壳聚糖改性及壳聚糖基膜色谱材料的设计与开发
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摘要
环境保护和可持续发展意识使人们越来越亲睐绿色的天然材料,因此天然高分子材料在膜分离领域中的应用也成为研究热点。壳聚糖是唯一带正电荷的天然高分子,并以良好的成膜性受到业界的广泛关注。同时,壳聚糖还具有良好的吸附和螯合能力,对于吸附分离水系物料具有特别的优势。
膜色谱技术是将色谱技术和膜分离相结合的一种新技术,融合了二者之长,具有快速、高效、高选择性、易于放大等特点。膜色谱基质材料是制备膜色谱、获得满意分离效果的一个关键。本论文致力于以壳聚糖作为基质材料,通过与其它有机或无机材料进行共混或复合,制备不同类型的膜色谱,用于对蛋白质的分离和对污水中有机和无机污染物的吸附分离。
本论文首先采用壳聚糖与其自身的衍生物O-羧甲基壳聚糖进行共混,制备出多孔壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖共混膜。在课题组有关该膜对于蛋白质静态吸附性能进行了充分研究的基础上,本论文将采用该膜制备成离子交换膜色谱,采用溶菌酶作为模型蛋白质对其性能进行了详细的表征。研究结果表明,壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖膜色谱对于溶菌酶具有很强的吸附作用,但是选择合适的脱附条件,被吸附在膜上的溶菌酶又可很容易地被洗脱下来,并且吸附-脱附过程具有较好的重复性,表明该膜色谱具有良好的重复使用性。膜色谱中膜的孔径、组成膜堆膜的张数、溶菌酶料液的浓度以及流速对于溶菌酶在膜色谱中的动态吸附量均有影响。接着,本论文采用溶菌酶-卵清白蛋白混合溶液作为模拟双组分蛋白质混合液考察了壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖膜色谱对其的分离能力。结果发现选择合适的pH值以及脱附条件,两种蛋白质可以完全分开。作为一个应用实例,我们成功地运用壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖膜色谱将溶菌酶从鸡蛋清中分离出来。
本论文的另一部分工作是成功制备了壳聚糖/介孔碳材料复合膜。介孔材料具有超高的比表面积、均一可调的介孔孔径、开放的孔道结构以及稳定的骨架,同时在介孔的表面可通过一定的化学或物理方法引入不同的功能性位点,因此介孔材料被赋予了很强的吸咐能力和快速的吸附过程,在吸附与分离领域具有巨大的应用潜能。但是介孔材料大多呈粉末状,因此作为吸附剂在应用中局限较多。本论文结合介孔材料作为吸附剂和膜分离自身的优势,制备了多孔壳聚糖／介孔碳FDU-15(CS/FDU-15)复合膜和多孔壳聚糖/含铁介孔碳Fe@C (CS/Fe@C)复合膜。
对于多孔CS/FDU-15复合膜,我们采用碱性染料品红和有机小子苯酚作为污水的模拟有机污染物进行考察。研究结果表明,多孔CS/FDU-15复合膜对于品红和苯酚都具有较好的吸附能力,其静态吸附量分别为64mg/g和37.5mg/g。同时,我们还考察了品红和苯酚在CS/FDU-15复合膜上的吸附等温线和吸附动力学,发现其吸附动力学与准二级反应动力学方程吻合较好。接着我们将多孔CS/FDU-15复合膜装配成膜色谱,结果发现CS/FDU-15膜色谱对于品红和苯酚同样具有良好的动态吸附性能。同时,我们将砷酸钠作为模拟无机污染物考察了多孔CS/Fe@C复合膜对其的吸附性能。研究结果表明,多孔CS/Fe@C复合膜对于三价砷也具有非常好的吸附性能,其静态吸附量可达14mg/g,并且吸附条件简单,无需调节污水的pH值。同样,我们也将CS/Fe@C复合膜装配成膜色谱,结果发现其对于三价砷也具有良好的动态吸附性能。
最后,本论文尝试对壳聚糖进行接枝改性,制备了一种多糖/多肽杂化材料。我们通过先制得中间体6-O-三苯甲基壳聚糖,然后利用其中的氨基引发γ-谷氨酸苄酯NCA的开环反应,最后经过脱除保护获得壳聚糖/聚谷氨酸接技共聚物。通过调节壳聚糖/聚谷氨酸杂化材料所处环境的pH值以及改变壳聚糖与聚谷氨酸的比例,发现这种杂化材料可以组装成不同尺寸的实心纳米小球。
综上所述,本论文设计了三种膜色谱,即壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖、壳聚糖/介孔碳、壳聚糖/含铁介孔碳膜色谱,将它们应用于对蛋白质、染料、有机小分子和无机物砷盐的吸附和分离,均取得良好效果,表明其在蛋白质等生物分子分离和污水处理方面均具有相当的应用前景。此外,对于壳聚糖/聚谷氨酸这种多糖/多肽杂化材料形成的纳米粒子,预计在药物缓释、基因载体以及包埋医学影像造影剂等领域中也一定的应用潜力。
In view of growing public health and environmental awareness accompanied by an increasing number of ever stricter environmental regulations on discharged wastes, attention has been focused on the use of natural polymers from renewable resources as alternative to synthetic polymers. Chitosan (CS), derived from chitin that is the main structural component of the invertebrate exoskeleton and the fungal cell wall, is an abundant natural polymeric resource. Chitosan is famous for its good filming in the field, as well as good chelating properties and mechanical properties for separation the solute from aqueous solute.
The advantage ofmembrane chromatography, which combines the advantages both chromatography technology and membrane separation technology,was fast, high-efficiency in overcoming mass transfer limitation, high-selective properties, easy-amplifiance. Membrane materials is a key point for preparation for membrane chromatography and obtaining a high separation efficiency. The thesis mainly focus on preparation different type membrane chromatography for fraction protein from the mixture system and separation the pollute from waste-water,which based on chitosan and the other organic/inorganic materials composite.
In chapterl,we give a brief introduction in this field:the concept, history, research progress and proposed questions in the chitosan modification and preparation of the membrane chromatography.
In chapterII,We successfully used macroporous CS/CMCS blend membrane as the matrix to set up a membrane chromatography for protein adsorption and separation. We selected lysozyme as model protein and investigated the dynamic adsorption property of lysozyme on the CS/CMCS membrane chromatography extensively by varying the pore size of the membrane, the flow rate and the initial concentration of feed solution as well as the layer of membrane in membrane stack. The results showed that the suitable pore size, low flow rate and high initial lysozyme concentration was favorable to achieve a high dynamic adsorption capacity. Although the increase of layer of the membrane also helped to increase the dynamic adsorption capacity, it was not obvious as expected that may due to the imperfect design of the apparatus. The CS/CMCS membrane chromatography showed good repeatability and reusability with the desorption efficiency of-90%, and it separated lysozyme and ovalbumin from their binary mixture successfully. All these imply that such a natural chitosan-based membrane chromatography may have great potential on the bioseparation field in the future, for instance separating lysozyme from the egg white.
In chapter Ⅲ, we reported a simple method is developed to assemble orderedmesoporous carbon materials into robust CS membraneswith tunable thickness, porosity and content of carbon component.The composite membranes hold three-dimensional macropores,which provide fast and high-throughput filtration offlowing water streams. The anchored mesoporous carbon particlescan provide a high interface and a high density of adsorptionactive sites for capturing targeted molecules. Such ahierarchical CS/FDU-15model membranes possess high staticadsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics toward themodel dye fuchsin and phenolmolecules. CS/FDU-15membrane chromatography shows a promisingdynamic adsorption property toward thefuchsin and phenol fromflowing water streams. Moreover, the membrane sorbents canbe easily regenerated with stable cyclic performance and thepre-trapped dye molecules can be also recovered with a highand stable efficiency.
In chapter Ⅳ,we prepared another CS/Fe@Cmembrane chromatography based on the chapterlll. we investigated the adsorption properties with the NaAsO2as a modal pollute in simulating the waste-water. The CS/Fe@Ccompositemembrane hold three-dimensional macropores,which provide fast and high-throughput filtration offlowing water streams. Such ahierarchical CS/Fe@C model membranes possess high staticadsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics toward themodel inorganic compound NaAsP2. By assembling the hierarchicalmembranes into an adsorption column, it shows a promisingdynamic adsorption property toward the NaAsO2fromflowing water streams. Moreover, the membrane sorbents canbe easily regenerated with stable cyclic performance with a highand stable efficiency. Finally, the method for fabricating themembranes is quite simple and easy for processing and it maypave the way for the development of a series of other hierarchicalblend membranes for water contamination.
In chapter V,a multistep synthesis of a polysaccharide/polypeptide hybrid material is reported in this paper. We first modified CS to Tr-CS in order to make it soluble in specific organic solvent and protect the6-OH group. Then, we successfully initiated the ROP of y-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA onto Tr-CS. Finally, we obtained the target product CS-g-PGA copolymer by deprotecting the corresponding protected groups. After we successfully synthesized CS-g-PGA copolymer, we studied the self-assembly behavior of such a hybrid material with amphiphilic nature. Spherical nanoparticles were obtained after the dialysis of CS-g-PGA DMSO solution against de-ionized water. The size of CS-g-PGA nanoparticles was found to be controlled by the feed ratio of Tr-CS to y-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA. We believe such a bio-based polysaccharide/polypeptide hybrid nanoparticles with the controllable size may have great potential in biomedical fields, such as drug delivery systems.
In the last part the charpter VI,we summary and prospect of our research work. Our research work mainly focus on the design of the membrane chromatography. We successfully designed and finished three chitosan and other materials composite membranes chromatography, that is CS/CMCS blend membrane chromatography,CS/FDU-15membrane chromatography, CS/Fe@Cmembrane chromatography, and prepared a polysaccharide/polypeptide hybrid material, which we investigated the self-assembly behavior of such a hybrid material with amphiphilic nature.
膜色谱技术是将色谱技术和膜分离相结合的一种新技术,融合了二者之长,具有快速、高效、高选择性、易于放大等特点。膜色谱基质材料是制备膜色谱、获得满意分离效果的一个关键。本论文致力于以壳聚糖作为基质材料,通过与其它有机或无机材料进行共混或复合,制备不同类型的膜色谱,用于对蛋白质的分离和对污水中有机和无机污染物的吸附分离。
本论文首先采用壳聚糖与其自身的衍生物O-羧甲基壳聚糖进行共混,制备出多孔壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖共混膜。在课题组有关该膜对于蛋白质静态吸附性能进行了充分研究的基础上,本论文将采用该膜制备成离子交换膜色谱,采用溶菌酶作为模型蛋白质对其性能进行了详细的表征。研究结果表明,壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖膜色谱对于溶菌酶具有很强的吸附作用,但是选择合适的脱附条件,被吸附在膜上的溶菌酶又可很容易地被洗脱下来,并且吸附-脱附过程具有较好的重复性,表明该膜色谱具有良好的重复使用性。膜色谱中膜的孔径、组成膜堆膜的张数、溶菌酶料液的浓度以及流速对于溶菌酶在膜色谱中的动态吸附量均有影响。接着,本论文采用溶菌酶-卵清白蛋白混合溶液作为模拟双组分蛋白质混合液考察了壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖膜色谱对其的分离能力。结果发现选择合适的pH值以及脱附条件,两种蛋白质可以完全分开。作为一个应用实例,我们成功地运用壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖膜色谱将溶菌酶从鸡蛋清中分离出来。
本论文的另一部分工作是成功制备了壳聚糖/介孔碳材料复合膜。介孔材料具有超高的比表面积、均一可调的介孔孔径、开放的孔道结构以及稳定的骨架,同时在介孔的表面可通过一定的化学或物理方法引入不同的功能性位点,因此介孔材料被赋予了很强的吸咐能力和快速的吸附过程,在吸附与分离领域具有巨大的应用潜能。但是介孔材料大多呈粉末状,因此作为吸附剂在应用中局限较多。本论文结合介孔材料作为吸附剂和膜分离自身的优势,制备了多孔壳聚糖／介孔碳FDU-15(CS/FDU-15)复合膜和多孔壳聚糖/含铁介孔碳Fe@C (CS/Fe@C)复合膜。
对于多孔CS/FDU-15复合膜,我们采用碱性染料品红和有机小子苯酚作为污水的模拟有机污染物进行考察。研究结果表明,多孔CS/FDU-15复合膜对于品红和苯酚都具有较好的吸附能力,其静态吸附量分别为64mg/g和37.5mg/g。同时,我们还考察了品红和苯酚在CS/FDU-15复合膜上的吸附等温线和吸附动力学,发现其吸附动力学与准二级反应动力学方程吻合较好。接着我们将多孔CS/FDU-15复合膜装配成膜色谱,结果发现CS/FDU-15膜色谱对于品红和苯酚同样具有良好的动态吸附性能。同时,我们将砷酸钠作为模拟无机污染物考察了多孔CS/Fe@C复合膜对其的吸附性能。研究结果表明,多孔CS/Fe@C复合膜对于三价砷也具有非常好的吸附性能,其静态吸附量可达14mg/g,并且吸附条件简单,无需调节污水的pH值。同样,我们也将CS/Fe@C复合膜装配成膜色谱,结果发现其对于三价砷也具有良好的动态吸附性能。
最后,本论文尝试对壳聚糖进行接枝改性,制备了一种多糖/多肽杂化材料。我们通过先制得中间体6-O-三苯甲基壳聚糖,然后利用其中的氨基引发γ-谷氨酸苄酯NCA的开环反应,最后经过脱除保护获得壳聚糖/聚谷氨酸接技共聚物。通过调节壳聚糖/聚谷氨酸杂化材料所处环境的pH值以及改变壳聚糖与聚谷氨酸的比例,发现这种杂化材料可以组装成不同尺寸的实心纳米小球。
综上所述,本论文设计了三种膜色谱,即壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖、壳聚糖/介孔碳、壳聚糖/含铁介孔碳膜色谱,将它们应用于对蛋白质、染料、有机小分子和无机物砷盐的吸附和分离,均取得良好效果,表明其在蛋白质等生物分子分离和污水处理方面均具有相当的应用前景。此外,对于壳聚糖/聚谷氨酸这种多糖/多肽杂化材料形成的纳米粒子,预计在药物缓释、基因载体以及包埋医学影像造影剂等领域中也一定的应用潜力。
In view of growing public health and environmental awareness accompanied by an increasing number of ever stricter environmental regulations on discharged wastes, attention has been focused on the use of natural polymers from renewable resources as alternative to synthetic polymers. Chitosan (CS), derived from chitin that is the main structural component of the invertebrate exoskeleton and the fungal cell wall, is an abundant natural polymeric resource. Chitosan is famous for its good filming in the field, as well as good chelating properties and mechanical properties for separation the solute from aqueous solute.
The advantage ofmembrane chromatography, which combines the advantages both chromatography technology and membrane separation technology,was fast, high-efficiency in overcoming mass transfer limitation, high-selective properties, easy-amplifiance. Membrane materials is a key point for preparation for membrane chromatography and obtaining a high separation efficiency. The thesis mainly focus on preparation different type membrane chromatography for fraction protein from the mixture system and separation the pollute from waste-water,which based on chitosan and the other organic/inorganic materials composite.
In chapterl,we give a brief introduction in this field:the concept, history, research progress and proposed questions in the chitosan modification and preparation of the membrane chromatography.
In chapterII,We successfully used macroporous CS/CMCS blend membrane as the matrix to set up a membrane chromatography for protein adsorption and separation. We selected lysozyme as model protein and investigated the dynamic adsorption property of lysozyme on the CS/CMCS membrane chromatography extensively by varying the pore size of the membrane, the flow rate and the initial concentration of feed solution as well as the layer of membrane in membrane stack. The results showed that the suitable pore size, low flow rate and high initial lysozyme concentration was favorable to achieve a high dynamic adsorption capacity. Although the increase of layer of the membrane also helped to increase the dynamic adsorption capacity, it was not obvious as expected that may due to the imperfect design of the apparatus. The CS/CMCS membrane chromatography showed good repeatability and reusability with the desorption efficiency of-90%, and it separated lysozyme and ovalbumin from their binary mixture successfully. All these imply that such a natural chitosan-based membrane chromatography may have great potential on the bioseparation field in the future, for instance separating lysozyme from the egg white.
In chapter Ⅲ, we reported a simple method is developed to assemble orderedmesoporous carbon materials into robust CS membraneswith tunable thickness, porosity and content of carbon component.The composite membranes hold three-dimensional macropores,which provide fast and high-throughput filtration offlowing water streams. The anchored mesoporous carbon particlescan provide a high interface and a high density of adsorptionactive sites for capturing targeted molecules. Such ahierarchical CS/FDU-15model membranes possess high staticadsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics toward themodel dye fuchsin and phenolmolecules. CS/FDU-15membrane chromatography shows a promisingdynamic adsorption property toward thefuchsin and phenol fromflowing water streams. Moreover, the membrane sorbents canbe easily regenerated with stable cyclic performance and thepre-trapped dye molecules can be also recovered with a highand stable efficiency.
In chapter Ⅳ,we prepared another CS/Fe@Cmembrane chromatography based on the chapterlll. we investigated the adsorption properties with the NaAsO2as a modal pollute in simulating the waste-water. The CS/Fe@Ccompositemembrane hold three-dimensional macropores,which provide fast and high-throughput filtration offlowing water streams. Such ahierarchical CS/Fe@C model membranes possess high staticadsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics toward themodel inorganic compound NaAsP2. By assembling the hierarchicalmembranes into an adsorption column, it shows a promisingdynamic adsorption property toward the NaAsO2fromflowing water streams. Moreover, the membrane sorbents canbe easily regenerated with stable cyclic performance with a highand stable efficiency. Finally, the method for fabricating themembranes is quite simple and easy for processing and it maypave the way for the development of a series of other hierarchicalblend membranes for water contamination.
In chapter V,a multistep synthesis of a polysaccharide/polypeptide hybrid material is reported in this paper. We first modified CS to Tr-CS in order to make it soluble in specific organic solvent and protect the6-OH group. Then, we successfully initiated the ROP of y-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA onto Tr-CS. Finally, we obtained the target product CS-g-PGA copolymer by deprotecting the corresponding protected groups. After we successfully synthesized CS-g-PGA copolymer, we studied the self-assembly behavior of such a hybrid material with amphiphilic nature. Spherical nanoparticles were obtained after the dialysis of CS-g-PGA DMSO solution against de-ionized water. The size of CS-g-PGA nanoparticles was found to be controlled by the feed ratio of Tr-CS to y-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA. We believe such a bio-based polysaccharide/polypeptide hybrid nanoparticles with the controllable size may have great potential in biomedical fields, such as drug delivery systems.
In the last part the charpter VI,we summary and prospect of our research work. Our research work mainly focus on the design of the membrane chromatography. We successfully designed and finished three chitosan and other materials composite membranes chromatography, that is CS/CMCS blend membrane chromatography,CS/FDU-15membrane chromatography, CS/Fe@Cmembrane chromatography, and prepared a polysaccharide/polypeptide hybrid material, which we investigated the self-assembly behavior of such a hybrid material with amphiphilic nature.
引文
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