases, and the arc voltage increases, the gas flow intensifies.(5) The arc current has no effect on the location or the shape of the plasma, but only increases the values of the parameter. The cathode arc root diffuses much easily as arc currents increasing.(6) The work function of the cathode affects current distribution on the arc root. A smaller work function leads cathode arc root diffusing greater.
A free burning arc configurated of needle-plate electrodes with axial magnetic field is simulated. The results show that:with the axial magnetic field intensity increasing, the anode current density decreases at the axial, and the peak value decreases and transfers in radial direction, the arc column near the anode expends, and the arc column near the cathode shrinks. As axial magnetic field increasing, the cathode arc root gets much contractively, which is contrary to that of the dispersed arc in coaxial electrodes plasma generator. That is resulted from the pinch of gas flow affected by the cathode jet, which is enhanced by Lorentz force as axial magnetic field being increasing. With the axial magnetic field increasing, a vortex appears in the heartland near anode. Those results are proved by experiments.
The dispersed arc plasma in large scale generator (Φ70) is simulated. The temperature distribution is similar with the experiment result. But the difference of value indicates that the plasma is NLTE.
Lastly, a three-dimensional model is employed to simulate the dispersed arc plasma in a small scale generator, the result shows that the arc column and the anode arc root appear excellent symmetry, but the cathode arc root is non-axisymmetric.
According to the numerical simulations and the experimental results, Main conclusions are drawn as follow:
(1) The configuration of the cathode arc root and of the arc column near cathode region simulated with coupled cathode model are different with un-coupled model. The parameters distribution of the cathode root and of the arc near cathode region affects each other, and they affect the characteristics of the arc column and the anode arc root.
(2) The arc plasma at atmospheric pressure can be dispersed uniformly; the arc plasma configuration can be affect by the boundary condition by means of flow.
(3) It is easy to maintain the arc plasma column and the anode arc root uniformly-dispersed in coaxial electrodes magnetically dispersed arc plasma generator, but the cathode arc root may be non-axisymmetric.
引文
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