绿色高效光伏水泵控制技术的研究
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摘要
光伏水泵系统是直接利用太阳电池光生伏打效应发电，通过一系列电力电子、电机、水机等控制及执行环节从而在江河湖泊或深井中实现提水的系统，该系统涉及到光、机、电、控制技术等多种交叉学科。由无位置传感器永磁直流无刷电动机驱动的光伏水泵系统为近年来发展起来的新型光伏水泵系统，本文就其驱动电机的控制技术进行了深入、细致的研究。本系统采用的控制芯片为MOTOROLA系列单片机中的JK3CE，反电势过零点可以通过比较电机端电压和虚拟中点电压来得到，将过零点信号送往单片机捕捉端口后由系统软件来确定换相时刻，这样就可以由电子换向装置替代机械换相装置，有利于提高系统运行的可靠性，并降低了系统维护的费用。本系统在软件设计时，定时器中断时间由100us缩短到25us，一个定时器中断时间为相位调节中的一步，这样就提高了相位调节精度。在相位调节时采用变系数比例环节，它能根据相位差值大小自动调整步数，使得相位调节过程更为迅速。将起动方式进行了改进，由步进起动方式发展为全过程自同步起动方式，改进后的起动方式能有效的减小起动电流，并缩短起动时间，有利于解决群控运行中存在的起动问题，促进了群控技术的发展。
The water pumping system uses Photovoltaic (PV) panels which produce electricity directly from sunlight using silicon cells and drive the pump through series of new technologies of electronics, motors, control units and different modern devices to bring water up from river, lake or deep well. Photovoltaic, mechanical and electronic theories etc. multi-across subject are involved in the system. The photovoltaic water pumping system droved by sensorless BLDC is a novel system developed recently. This paper studied the control technology of sensorless BLDC deeply. The chip JK3CE that is one of micro-controllers in Motorola 68HC08 family is used as control unit in this system. The zero crossing point of the back EMF can be obtained by comparing the terminal voltage with the virtual neutral point, then using the software of the system can figure out the commutation period. The electronic commutation replaces the mechanical commutation in this way. It helps to enhance the reliability of the system and reduce the maintenance cost. The timer interface module generates interrupt request every 25us, which is fine enough comparing with 1 OOus and used as one-step in adjusting commutation periods. The digital-adjust module that changes the steps automatically due to the difference between two commutation periods is beneficial to the quick adjustment of the commutation period. The full time self-synchronization technology that developed from step-start technology can reduce the current and starting-time. It solves one of the key problems in controlling many water pumps to work together and develops the control technology greatly.
The water pumping system uses Photovoltaic (PV) panels which produce electricity directly from sunlight using silicon cells and drive the pump through series of new technologies of electronics, motors, control units and different modern devices to bring water up from river, lake or deep well. Photovoltaic, mechanical and electronic theories etc. multi-across subject are involved in the system. The photovoltaic water pumping system droved by sensorless BLDC is a novel system developed recently. This paper studied the control technology of sensorless BLDC deeply. The chip JK3CE that is one of micro-controllers in Motorola 68HC08 family is used as control unit in this system. The zero crossing point of the back EMF can be obtained by comparing the terminal voltage with the virtual neutral point, then using the software of the system can figure out the commutation period. The electronic commutation replaces the mechanical commutation in this way. It helps to enhance the reliability of the system and reduce the maintenance cost. The timer interface module generates interrupt request every 25us, which is fine enough comparing with 1 OOus and used as one-step in adjusting commutation periods. The digital-adjust module that changes the steps automatically due to the difference between two commutation periods is beneficial to the quick adjustment of the commutation period. The full time self-synchronization technology that developed from step-start technology can reduce the current and starting-time. It solves one of the key problems in controlling many water pumps to work together and develops the control technology greatly.
引文
1．余世杰，光伏水泵系统，太阳能学报专辑，1999
2．赵玉文，21世纪我国光伏产业发展战略思考，合肥工业大学讲座，2002．10
3．梁亦铂 DSP在无传感器无刷直流电机控制中的应用 微电机2001年第34卷第五期
4. Jinwen Shao, Dennis Nolan, Maxime Teissier, David Swanson, A novel microcontroller-based sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive for automotive fuel pumps IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 39, NO.6 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2003
5．余世杰等，“光伏水泵系统的最大功率点跟踪器”，《太阳能学报》，1997，P225-230
6．京特·莱纳著，《太阳能的光伏利用》，余世杰、何慧若译，合肥工业大学出版社 1990
7．苏建徽，“光伏水泵系统”，合肥工业大学博士毕业论文，2003，6
8. Michael M. Bech, Analysis of Random Pulase-Width Modulation Technology for Power Electronic Converters, PhD theses, Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 2000
9．陈颖中，永磁直流无刷电机控制器设计，机电工程，2000年第二期
10．石山，励庆孚，谢卫，一种新型无位置传感器直流电机启动方法，微特电机，2001年第二期，PP25-27
11. M. Godoy Simoes, N. Fran, N. N. Francestti, M. Fridhofer, A Fuzzy Logic based Photoviltaic Peak power Tracking Controller, Industrial Electronics, 1998, Proceedings ISIE'981:300-305 Vol. 1
12．沈玉梁、蔡二南，“带有MPPT功能的光伏水泵系统专用逆变器，太阳能学报，15卷3期，1994，P218
13．沈玉梁、蔡二南，带有DUCK变换器并具有CVT功能的光伏系统的稳定性分析，太阳能学报，14卷1期，1993
14. George Ellis, Advanced in Brushless DC Motor Technology, Cotrol, and Manifacture, PCIM-Europe, 1996
15. Herrmarm, B., Karl, H., Kopf, E., Lehner, G., Saupe, G., A PV water Pumping System with Progressive Cavity Pump, Proc. B. E. C, Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
16. T. Endo and F. Tajima,"Microcomputer controlled brushless motor without a shaft mounted position sensor,"in Proe. IPE-Tokyo, 1983,pp. 1339-1345
17. STMicroelectronics," Control of a brushless motor," U. S. Patent 5 859 520 1999
18. J. Shao, D. Nolan, and T. Hopkins," A novel direct back EMF detection for sensorless brushless DC (BLDC)motor drives,"in proc.IEEE APEC,2002,pp.33-38
19．现代电力电子技术基础，张立，高等教育出版社
20．开关电源的原理与使用，张占松编，电子工业出版社
21．何慧若、余世杰，光伏水泵系统用CVT型最大功率点跟踪器电压整定值的仿真研究，新能源，1998年，第20卷，第6期，P15
22．余世杰、何慧若，光伏水泵系统中CVT及TMPPT的控制比较，太阳能学报，1998年第19卷，第4期，P394
23．董亚晖，龚世缨，孙剑波，永磁无刷直流电机转子位置估算方法，微特电机，2002年第二期，PP11-13
24. Nobuyuki Kasa, Takahiko Iida, Gourab Majumdar, Robust Control for Maximum Power Tracking in Photovoltaic Power System, Power Conversion Conference. 2002. PCC-Osaka 2002.2002, 2:877-832
25．陈渊，吴捷，张宙，永磁无刷伺服电机无传感器位置估计方法综述，微特电机，2000年第四期，PP3-7
26．陈颖中，永磁直流无刷电机控制器设计，机电工程，2000年第二期
27. C French,"control of permanent Magnet Motor Drives Using a New Position Estimatin Technique[J]", IEEE Trans Indus Appli, 1996, 32(5): 1089-1097
28. N. Matsui,"Brushless de motor control withoutj position and speed sensors[J],"IEEE Trans on Industry Applications, 1992,28(1): 120-127
29. A. B. Kulkami "A Nobel Position Sensor Elimination Technique for the Interior permanent-Magnet synchronous Motor Drive[J], IEEE Trans Indus Appli, 1992,28(1): 144-150
30. M. J. Coreley," Rotor Position and Velocity Estimation for a salient-Pole permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine at Standstil and High Speeds[J]. IEEE Trans Indus Appli, 1998,34(4):784-789
2．赵玉文，21世纪我国光伏产业发展战略思考，合肥工业大学讲座，2002．10
3．梁亦铂 DSP在无传感器无刷直流电机控制中的应用 微电机2001年第34卷第五期
4. Jinwen Shao, Dennis Nolan, Maxime Teissier, David Swanson, A novel microcontroller-based sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive for automotive fuel pumps IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 39, NO.6 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2003
5．余世杰等，“光伏水泵系统的最大功率点跟踪器”，《太阳能学报》，1997，P225-230
6．京特·莱纳著，《太阳能的光伏利用》，余世杰、何慧若译，合肥工业大学出版社 1990
7．苏建徽，“光伏水泵系统”，合肥工业大学博士毕业论文，2003，6
8. Michael M. Bech, Analysis of Random Pulase-Width Modulation Technology for Power Electronic Converters, PhD theses, Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 2000
9．陈颖中，永磁直流无刷电机控制器设计，机电工程，2000年第二期
10．石山，励庆孚，谢卫，一种新型无位置传感器直流电机启动方法，微特电机，2001年第二期，PP25-27
11. M. Godoy Simoes, N. Fran, N. N. Francestti, M. Fridhofer, A Fuzzy Logic based Photoviltaic Peak power Tracking Controller, Industrial Electronics, 1998, Proceedings ISIE'981:300-305 Vol. 1
12．沈玉梁、蔡二南，“带有MPPT功能的光伏水泵系统专用逆变器，太阳能学报，15卷3期，1994，P218
13．沈玉梁、蔡二南，带有DUCK变换器并具有CVT功能的光伏系统的稳定性分析，太阳能学报，14卷1期，1993
14. George Ellis, Advanced in Brushless DC Motor Technology, Cotrol, and Manifacture, PCIM-Europe, 1996
15. Herrmarm, B., Karl, H., Kopf, E., Lehner, G., Saupe, G., A PV water Pumping System with Progressive Cavity Pump, Proc. B. E. C, Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
16. T. Endo and F. Tajima,"Microcomputer controlled brushless motor without a shaft mounted position sensor,"in Proe. IPE-Tokyo, 1983,pp. 1339-1345
17. STMicroelectronics," Control of a brushless motor," U. S. Patent 5 859 520 1999
18. J. Shao, D. Nolan, and T. Hopkins," A novel direct back EMF detection for sensorless brushless DC (BLDC)motor drives,"in proc.IEEE APEC,2002,pp.33-38
19．现代电力电子技术基础，张立，高等教育出版社
20．开关电源的原理与使用，张占松编，电子工业出版社
21．何慧若、余世杰，光伏水泵系统用CVT型最大功率点跟踪器电压整定值的仿真研究，新能源，1998年，第20卷，第6期，P15
22．余世杰、何慧若，光伏水泵系统中CVT及TMPPT的控制比较，太阳能学报，1998年第19卷，第4期，P394
23．董亚晖，龚世缨，孙剑波，永磁无刷直流电机转子位置估算方法，微特电机，2002年第二期，PP11-13
24. Nobuyuki Kasa, Takahiko Iida, Gourab Majumdar, Robust Control for Maximum Power Tracking in Photovoltaic Power System, Power Conversion Conference. 2002. PCC-Osaka 2002.2002, 2:877-832
25．陈渊，吴捷，张宙，永磁无刷伺服电机无传感器位置估计方法综述，微特电机，2000年第四期，PP3-7
26．陈颖中，永磁直流无刷电机控制器设计，机电工程，2000年第二期
27. C French,"control of permanent Magnet Motor Drives Using a New Position Estimatin Technique[J]", IEEE Trans Indus Appli, 1996, 32(5): 1089-1097
28. N. Matsui,"Brushless de motor control withoutj position and speed sensors[J],"IEEE Trans on Industry Applications, 1992,28(1): 120-127
29. A. B. Kulkami "A Nobel Position Sensor Elimination Technique for the Interior permanent-Magnet synchronous Motor Drive[J], IEEE Trans Indus Appli, 1992,28(1): 144-150
30. M. J. Coreley," Rotor Position and Velocity Estimation for a salient-Pole permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine at Standstil and High Speeds[J]. IEEE Trans Indus Appli, 1998,34(4):784-789