混合储能电动车双向变换系统的研究
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摘要
随着环境污染和能源危机日益加剧,电动车的发展逐渐受到各国的重视,良好的启车/加速性能、有效的制动能量回收以及续驶里程的提高成为当前电动车研究的热点。超级电容是一种物理电源,具有比功率大、充放电速度快、效率高、循环使用寿命长等突出优点,与之相比,蓄电池具有比能量大的优点,由蓄电池(主能源)和超级电容(辅助能源)组成的主辅混合储能系统能充分发挥各自优势,改善电动车性能。运用现代功率变换技术来控制系统中能量合理流动和功率有效分配,是发挥系统优势的关键。
文中针对主辅混合储能系统的工作特点,选择了电流双象限变换电路,并设计其主要元件参数。主电路采用功率MOSFET并联方案,减小了噪声,提高了变换器的功率密度;为降低开关损耗,提高变换器的效率,根据系统中超级电容充放电速度快的特性,提出一种缓冲型软开关解决方案,设计了无源低损缓冲电路结构,并进行系统的模态和仿真分析。仿真结果表明,本方案能够实现主开关器件的零电流开通(ZCS,Zero Current Switching)和零电压关断(ZVS,Zero Voltage Switching),减小开关损耗。
为兼顾快速控制以及方便与整车系统通讯,基于TI公司的TMS 320LF2407A型DSP芯片设计了一种智能型控制器,控制算法通过软件编程实现,升级方便,具有良好的扩展性。此控制系统能够实现供能和馈能时电流的数字闭环控制以及出现异常情况时的有效保护和故障问题的判断显示。驱动电路采用EXB841芯片,设计了合理的外围电路,能可靠地实现并联功率MOSFET的驱动。
本文进行了部分实验研究并搭建小型试验平台,验证了大功率时采用功率MOSFET并联方案及控制策略的可行性,无源低损缓冲电路提高了双向变换器的变换效率和可靠性。上述工作为进一步研究混合储能系统及其应用提供了技术储备。
Along with the atmospheric pollution and energy crisis is more and more serious, the development of Electric Vehicle(sEVS) become the focus that many countries pay attention to increasingly.
It becomes a hotspot to research the good startup/accelerating performance, efficient energy recycling and the One Time Traveling Mileage increasing of EVS. Ultra capacitor is a kind of physical power supply, which is well known for its prominent characteristics of large unit power, fast charging and discharging, high efficiency and long recycling life. Compared to ultra capacitor, the battery is well known for its large unit energy. The main and the auxiliary hybrid energies storage system that is made up of the battery (main energy) and the ultra capacitor (auxiliary energy) can exert respective advantages fully to improve the performance of EVS. It is a key to control the flow of energy reasonably and the distribution of power effectively with modern power conversion technology in the system, which can exert advantages of the system.
Considering the work characteristic of the main and the auxiliary hybrid energies storage system, this paper selects the current two-quadrant converter and designs its main parameters. The parallel-power-MOSFET method adopted in the main circuit reduces the noisiness and increases the power density. In order to decrease the switching loss and increase the efficiency of the converter, a new snubber blueprint with soft-switching is presented based on the characteristic that ultra capacitor can be charged and discharged fast, and the circuit structure of a passive and low lossless snubber is designed, then the system mode and simulation analysis are also carried through. The ZCS and ZVS of main switches which reduce the switching loss of the bi-directional converter are realized.
In order to adjust the converter quickly and communicate with the Electric Vehicle system conveniently, a multifunctional controller that adopts TMS320 LF2407A DSP of TI is designed. The control arithmetic is designed by software programming and it can be upgraded and expanded easily. The control system realizes digital closed-loop control of the current, the judge and display of malfunctions and to protect the system once there are abnormal cases. The digital
文中针对主辅混合储能系统的工作特点,选择了电流双象限变换电路,并设计其主要元件参数。主电路采用功率MOSFET并联方案,减小了噪声,提高了变换器的功率密度;为降低开关损耗,提高变换器的效率,根据系统中超级电容充放电速度快的特性,提出一种缓冲型软开关解决方案,设计了无源低损缓冲电路结构,并进行系统的模态和仿真分析。仿真结果表明,本方案能够实现主开关器件的零电流开通(ZCS,Zero Current Switching)和零电压关断(ZVS,Zero Voltage Switching),减小开关损耗。
为兼顾快速控制以及方便与整车系统通讯,基于TI公司的TMS 320LF2407A型DSP芯片设计了一种智能型控制器,控制算法通过软件编程实现,升级方便,具有良好的扩展性。此控制系统能够实现供能和馈能时电流的数字闭环控制以及出现异常情况时的有效保护和故障问题的判断显示。驱动电路采用EXB841芯片,设计了合理的外围电路,能可靠地实现并联功率MOSFET的驱动。
本文进行了部分实验研究并搭建小型试验平台,验证了大功率时采用功率MOSFET并联方案及控制策略的可行性,无源低损缓冲电路提高了双向变换器的变换效率和可靠性。上述工作为进一步研究混合储能系统及其应用提供了技术储备。
Along with the atmospheric pollution and energy crisis is more and more serious, the development of Electric Vehicle(sEVS) become the focus that many countries pay attention to increasingly.
It becomes a hotspot to research the good startup/accelerating performance, efficient energy recycling and the One Time Traveling Mileage increasing of EVS. Ultra capacitor is a kind of physical power supply, which is well known for its prominent characteristics of large unit power, fast charging and discharging, high efficiency and long recycling life. Compared to ultra capacitor, the battery is well known for its large unit energy. The main and the auxiliary hybrid energies storage system that is made up of the battery (main energy) and the ultra capacitor (auxiliary energy) can exert respective advantages fully to improve the performance of EVS. It is a key to control the flow of energy reasonably and the distribution of power effectively with modern power conversion technology in the system, which can exert advantages of the system.
Considering the work characteristic of the main and the auxiliary hybrid energies storage system, this paper selects the current two-quadrant converter and designs its main parameters. The parallel-power-MOSFET method adopted in the main circuit reduces the noisiness and increases the power density. In order to decrease the switching loss and increase the efficiency of the converter, a new snubber blueprint with soft-switching is presented based on the characteristic that ultra capacitor can be charged and discharged fast, and the circuit structure of a passive and low lossless snubber is designed, then the system mode and simulation analysis are also carried through. The ZCS and ZVS of main switches which reduce the switching loss of the bi-directional converter are realized.
In order to adjust the converter quickly and communicate with the Electric Vehicle system conveniently, a multifunctional controller that adopts TMS320 LF2407A DSP of TI is designed. The control arithmetic is designed by software programming and it can be upgraded and expanded easily. The control system realizes digital closed-loop control of the current, the judge and display of malfunctions and to protect the system once there are abnormal cases. The digital
引文
1 陈清泉, 孙逢春. 现代电动汽车技术. 北京理工大学出版社, 2002:1~8
2 陈清泉. 环境保护与电动车的开发. 江苏机械制造与自动化. 2000, (1):3~7
3 陈清泉. 电动车-清洁有效的城市交通工具. 电工技术杂志. 1999, (2): 5~8
4 张靖. 超级电容蓄电池复合电源的研制与仿真. 武汉理工大学硕士论文. 2005:1~6
5 程夕明 , 孙逢春 . 电动汽车能量存储技术的发展 . 电源技术 . 2001, 25(1):47~52.
6 Chan C C, Lo E W C, Shen W X. An Overview of Battery Technology in Electric Vehicles.
7 郑如定. 锂离子电池和锂聚合物电池概述. 通信电源技术. 2002, (5):18~21.
8 肖立新, 郭炳焜, 李新海. 聚合物锂离子电池. 电池. 2003, 33(2):110~113.
9 张建成, 黄立培, 陈志业. 飞轮储能系统及其运行控制技术研究[J].中国电机工程学报. 2003, 23(3):108~112
10 戴陶珍, 范则阳, 唐跃进, 李敬东. 超导磁储能系统在舰船电力系统中的应用前景及其关键课题. 中国工程科学. 2002, 4(6):53~57
11 桂长清. 新型储能元件超级电容器. 船电技术. 2003, (1):23~26.
12 钟海云, 李荐. 新型能源器件—超级电容器研究发展最新动态. 2003, 25(5):367~70.
13 David Evans, etc. Improved Capacitor Using Amorphous RuO2, The Battery Man, 2000 (6):218~222
14 B. J. Arnet, L. P. Haines. High power DC-to-DC converter for supercapacitors. Solectria Corp. IEEE, 2001:985~990
15 Mellor, P.H.; Schofield, N.; Howe, D. Flywheel and supercapacitor peak power buffer technologies. Electric, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles (Ref. No. 2000/050), IEE Seminar 11 April 2000 Page(s):8/1~8/5
16 O. Evren, Z. Ben, A. Joel, B. Sean. Power distribution control coordinating ultracapacitors and batteries for electric vehicles. Proceedings of the 2004 American Control Conference, Boston, MA, United States. 2004:4716~4721
17 Schupbach. Roberto M, Balda. Juan C. The role of ultracapacitors in an energy storage unit for vehicle power management. IEEE 58th Vehicular TechnologyConference, Orlando, FL, United States. 2004:3236~3240
18 Capponi. F, Di Napoli. A, Crescimbini. F. Multiple-input dc-dc power converter for power-flow management in hybrid vehicles. 37th IEEE Industry Applications Society, Pittsburgh, PA, United States. 2002:1578~1585
19 Dixon, J.W.; Ortuzar, M.E. Ultracapacitors +DC-DC converters in regenerative braking system. Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE Volume 17, Issue 8, Aug. 2002 Page(s):16~21
20 Xinxiang Yan, Dean Patterson and Byron Kennedy. A Multifunctional DC-DC Converter For an EV Drive System. EVS16, Beijing, 1999: CD-ROM
21 Bo Yuwen; Xinjian Jiang; Dongqi Zhu. Structure optimization of the fuel cell powered electric drive system. PESC '03. IEEE 34th Annual Conference on 2003, 1:391~394
22 方伟新, 吴森, 宗杨. 超级电容与蓄电池并联使用对混合动力公交车的改进. 客车技术与研究. 2005(5):11~14
23 王兆安, 黄俊. 电力电子技术(第 4 版). 机械工业出版社, 2001.4:108~109
24 F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini, F. Giulii Capponi, L. Solero. Study of Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter Topologies for Application in Electrical Vehicle Motor drivers. IEEE APEC Proceeding 1998:287~293
25 Schupbach, R.M.; Balda, J.C. The role of ultracapacitors in an energy storage unit for vehicle power management. Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003. VTC 2003-Fall. 2003 IEEE 58th. Volume 5, 6-9 Oct. 2003 Page(s):3236~3240
26 Schupbach, R.M.; Balda, J.C. Comparing DC-DC converters for power management in hybrid electric vehicles. Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2003. IEMDC'03. IEEE International. Volume 3, 1-4 June 2003 Page(s):1369~1374
27 Ortuzar, M.; Dixon, J.; Moreno, J. Design, construction and performance of a buck-boost converter for an ultracapacitor-based auxiliary energy system for electric vehicles. Industrial Electronics Society, 2003. IECON '03. The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE. Volume 3, 2-6 Nov. 2003 Page(s):2889~2894
28 张兴, 马先奎, 张崇巍. 推挽式 DC/DC 开关电源的设计与校正. 合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版). 2000, 23(3):957~961
29 Robert W. Erickson,Dragan Masksimovic. Fundamental of power electronics. University of Colorado in America:39~298
30 宋受俊, 刘景林, 张智慧. BUCK 变换器建模及其先进控制方法仿真. 计算机仿真. 2006, 23(3):294~300
31 Y.S. Wong.K.T. Chau,C.C.Chan. Optimization of energy hybridization in electric vehicles. evs17-D6-04
32 王晓明, 王玲. 电动机的 DSP 控制—TI 公司 DSP 应用. 北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2004:1~92
33 梁春广. 新型电力电子器件. 北京:器工业出版社. 1994:72~105
34 F.Goodenough. Driving Power MOSFETs Demands Diverse Ics. Electronic Design. 1992. 23 (7):36~48
35 梁晖, 金新民, 等.简单实用的功率 MOSFET 驱动电路.电力电子技术. 1998:90~92
36 苏娟, 王华明, 等. 高频 MOSFET 并联运行及驱动特性研究. 西安理工大学学报. 2003, (19):352~355
37 张肃文. 高频电子线路(第二版). 北京:教育出版社, 1984:156~184
38 Parik Hofer, Nick Karrer. Paralleling Intelligent IGBT Power Modules with Active Gate-controlled Current Balancing. 27th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference 1995:342~348
39 魏晓彬, 徐丽玉. BUCK 变换器中功率场效应晶体管并联均流问题. 电力电子技术. 1997(1):88～90
40 K. Gauen.孙桂莲译. 功率 MOSFET 最佳并联应用的参数匹配. 国外电力电子技术. 1998: No.3, 23~28
41 Baliga B J.Evolution of MOS-bipolar Power Semiconductor technology. Proceedings of IEEE, 1998, 76(12):409~502
42 王幸之, 王雷, 翟成等. 单片机应用系统抗干扰技术. 北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 1999:223~268
43 邓重一. 浅谈 DSP 系统中的电磁兼容问题.半导体技术. 2000, 28(3):23~26
44 程明远, 谢宋和. 单片机应用系统 PCB 电磁兼容性(EMC)设计. 机床电器. 1999.5:43~46
45 李腾飞. 基于 DSP 高压直流开关电源的研制. 大连理工大学硕士学位论文. 2005:56~7
46 Pay, S.; Baghzouz, Y. Effectiveness of battery-supercapacitor combination in electric vehicles. Power Tech Conference Proceedings, 2003 IEEE Bologna Volume 3, 23~26
2 陈清泉. 环境保护与电动车的开发. 江苏机械制造与自动化. 2000, (1):3~7
3 陈清泉. 电动车-清洁有效的城市交通工具. 电工技术杂志. 1999, (2): 5~8
4 张靖. 超级电容蓄电池复合电源的研制与仿真. 武汉理工大学硕士论文. 2005:1~6
5 程夕明 , 孙逢春 . 电动汽车能量存储技术的发展 . 电源技术 . 2001, 25(1):47~52.
6 Chan C C, Lo E W C, Shen W X. An Overview of Battery Technology in Electric Vehicles.
7 郑如定. 锂离子电池和锂聚合物电池概述. 通信电源技术. 2002, (5):18~21.
8 肖立新, 郭炳焜, 李新海. 聚合物锂离子电池. 电池. 2003, 33(2):110~113.
9 张建成, 黄立培, 陈志业. 飞轮储能系统及其运行控制技术研究[J].中国电机工程学报. 2003, 23(3):108~112
10 戴陶珍, 范则阳, 唐跃进, 李敬东. 超导磁储能系统在舰船电力系统中的应用前景及其关键课题. 中国工程科学. 2002, 4(6):53~57
11 桂长清. 新型储能元件超级电容器. 船电技术. 2003, (1):23~26.
12 钟海云, 李荐. 新型能源器件—超级电容器研究发展最新动态. 2003, 25(5):367~70.
13 David Evans, etc. Improved Capacitor Using Amorphous RuO2, The Battery Man, 2000 (6):218~222
14 B. J. Arnet, L. P. Haines. High power DC-to-DC converter for supercapacitors. Solectria Corp. IEEE, 2001:985~990
15 Mellor, P.H.; Schofield, N.; Howe, D. Flywheel and supercapacitor peak power buffer technologies. Electric, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles (Ref. No. 2000/050), IEE Seminar 11 April 2000 Page(s):8/1~8/5
16 O. Evren, Z. Ben, A. Joel, B. Sean. Power distribution control coordinating ultracapacitors and batteries for electric vehicles. Proceedings of the 2004 American Control Conference, Boston, MA, United States. 2004:4716~4721
17 Schupbach. Roberto M, Balda. Juan C. The role of ultracapacitors in an energy storage unit for vehicle power management. IEEE 58th Vehicular TechnologyConference, Orlando, FL, United States. 2004:3236~3240
18 Capponi. F, Di Napoli. A, Crescimbini. F. Multiple-input dc-dc power converter for power-flow management in hybrid vehicles. 37th IEEE Industry Applications Society, Pittsburgh, PA, United States. 2002:1578~1585
19 Dixon, J.W.; Ortuzar, M.E. Ultracapacitors +DC-DC converters in regenerative braking system. Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE Volume 17, Issue 8, Aug. 2002 Page(s):16~21
20 Xinxiang Yan, Dean Patterson and Byron Kennedy. A Multifunctional DC-DC Converter For an EV Drive System. EVS16, Beijing, 1999: CD-ROM
21 Bo Yuwen; Xinjian Jiang; Dongqi Zhu. Structure optimization of the fuel cell powered electric drive system. PESC '03. IEEE 34th Annual Conference on 2003, 1:391~394
22 方伟新, 吴森, 宗杨. 超级电容与蓄电池并联使用对混合动力公交车的改进. 客车技术与研究. 2005(5):11~14
23 王兆安, 黄俊. 电力电子技术(第 4 版). 机械工业出版社, 2001.4:108~109
24 F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini, F. Giulii Capponi, L. Solero. Study of Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter Topologies for Application in Electrical Vehicle Motor drivers. IEEE APEC Proceeding 1998:287~293
25 Schupbach, R.M.; Balda, J.C. The role of ultracapacitors in an energy storage unit for vehicle power management. Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003. VTC 2003-Fall. 2003 IEEE 58th. Volume 5, 6-9 Oct. 2003 Page(s):3236~3240
26 Schupbach, R.M.; Balda, J.C. Comparing DC-DC converters for power management in hybrid electric vehicles. Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2003. IEMDC'03. IEEE International. Volume 3, 1-4 June 2003 Page(s):1369~1374
27 Ortuzar, M.; Dixon, J.; Moreno, J. Design, construction and performance of a buck-boost converter for an ultracapacitor-based auxiliary energy system for electric vehicles. Industrial Electronics Society, 2003. IECON '03. The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE. Volume 3, 2-6 Nov. 2003 Page(s):2889~2894
28 张兴, 马先奎, 张崇巍. 推挽式 DC/DC 开关电源的设计与校正. 合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版). 2000, 23(3):957~961
29 Robert W. Erickson,Dragan Masksimovic. Fundamental of power electronics. University of Colorado in America:39~298
30 宋受俊, 刘景林, 张智慧. BUCK 变换器建模及其先进控制方法仿真. 计算机仿真. 2006, 23(3):294~300
31 Y.S. Wong.K.T. Chau,C.C.Chan. Optimization of energy hybridization in electric vehicles. evs17-D6-04
32 王晓明, 王玲. 电动机的 DSP 控制—TI 公司 DSP 应用. 北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2004:1~92
33 梁春广. 新型电力电子器件. 北京:器工业出版社. 1994:72~105
34 F.Goodenough. Driving Power MOSFETs Demands Diverse Ics. Electronic Design. 1992. 23 (7):36~48
35 梁晖, 金新民, 等.简单实用的功率 MOSFET 驱动电路.电力电子技术. 1998:90~92
36 苏娟, 王华明, 等. 高频 MOSFET 并联运行及驱动特性研究. 西安理工大学学报. 2003, (19):352~355
37 张肃文. 高频电子线路(第二版). 北京:教育出版社, 1984:156~184
38 Parik Hofer, Nick Karrer. Paralleling Intelligent IGBT Power Modules with Active Gate-controlled Current Balancing. 27th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference 1995:342~348
39 魏晓彬, 徐丽玉. BUCK 变换器中功率场效应晶体管并联均流问题. 电力电子技术. 1997(1):88～90
40 K. Gauen.孙桂莲译. 功率 MOSFET 最佳并联应用的参数匹配. 国外电力电子技术. 1998: No.3, 23~28
41 Baliga B J.Evolution of MOS-bipolar Power Semiconductor technology. Proceedings of IEEE, 1998, 76(12):409~502
42 王幸之, 王雷, 翟成等. 单片机应用系统抗干扰技术. 北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 1999:223~268
43 邓重一. 浅谈 DSP 系统中的电磁兼容问题.半导体技术. 2000, 28(3):23~26
44 程明远, 谢宋和. 单片机应用系统 PCB 电磁兼容性(EMC)设计. 机床电器. 1999.5:43~46
45 李腾飞. 基于 DSP 高压直流开关电源的研制. 大连理工大学硕士学位论文. 2005:56~7
46 Pay, S.; Baghzouz, Y. Effectiveness of battery-supercapacitor combination in electric vehicles. Power Tech Conference Proceedings, 2003 IEEE Bologna Volume 3, 23~26