银川地区无公害植保技术使用影响因素的调查研究
|
摘要
随着人们生活水平的提高,人们对食物的需求开始由数量型向质量型转变,越来越注重食品的安全性、科学性和经济性。为此我国启动了“安全食品计划”,并实施了农产品从“农田到餐桌”全过程质量安全控制。但实际上由于市场、政府支持政策、检测体系完善程度以及农业技术推广服务体系等因素的影响,在农业生产中,无公害农产品植保技术并未真正落实贯彻执行。为力使无公害植保技术尽快得到推广应用,对影响无公害植保技术推广应用的因素进行调查研究十分必要。本论文主要对银川地区无公害植保技术使用的影响因素进行了调查分析,得出以下结论:
1、根据试验比较,生物农药比化学农药防效慢,且成本高,是生物农药难以大面积推广的障碍因素之一。加强耕作栽培技术可减轻病虫害的发生和扩散,减少农药的使用,提高无公害农产品的质量。
2、通过对八个主要障碍因子排序的结果可知,推广经费缺乏是阻碍银川地区无公害植保技术推广最主要的障碍因素。由于经费短缺,技术人员的工作条件差,手段落后,工作效率低。由于经费不足,科技人员下基层的利益得不到保证,工作积极性受挫,主观上缺乏服务创新源动力,造成植保技术信息传播不力。
3、政府重视程度不足,也是无公害植保技术得不到大力推广的一个制约因素。政府没有把无公害植保技术作为重要推广工作内容,推广机构的技术力量不足,从事蔬菜和植保专业的技术人员严重缺乏,不能满足生产发展的需求。同时政府用于无公害植保技术推广资会投入严重不足,技术人员在推广工作中缺乏资金支持和激励机制,使得无公害植保技术向下传输受阻。
4、银川地区农民文化素质低和技术人员的主动性欠缺,是银川地区植保技术不能很好推广的另一制约因素。农民文化素质普遍较低,绝大部分农民没有接受过农业技术培训,直接导致其对农业科学知识理解不透,掌握应用现代化科学技术能力弱、速度慢,目光短浅,只考虑经济效益,只要求快速见效,不考虑对环境的影响,影响了无公害植保技术的应用和传播。另外技术员不能主动进行经常性或全程性技术服务,导致植保技术供需脱节,迫使农民以人际传播形式获取植保知识。这正是银川地区无公害植保技术传播形式不是以组织传播为主,而是
Green food has been paid attention increasingly in our country with the rise of living standard of people. To ensure the green food to be produced, Our government has started a food safety program and taken a series of measurements. One of the measurements is to let a green-plant-protection technique become popular. But it is difficult to be applied in Yinchuan district. Thus it is necessary to survey the reasons. This paper reported the result of a study on effect factors of green plant protection technique popularization in Yinchuan district.1. According to test, it is slower for bio-pesticide to become efficient and it cost higher than chemicals. This is an effect factor for popularization of green-plant-protection technique in Yinchuan district.2. In the eight effective factors studied, invest was found to be a main factor to block the popularization of the green-plant-protection technique. Since the shortage of money, technicians worked in a poor condition, they can not work efficiently. And because the shortage of money, they can not get benefit from their work in farm. So they have no sufficient activity in their work. This resulted in inefficience on the whole popularization of green-plant-protection technique in Yinchuan district.3. Local government has not pay sufficient attention in popularization of green-plant-protection technique. Number of technicians with special knowledge of plant protection are very low. This lead to the farmers have very little chance to meet technicians and to get the necessary information. Capital shortage also blocks technicians to lean new technique and to spread it.4. Farmers in Yinchuan district are short of knowledge and technicians lack activity. A large number of farmers have never accepted training, this resulted in their low ability to understand and use new knowledge. And they considered a short-term goal (economic benefit), instead of a long-run goal( environmental ecological balance), as the main factor, Thus the popularization was blocked. On the other hand, technicians have no motility, they do not work actively, and things could not be done well. This situation makes the farmer to get information mainly from farmers themselves, not from the technicians. Since the information exchange between farmers is in a lower level, the spread of green -plant-protection technique in Yinchuan district is in a lower level too.5. Policy, which are well done or not, effect the agriculture directly. There are has no serious permission policy for farm products. Vegatable apply was seams inorder. This effects farmers to produce
green food.It can be seen that the measure must be taken by government on the spread of green -plant-protection technique in Yinchuan district, to invest much to move technicians to work efficiently, and to train farmers to accept new technique. Green -plant-protection technique can be popularized smoothly.
1、根据试验比较,生物农药比化学农药防效慢,且成本高,是生物农药难以大面积推广的障碍因素之一。加强耕作栽培技术可减轻病虫害的发生和扩散,减少农药的使用,提高无公害农产品的质量。
2、通过对八个主要障碍因子排序的结果可知,推广经费缺乏是阻碍银川地区无公害植保技术推广最主要的障碍因素。由于经费短缺,技术人员的工作条件差,手段落后,工作效率低。由于经费不足,科技人员下基层的利益得不到保证,工作积极性受挫,主观上缺乏服务创新源动力,造成植保技术信息传播不力。
3、政府重视程度不足,也是无公害植保技术得不到大力推广的一个制约因素。政府没有把无公害植保技术作为重要推广工作内容,推广机构的技术力量不足,从事蔬菜和植保专业的技术人员严重缺乏,不能满足生产发展的需求。同时政府用于无公害植保技术推广资会投入严重不足,技术人员在推广工作中缺乏资金支持和激励机制,使得无公害植保技术向下传输受阻。
4、银川地区农民文化素质低和技术人员的主动性欠缺,是银川地区植保技术不能很好推广的另一制约因素。农民文化素质普遍较低,绝大部分农民没有接受过农业技术培训,直接导致其对农业科学知识理解不透,掌握应用现代化科学技术能力弱、速度慢,目光短浅,只考虑经济效益,只要求快速见效,不考虑对环境的影响,影响了无公害植保技术的应用和传播。另外技术员不能主动进行经常性或全程性技术服务,导致植保技术供需脱节,迫使农民以人际传播形式获取植保知识。这正是银川地区无公害植保技术传播形式不是以组织传播为主,而是
Green food has been paid attention increasingly in our country with the rise of living standard of people. To ensure the green food to be produced, Our government has started a food safety program and taken a series of measurements. One of the measurements is to let a green-plant-protection technique become popular. But it is difficult to be applied in Yinchuan district. Thus it is necessary to survey the reasons. This paper reported the result of a study on effect factors of green plant protection technique popularization in Yinchuan district.1. According to test, it is slower for bio-pesticide to become efficient and it cost higher than chemicals. This is an effect factor for popularization of green-plant-protection technique in Yinchuan district.2. In the eight effective factors studied, invest was found to be a main factor to block the popularization of the green-plant-protection technique. Since the shortage of money, technicians worked in a poor condition, they can not work efficiently. And because the shortage of money, they can not get benefit from their work in farm. So they have no sufficient activity in their work. This resulted in inefficience on the whole popularization of green-plant-protection technique in Yinchuan district.3. Local government has not pay sufficient attention in popularization of green-plant-protection technique. Number of technicians with special knowledge of plant protection are very low. This lead to the farmers have very little chance to meet technicians and to get the necessary information. Capital shortage also blocks technicians to lean new technique and to spread it.4. Farmers in Yinchuan district are short of knowledge and technicians lack activity. A large number of farmers have never accepted training, this resulted in their low ability to understand and use new knowledge. And they considered a short-term goal (economic benefit), instead of a long-run goal( environmental ecological balance), as the main factor, Thus the popularization was blocked. On the other hand, technicians have no motility, they do not work actively, and things could not be done well. This situation makes the farmer to get information mainly from farmers themselves, not from the technicians. Since the information exchange between farmers is in a lower level, the spread of green -plant-protection technique in Yinchuan district is in a lower level too.5. Policy, which are well done or not, effect the agriculture directly. There are has no serious permission policy for farm products. Vegatable apply was seams inorder. This effects farmers to produce
green food.It can be seen that the measure must be taken by government on the spread of green -plant-protection technique in Yinchuan district, to invest much to move technicians to work efficiently, and to train farmers to accept new technique. Green -plant-protection technique can be popularized smoothly.
引文
[1] 花蕾,张荣,冯俊清.植物保护原理.西北农林科大学植物保护学院,2002,5.
[2] 姚建仁,郑永权,董丰收.理性认识化学农药.农药科学与管理,2005,1.
[3] 赵善欢.植化化学保护.中国农业出版社,2000,12.
[4] 贾思勰(后魏).《齐民要术》中.沈阳出版社,1995,47.
[5] 邹建华.世界农业科学技术史.中国农业出版社,1985,32-64
[6] 张灰健.美国农业革命.天津人民出版社,1983,41.
[7] 董恺忱.世界农业发展简史[J].世界农学,1980,3.
[8] 吴士雄.国内外农药发展动态与趋势[J].植物保护,1994,4:34.
[9] 邱式邦.让生物防治在综合防治中发挥更大的作用,中国生物防治的进展.农业出版社,1984,18.
[10] 李典漠,张知彬.我国农业虫鼠害的研究状况.中国农科院院刊,1993,(院刊):35-42.
[11] 中国统计年鉴编委会.中国统计年鉴.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995.
[12] 中国农业年鉴编委会,中国农业年鉴.北京:农业出版社,1995.
[13] 戈峰.棉田生态系统结构,功能及其生态调控.中国科学院动物研究所博士论文.1993,110-167.
[14] 戴小枫,郭豫元.棉铃虫的抗药性与治理.中国农业出版社,1995:28-31
[15] 赵惠燕,无公害发展的战略思考.北京:中国农业出版社,1998:11.
[16] Pimlufe D.;Mclanghnl.;Gauagan D. et al. Enbironmlntal and Ecomonic I mpalt of U.S. Agriultubat Pesticidls usl. Agvicultuvl;Ecosy slems and Emvi ron ment. 1993, (46):273-288
[17] Yepkaco Ba,A.A(程之文).资本主义国家农药消费的趋势.农药译丛,6,(4):33-42.
[18] Zilherman.农药使用和法规的经济分析.农药译丛,14,(4):31-35.
[19] 孙洪武,范永坚.无公害植物保护-无公害农业的重要科技支撑.江苏农业科学,2002,2:6-7.
[20] Matteson P.C. Th1 "50% Pestiaides 11t" mEuvope: Aghmpsl of ouv futuve? American En tomo togist. 1995(4):210-220
[21] 边疆.中国农业生态的理论与实践.北京:改革出版社,1993,53-55.
[22] 沈亨理.农业生态学.北京:中国农业出版社,1996,71-76.
[23] 陈万权.美固农作物病虫害的综合治理.世界农业,2002,3:20.
[24] 卢厚祥,陈友强.无公害蔬菜病虫害防治对策.植保工程,2004,11:33-34.
[25] 徐玉芳,薛云东.无公害蔬菜苗期主要病虫害及综合防治技术.泰安师专学报,2002,11:82-84.
[26] 陈庆河,翁启勇.我国无公害蔬菜病虫防治研究与探讨.福建农业学报,1999,(14):54-58.
[37] 刘明池.保护地蔬菜病虫害无公害综合防治技术.北京农业科学,1997,10:16-17.
[28] 石鸿文,邓富平.无公害蔬菜病虫害生物防治技术.植物保护,2004,3:15.
[29] 刘小西,相建业.0.15%苦皮藤素微乳剂防治小菜蛾田间药效试验.陕西农业科学,2002,8:46-47.
[30] 可欣,王秀英.应用生物源农药防治小菜蛾效果初报.吉林蔬菜,2005,1:44.
[31] 吴钜文.昆虫生长调节剂在农业害虫防治中的应用.农药,2002,4:6-8.
[32] 孙成都.无公害蔬菜中怎样选择农药.中国农技推广,2004,(增刊):71.
[33] 陈庭华,张欢淼,陈彩霞.无公害蔬菜基地建设和植保技术应用.植物保护,2001,2:27-28.
[34] 胡玉清.无公害蔬菜栽培新技术.北京:金盾出版社,1998,43-46.
[35] 刘西存.无公害蔬菜病虫害防治图谱.宁夏:宁夏人民出版社,2001,51-57.
[36] 银川市统计局.宁夏银川统计年鉴2005年.银川:中国统计出版社,2005.
[37] 陈今英.论农业科技运行机制.农业现代化研究,1998,1:31.
[38] 秦文利,王慧军.农民素质对农业技术扩散的影响.河北农业科学,2004,3:55-56.
[39] 马玉华.田间试验和统计方法.北京:农业出版社,1995.
[40] 张志耀,梁嘉骅.农村劳动力素质经济效益分析与发展对策研究.系统工程理论与研究,1994,10:25-32.
[41] 彭光芒.对当前农村科技传播媒介环境的调查.湖北农业科学,2005,5:17-19.
[42] 刘华同,马康贫.农民文化素质对农业技术选择的影响.调查与研究,2000,7:29-31.
[43] 石田.国外加强农业教育提高农民素质做法.世界农业,1997,2:35-37.
[44] 银川市农经站.调研报告汇编.2004:5.
[45] 何艺兵.农药残留检测技术及其标准现状.农业质量标准,2003,2:16-17.
[46] 徐金海.农产品市场中的“柠檬问题”及解决思路.当代经济研究,2002,8:19.
[47] 张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学.上海:上海人民出版社,1996,32-58.
[48] 郭强.定量调查手册.北京:中国时代经济出版社,2004,8-43.
[49] 朱玲玲,车文辉.浅谈调查问卷的设计与分析.上海统计,1997,4-10:12-17.
[50] 刘菊红,何文华.调查问卷中的统计方法.上海统计,2002,2:21-22.
[51] 石振华,赵晓玲.怎样设计出一份好的调查问卷.浙江统计,1994,3:33-35.
[52] 苏为华,何斌.调查问卷设计中应注意的几个心理问题.浙江统计,1997,10:27-28.
[53] 王振国,胡晓梅.农业科技推广与农业信息服务.图书管理与理论,2003,5:18.
[54] 赵玲,张岩.农村信息需求的障碍能力及对策研究.情报杂志,2001,10:41-43.
[55] 孙晶霞,韩立军,杨过志.农业科技推广面临的难题几对策.吉林农业大学学报,1995,01:75-76.
[56] 钟定量.生物农药防治小菜蛾试验初报.中国蔬菜.1995,2:35-36.
[57] 七峰.害虫生态调控的原理和方法.生态学杂志.1999,17(2):38-42.
[58] 张宜绪.农药发展与综合治理.植保技术与推广.1999,1:35-36.
[59] 庞雄飞,张敏玲.小菜蛾的生物防治问题.生态科学.1995,2:78-83.
[60] 梁知洁,白昆山.生物农药与设施病害的防治.沈阳农业大学学报.2001,32:(10:61-66.
[61] 张晓兵.我国农业技术推广体系与政府为研究.中国科技论坛,1996,2:23-25.
[2] 姚建仁,郑永权,董丰收.理性认识化学农药.农药科学与管理,2005,1.
[3] 赵善欢.植化化学保护.中国农业出版社,2000,12.
[4] 贾思勰(后魏).《齐民要术》中.沈阳出版社,1995,47.
[5] 邹建华.世界农业科学技术史.中国农业出版社,1985,32-64
[6] 张灰健.美国农业革命.天津人民出版社,1983,41.
[7] 董恺忱.世界农业发展简史[J].世界农学,1980,3.
[8] 吴士雄.国内外农药发展动态与趋势[J].植物保护,1994,4:34.
[9] 邱式邦.让生物防治在综合防治中发挥更大的作用,中国生物防治的进展.农业出版社,1984,18.
[10] 李典漠,张知彬.我国农业虫鼠害的研究状况.中国农科院院刊,1993,(院刊):35-42.
[11] 中国统计年鉴编委会.中国统计年鉴.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995.
[12] 中国农业年鉴编委会,中国农业年鉴.北京:农业出版社,1995.
[13] 戈峰.棉田生态系统结构,功能及其生态调控.中国科学院动物研究所博士论文.1993,110-167.
[14] 戴小枫,郭豫元.棉铃虫的抗药性与治理.中国农业出版社,1995:28-31
[15] 赵惠燕,无公害发展的战略思考.北京:中国农业出版社,1998:11.
[16] Pimlufe D.;Mclanghnl.;Gauagan D. et al. Enbironmlntal and Ecomonic I mpalt of U.S. Agriultubat Pesticidls usl. Agvicultuvl;Ecosy slems and Emvi ron ment. 1993, (46):273-288
[17] Yepkaco Ba,A.A(程之文).资本主义国家农药消费的趋势.农药译丛,6,(4):33-42.
[18] Zilherman.农药使用和法规的经济分析.农药译丛,14,(4):31-35.
[19] 孙洪武,范永坚.无公害植物保护-无公害农业的重要科技支撑.江苏农业科学,2002,2:6-7.
[20] Matteson P.C. Th1 "50% Pestiaides 11t" mEuvope: Aghmpsl of ouv futuve? American En tomo togist. 1995(4):210-220
[21] 边疆.中国农业生态的理论与实践.北京:改革出版社,1993,53-55.
[22] 沈亨理.农业生态学.北京:中国农业出版社,1996,71-76.
[23] 陈万权.美固农作物病虫害的综合治理.世界农业,2002,3:20.
[24] 卢厚祥,陈友强.无公害蔬菜病虫害防治对策.植保工程,2004,11:33-34.
[25] 徐玉芳,薛云东.无公害蔬菜苗期主要病虫害及综合防治技术.泰安师专学报,2002,11:82-84.
[26] 陈庆河,翁启勇.我国无公害蔬菜病虫防治研究与探讨.福建农业学报,1999,(14):54-58.
[37] 刘明池.保护地蔬菜病虫害无公害综合防治技术.北京农业科学,1997,10:16-17.
[28] 石鸿文,邓富平.无公害蔬菜病虫害生物防治技术.植物保护,2004,3:15.
[29] 刘小西,相建业.0.15%苦皮藤素微乳剂防治小菜蛾田间药效试验.陕西农业科学,2002,8:46-47.
[30] 可欣,王秀英.应用生物源农药防治小菜蛾效果初报.吉林蔬菜,2005,1:44.
[31] 吴钜文.昆虫生长调节剂在农业害虫防治中的应用.农药,2002,4:6-8.
[32] 孙成都.无公害蔬菜中怎样选择农药.中国农技推广,2004,(增刊):71.
[33] 陈庭华,张欢淼,陈彩霞.无公害蔬菜基地建设和植保技术应用.植物保护,2001,2:27-28.
[34] 胡玉清.无公害蔬菜栽培新技术.北京:金盾出版社,1998,43-46.
[35] 刘西存.无公害蔬菜病虫害防治图谱.宁夏:宁夏人民出版社,2001,51-57.
[36] 银川市统计局.宁夏银川统计年鉴2005年.银川:中国统计出版社,2005.
[37] 陈今英.论农业科技运行机制.农业现代化研究,1998,1:31.
[38] 秦文利,王慧军.农民素质对农业技术扩散的影响.河北农业科学,2004,3:55-56.
[39] 马玉华.田间试验和统计方法.北京:农业出版社,1995.
[40] 张志耀,梁嘉骅.农村劳动力素质经济效益分析与发展对策研究.系统工程理论与研究,1994,10:25-32.
[41] 彭光芒.对当前农村科技传播媒介环境的调查.湖北农业科学,2005,5:17-19.
[42] 刘华同,马康贫.农民文化素质对农业技术选择的影响.调查与研究,2000,7:29-31.
[43] 石田.国外加强农业教育提高农民素质做法.世界农业,1997,2:35-37.
[44] 银川市农经站.调研报告汇编.2004:5.
[45] 何艺兵.农药残留检测技术及其标准现状.农业质量标准,2003,2:16-17.
[46] 徐金海.农产品市场中的“柠檬问题”及解决思路.当代经济研究,2002,8:19.
[47] 张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学.上海:上海人民出版社,1996,32-58.
[48] 郭强.定量调查手册.北京:中国时代经济出版社,2004,8-43.
[49] 朱玲玲,车文辉.浅谈调查问卷的设计与分析.上海统计,1997,4-10:12-17.
[50] 刘菊红,何文华.调查问卷中的统计方法.上海统计,2002,2:21-22.
[51] 石振华,赵晓玲.怎样设计出一份好的调查问卷.浙江统计,1994,3:33-35.
[52] 苏为华,何斌.调查问卷设计中应注意的几个心理问题.浙江统计,1997,10:27-28.
[53] 王振国,胡晓梅.农业科技推广与农业信息服务.图书管理与理论,2003,5:18.
[54] 赵玲,张岩.农村信息需求的障碍能力及对策研究.情报杂志,2001,10:41-43.
[55] 孙晶霞,韩立军,杨过志.农业科技推广面临的难题几对策.吉林农业大学学报,1995,01:75-76.
[56] 钟定量.生物农药防治小菜蛾试验初报.中国蔬菜.1995,2:35-36.
[57] 七峰.害虫生态调控的原理和方法.生态学杂志.1999,17(2):38-42.
[58] 张宜绪.农药发展与综合治理.植保技术与推广.1999,1:35-36.
[59] 庞雄飞,张敏玲.小菜蛾的生物防治问题.生态科学.1995,2:78-83.
[60] 梁知洁,白昆山.生物农药与设施病害的防治.沈阳农业大学学报.2001,32:(10:61-66.
[61] 张晓兵.我国农业技术推广体系与政府为研究.中国科技论坛,1996,2:23-25.