黑龙江省黑土有机碳的研究
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摘要
黑土是黑龙江省主要的耕作土壤,土壤有机碳含量常被认为是评价农田土壤质量的一个重要指标,土壤有机碳的大量损失可造成土壤退化以及降低农田利用的可持续性。试验区设在黑龙江省典型黑土区嫩江,海伦,绥化,双城4个区域,通过野外调查、采样分析和资料收集,研究该黑土地区中组分有机碳的相互关系及碳储量。每个研究区域采样30点,每个采样点随机选取,取0~20cm表层土壤的3个点混合样品,各个地点各选取6个有代表性的采样点进行一个三层取样,取样深度为0~20cm,20~40cm和40~60cm。
研究结果表明:表层土壤有机质平均含量为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,有机质含量由北向南越来越低。黑土总有机碳含量含量随纬度的增加呈现出逐渐升高的趋势。黑土有机质的土壤剖面垂直分布特点是,在土壤表层有机质聚集、含量较高,表层以下呈现下降的趋势,在黑土的不同区域都呈现一致的趋势。四个地点20~40cm土壤平均含量为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,有机质含量由北向南逐渐降低。四个地点40~60cm土壤平均含量为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,有机质含量由北向南逐渐降低。下层土壤有机质含量变化规律与表层相同,表明这四个地点有机质含量在自然成土因素作用下就是具有由北向南逐渐降低的规律。四个地点的活性有机质含量的平均值为海伦>绥化>嫩江>双城,分布规律与总有机质的分布规律不同,与总有机质相关性不显著。pH为双城>绥化>海伦>嫩江,pH由南向北逐渐降低,酸性逐渐增大,由南向北有酸化的趋势。
另外,表层土壤游离态轻组有机碳平均含量为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,与总有机碳含量呈极显著的正相关性;表层土壤闭蓄态轻组有机碳平均含量差异很小,与总有机碳分布规律不同,与总有机碳含量不具有相关性;土壤游离态轻组有机碳(fLF)含量随着土壤剖面深度的增加而减少,与土壤总有机碳变化规律相同,土壤闭蓄态轻组有机碳(OLF)含量沿着土壤剖面向下分布没有规律,分布具有随机性;表层土壤重组有机碳平均含量为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,四个地点表层土壤重组有机碳含量与总有机碳含量呈极显著的正相关性。下层土壤重组有机碳(HF)含量随着土壤剖面深度的增加而减少。
四个地点的有机无机复合度大都在70%以上,未复合的轻组仅有一小部分,表明该地区黑土有机物质的腐殖化程度均很高并大多与无机胶体复合形成有机无机复合体。
表层碳密度平均值为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,研究区域表层土壤的有机碳密度具有高度的空间变异性,土壤有机碳密度分布是不均匀的,整个研究区的有机碳密度从北向南呈逐渐递减的趋势。
Black soil is the main farming soil in Heilongjiang Province, soil organic carbon content is often considered to evaluate the quality of agricultural soil is an important indicator of a large loss of soil organic carbon can cause soil degradation and reduced agricultural land use sustainabilit.The pilot area is located in the Heilongjiang Province typical black earth area Nenjiang, Hailun, Suihua, Shuangcheng four regions, through the open country investigation, the sampling analysis and the acquisition of information, studies in this black earth area the component organic carbon reciprocity and the carbon reserves. Each research region sampling thirty spots, each sampling point selects stochastically, takes the 0~20cm surface layer soil three spot biased sample, each place selects six to have the representative sampling point to carry on three samples, the sample depth is respectively 0~20cm,20~40cm and 40~60cm.
The result showed that the surface layer soil ulmin average content is Nenjiang > Halun> Suihua > Shuangcheng, the organic content is from north to south getting more and more low. The black earth total organic carbon content content along with the latitude the tendency which increases presents elevates gradually. The black earth organic archery target soil profile vertical distribution characteristic is, at the soil mantle organic matter accumulation, the content is high, the surface layer following presents the drop the tendency, presents the consistent tendency in the black earth zones of different. Four place 20~40cm soil average content for the Nenjiang > Hailun > Suihua > Shuangcheng, the organic content reduces gradually from north to south.
Four place 40~60cm soil average content for the Nenjiang > Hailun > Suihua > Shuangcheng, the organic content reduces gradually from north to south. The lower level soil ulmin content change rule and the surface layer are the same, indicate these four place organic content, in the nature becomes the rule which under the earth factor function has reduces gradually from north to south.Four place's active organic content's mean value is Hailun > Suihua > Nenjiang > Shuangcheng, the distributed rule and is always organic the archery target distributed rule to be different, is not remarkable with the total organic matter relevance. the pH mean value for Shuangcheng > Suihua > Hailun > Nenjiang, the pH content reduces gradually from south to north, the acidity increases gradually, has the acidified tendency from south to north.
Other, the surface layer soil free state light group organic carbon average content for the Nenjiang > Hailun >Suihua > Shuangcheng, assumes the extremely remarkable relevance with the total organic carbon content; The surface layer soil shuts gathers condition the light group organic carbon average content difference to be very small, is different with the total organic carbon distributed rule, does not have the relevance with the total organic carbon content; The soil free state light group organic carbon (fLF) the content increases along with the soil profile depth reduces, is the same with the soil total organic matter change rule, the soil shuts gathers condition the light group organic carbon (OLF) the content not to have the rule along the soil profile downward distribution, the distribution to have randomness; The surface layer soil reorganization organic carbon average content for Nenjiang > Hailun > Suihua > Shuangcheng, four place surface layer soil reorganization organic carbon content and the total organic carbon content assumes the extremely remarkable relevance. The lower level soil reorganization organic carbon (HF) the content increases along with the soil profile depth reduces.
Four place's organic inorganic compound above 70%, the compound light group only has not had mostly a small part, indicated that this local black earth organic matter the humification degree is very high and mostly compound forms the organic inorganic complex with the inorganic colloid.
The surface layer carbon density mean value for Nenjiang > Hailun > Suihua > Shuangcheng, studies the region surface layer soil the organic carbon density to have the high spatial changeability, the soil organic carbon density portion is non-uniform, entire research area organic carbon density. Assumes the tendency which from north to south decreases progressively gradually.
研究结果表明:表层土壤有机质平均含量为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,有机质含量由北向南越来越低。黑土总有机碳含量含量随纬度的增加呈现出逐渐升高的趋势。黑土有机质的土壤剖面垂直分布特点是,在土壤表层有机质聚集、含量较高,表层以下呈现下降的趋势,在黑土的不同区域都呈现一致的趋势。四个地点20~40cm土壤平均含量为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,有机质含量由北向南逐渐降低。四个地点40~60cm土壤平均含量为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,有机质含量由北向南逐渐降低。下层土壤有机质含量变化规律与表层相同,表明这四个地点有机质含量在自然成土因素作用下就是具有由北向南逐渐降低的规律。四个地点的活性有机质含量的平均值为海伦>绥化>嫩江>双城,分布规律与总有机质的分布规律不同,与总有机质相关性不显著。pH为双城>绥化>海伦>嫩江,pH由南向北逐渐降低,酸性逐渐增大,由南向北有酸化的趋势。
另外,表层土壤游离态轻组有机碳平均含量为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,与总有机碳含量呈极显著的正相关性;表层土壤闭蓄态轻组有机碳平均含量差异很小,与总有机碳分布规律不同,与总有机碳含量不具有相关性;土壤游离态轻组有机碳(fLF)含量随着土壤剖面深度的增加而减少,与土壤总有机碳变化规律相同,土壤闭蓄态轻组有机碳(OLF)含量沿着土壤剖面向下分布没有规律,分布具有随机性;表层土壤重组有机碳平均含量为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,四个地点表层土壤重组有机碳含量与总有机碳含量呈极显著的正相关性。下层土壤重组有机碳(HF)含量随着土壤剖面深度的增加而减少。
四个地点的有机无机复合度大都在70%以上,未复合的轻组仅有一小部分,表明该地区黑土有机物质的腐殖化程度均很高并大多与无机胶体复合形成有机无机复合体。
表层碳密度平均值为嫩江>海伦>绥化>双城,研究区域表层土壤的有机碳密度具有高度的空间变异性,土壤有机碳密度分布是不均匀的,整个研究区的有机碳密度从北向南呈逐渐递减的趋势。
Black soil is the main farming soil in Heilongjiang Province, soil organic carbon content is often considered to evaluate the quality of agricultural soil is an important indicator of a large loss of soil organic carbon can cause soil degradation and reduced agricultural land use sustainabilit.The pilot area is located in the Heilongjiang Province typical black earth area Nenjiang, Hailun, Suihua, Shuangcheng four regions, through the open country investigation, the sampling analysis and the acquisition of information, studies in this black earth area the component organic carbon reciprocity and the carbon reserves. Each research region sampling thirty spots, each sampling point selects stochastically, takes the 0~20cm surface layer soil three spot biased sample, each place selects six to have the representative sampling point to carry on three samples, the sample depth is respectively 0~20cm,20~40cm and 40~60cm.
The result showed that the surface layer soil ulmin average content is Nenjiang > Halun> Suihua > Shuangcheng, the organic content is from north to south getting more and more low. The black earth total organic carbon content content along with the latitude the tendency which increases presents elevates gradually. The black earth organic archery target soil profile vertical distribution characteristic is, at the soil mantle organic matter accumulation, the content is high, the surface layer following presents the drop the tendency, presents the consistent tendency in the black earth zones of different. Four place 20~40cm soil average content for the Nenjiang > Hailun > Suihua > Shuangcheng, the organic content reduces gradually from north to south.
Four place 40~60cm soil average content for the Nenjiang > Hailun > Suihua > Shuangcheng, the organic content reduces gradually from north to south. The lower level soil ulmin content change rule and the surface layer are the same, indicate these four place organic content, in the nature becomes the rule which under the earth factor function has reduces gradually from north to south.Four place's active organic content's mean value is Hailun > Suihua > Nenjiang > Shuangcheng, the distributed rule and is always organic the archery target distributed rule to be different, is not remarkable with the total organic matter relevance. the pH mean value for Shuangcheng > Suihua > Hailun > Nenjiang, the pH content reduces gradually from south to north, the acidity increases gradually, has the acidified tendency from south to north.
Other, the surface layer soil free state light group organic carbon average content for the Nenjiang > Hailun >Suihua > Shuangcheng, assumes the extremely remarkable relevance with the total organic carbon content; The surface layer soil shuts gathers condition the light group organic carbon average content difference to be very small, is different with the total organic carbon distributed rule, does not have the relevance with the total organic carbon content; The soil free state light group organic carbon (fLF) the content increases along with the soil profile depth reduces, is the same with the soil total organic matter change rule, the soil shuts gathers condition the light group organic carbon (OLF) the content not to have the rule along the soil profile downward distribution, the distribution to have randomness; The surface layer soil reorganization organic carbon average content for Nenjiang > Hailun > Suihua > Shuangcheng, four place surface layer soil reorganization organic carbon content and the total organic carbon content assumes the extremely remarkable relevance. The lower level soil reorganization organic carbon (HF) the content increases along with the soil profile depth reduces.
Four place's organic inorganic compound above 70%, the compound light group only has not had mostly a small part, indicated that this local black earth organic matter the humification degree is very high and mostly compound forms the organic inorganic complex with the inorganic colloid.
The surface layer carbon density mean value for Nenjiang > Hailun > Suihua > Shuangcheng, studies the region surface layer soil the organic carbon density to have the high spatial changeability, the soil organic carbon density portion is non-uniform, entire research area organic carbon density. Assumes the tendency which from north to south decreases progressively gradually.
引文
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Gregorich E G,Carter M R,Doran J W,et a1. 1997. Biological attributers of soil quality[A]. Development in Soil Science. 81～113
Gregorich E G,Greer K J,Anderson D W ,et al. 1998. Carbon distribution and losseserosion anddeposition effects[C]. Soil Tillage Research. 47: 291～320
Gu L H,BaldocchiD D,Wofsy S C,et al. 2003. Response of a deciduous forest to the mount pinatubo erup tion enhanced photosynthesis[J]. Science . 299: 2035～2038
Gunderson C A,Wullschleger S D. 1994. Photosynthetic acclimation in trees to rising atmospheric CO2 broaderperspective[J]. Photosyth. 39: 369～388
Han Xingguo,LiLinghao,Huang Jianhui. 1999. The fundamental of biogeochemistry[J]. Beijing: Higher Education. 177～185
Hasink J. 2003 .Preservation of plant residues in soils differing in unsaturated protective capacity[J].Soil Science .34 (6): 562～568
Hassink J. 1995 .Decomposition rate constants of size anddensity fraction of soil organic matter[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journa1. 59: 1631～1635
Houghton R A. 1995. Effects of land use change surface temperature,and CO2 concentration on terrestrial stores ofcarbon [J]. New York:Oxford Univ Press. 333～350
JennyH. 1980. The soil resource origin and behavior[M]. New YorkSpringer. 325～390
Janzen H H,Campbel C A,Brandt S A,et a1. 1992. Light fration organic mater in soils from long-term crop rotations[J]. Soil Science Society of Am erica Journal. 56: 1799～1806
Janzen H H,Campbell C A,Ellert B H,et a1. 1997. Soilorganic matter dynamics and their relationship tosoil quality[A] .The Netherlands Elsevier. 277～291
Janzen H H,Johnston A M ,Carefoot J M ,et a1. 1997. Soi1 organic matter dynamics in longterm experiment in southern Alberta[A]. Soil Organic Matterin Temperate Agroecosystems. 273～281
Jenkison D S,Fox R H. 2000. Interactions between fertilizer nitrogen and soil nitrogenthe so called priming effect[J] .Journal of Soil Science. 36: 425～444
Jobbgy E G,Jackson R B. 2006. The vertical distribution of soil organiccarbon and its relation to climate and vegetation [J]. EcologicalApplications. 10: 423～436
Keeling C D,Bacastow R B,CarterA F,et al. 1989A. Three dimensionalmodel of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds Analysis of observational data.[J]. MonogrSer. 55: 165～236
Kononova M M. 1964. Soil organic matter its nature itsrole in soil formation and in fertility[M] .Pergamon Press. 5～20
Lacelle B. 1997. Canada s soil organic carbon database [A]. Boca Raton: CRPress. 93～102
Law RM,et al. 1996. Variations in modeled atmospheric transport of carbon dioxide and theconsequences for CO2 inversions[J]. GlobalBiogeochem Cycles. 10: 783～796
Luo YQ,Reynolds J,Wang Y P. 1999. A search for predictive understanding of plant responses to elevated CO2 [J]. Global Change Biol. 5: 143～156
Molioy L F,Speir T W. 1977. Studies on a climosequene of soils in tussock grassland Constituents of the soil light fraction[J] .New Zealand Journal of Soil Science. 20: 167～177
Norby R. 1997. Carbon cycle inside the black box[J]. Nature. 388: 522～523
Oades J M,Vassallo A M,Waters A G. 1987. Characterization of organic mater in patticle size and density fractions fromRed brown Earth by solidstate [J] .Australia Journal of Soil Research .25: 71～82
Post W M,Emanuel W R,Zinke P J,et al.. 1982 .Soil carbon pools and world life zones [J]. Nature. 298 (8): 156～159
Powlson D S,Smith P,Coleman K,et al. 1998 .European net work of longterm sites for studies on soil organic matter[J]. Soil Tillage Research. 47: 263～274
Rogers H H,Runion GB. 1994 .Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 environmentwith emphasis on roots and the rhi2zosphere[J]. Environmental Pollution .83: 155～189
Sass R L,Fisher FM,Tumer F T. 1994. Methane emission fromrice fields effect of soil p ropertise [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 135～140
SchimelD,MelilloJ,Tian H Q,et al. 2000 Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosys2tems in the US[J] . Science . 287:2 004～2006
Schlesinger W H. 1990 .Evidence from chronosequencestudies for fllow carbon storage potential of soils[J]. Nature. 348: 232～234
Sharkey TD. 1985. Photosynthesis in inact leaves of C3 plants :physics, physiology and rate limitations[J]. BotRev. 51:507
Shaverb G R,Canadell J,Chap in F SⅢ,et al. 2000. Globalwarming and terrestrial ecosystems: a concep tual frame2work for analysis [J]. Nature. 50: 871～882
Six J,Elliott E T,Paustian K,et a1. 1999 .Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivatedand native grassland soils[J] .Soil Science Society of America Journa1. 62: 1367～1377
Six J,Elliott E T,Paustian K,et al. 1998. Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation incultivated and native grassland soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America journal. 62: 1367～1377
Six J,Elliott ET,Paustian K. 2000a. Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation amechanism for sequestration under notillage agriculture[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 32: 2099～2103
Skjemstad J O,k Feuvre R P,Prebble R E. 1990. Turnover of soil organic mater under pasture as determined by”naturala Bundance[J]. Australia Journal of Soil Research. 28: 267～276
Sohulten H R,Leinweber P. 1999. Thermal stability and composition ofminera1.bound organic matter in density fractions of soil[J]. European journal of soil science. 50: 237～248.
Solomon D,Lehmann J,Zech W. 2001. Land use efects on amino sugar signature of chromic Luvisols in the semi arid part of northern Tanzania[J] .Biology Fertilizer Soils. 33: 33～40
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