高速侵彻混凝土弹体的动力学行为研究
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摘要
在高速侵彻混凝土过程中,弹体产生明显质量损失,并形成弹头钝化,这将影响弹体的动力学行为,进而降低弹体的毁伤性能。从上世纪九十年代起,国际学术界和工程界就开始关注计及质量损失和头形钝化的弹体问题,并取得了一定的研究进展,但至今仍未很好地解决。为此,本文主要研究计及质量损失和头形钝化的弹体动力学行为。研究弹体为高强合金钢的尖卵形长杆弹(以下简称尖长弹)或高速深侵彻概念弹(以下简称高深弹),相应的靶体为半无限无筋混凝土靶。弹体撞击速度一般在1500m/s以下。
进一步归纳和分析尖长弹的侵彻试验结果发现,在试验速度范围内,弹体质量损失与初始动能成正比,比例系数随靶中骨料莫氏硬度增加而增加。对比侵彻试验前后的尖长弹形状发现,侵彻后弹头形状仍可近似为尖卵形,仅对应CRH值减小,而弹头形状仍在原形与半球形之间。根据对侵彻后弹头形状的描述,建立了弹体质量损失与侵彻前后弹头形状的定量关系,由此可通过侵彻前后弹头形状预测弹体总质量损失,或通过弹体总质量损失预测侵彻后弹头形状。
在Jones模型中计及靶中骨料莫氏硬度的影响,建立弹体总质量损失的表征模型。该模型并未计入侵彻过程中弹体的质量和形状改变,它仅与6个参数相关：弹体初始的撞击速度、弹头CRH值、单位质量弹材熔化热、靶密度、无约束抗压强度和靶中骨料莫氏硬度。这些参数均可在侵彻试验之前预测或测量,因此模型可预测弹体总质量损失。对模型中参数开展敏感性分析发现,混凝土靶密度变化对弹体相对质量损失影响可忽略；靶中骨料莫氏硬度、弹头CRH值和靶无约束抗压强度对弹体相对质量损失的影响递减；在深侵彻弹体的实际取值范围内,靶无约束抗压强度对弹体相对质量损失的影响最大。
假设在侵彻过程中,弹头形状始终保持为尖卵形,仅对应CRH值不断减小,并推广使用预测弹体总质量损失的表征模型于侵彻过程中任意时刻,建立同时模拟弹体质量损失、头形钝化和动力学行为的增量模型。弹体加速度时间历程、侵彻后弹头CRH值和弹体总质量损失的模型预测结果与试验结果吻合良好。弹体加速度的增量模型预测结果与理想刚性弹的分析结果可能存在显著差异,即增量计算所得弹体加速度绝对值在隧道段可能出现明显上升。进一步分析发现弹体加速度曲线形状随各参数的变化趋势与质量损失和头形钝化一致,弹体质量损失和头形钝化将改变加速度的曲线形状。
基于能量守恒建立单位面积弹体上摩擦功率的表征模型,将其代入Jones模型,并在时间和空间尺度上离散弹体侵彻过程,利用弹体表面回退,建立同时模拟弹体质量损失、头形钝化和动力学行为的数值模型。该模型不依赖于假设的弹体头形钝化规律。侵彻后弹形、弹体侵彻深度和质量损失的模型预测结果与试验结果吻合。进一步分析发现,在弹头表层包附高强难熔金属材料,或采用适当设计的梯度材料制作弹头,均可减小弹头钝化,提高弹体侵彻深度。
最后开展了高深弹正侵彻混凝土的实验研究。弹体质量约1.83kg,撞击速度在1130m/s-1650m/s之间。与尖长弹仅弹头形成质量损失不同,高深弹壳体段和头部均有明显质量损失。对侵彻后弹体开展金相分析发现,弹靶相互作用是弹体表面产生高温热影响区的主要原因,热影响区与弹体质量损失模式存在必然的关联。同时发现绝热剪切带是质量损失的又一模式,对弹体质量损失有一定影响；非对称分布的绝热剪切带还可能引起弹尖非对称磨蚀,导致弹体侵彻性能下降。综合分析弹体质量损失的试验结果发现,弹体总质量损失、头部和壳体质量损失均与初始动能成正比,并建立了预测侵彻后弹体形状的表征模型,模型预测结果与试验结果吻合良好。
The high-speed projectile penetrating into concrete usually has significant mass loss and nose blunting, which dramatically decreases its ballistic performance. Since the1990s, with considering mass loss and nose blunting, the dynamic behavior of high-speed projectile has already drawn great interests in the academic and engineering communities. The objective of this dissertation is to study the dynamic behavior of high-speed projectile with considering mass loss and nose blunting. The projectile is ogival long-rod projectile or the Concept Projectile for High-speed Penetration (CPHP) made of high-strength alloy steel. The corresponding target is plain concrete target assumed as semi-infinite. The striking velocity of projectile is usually below1500m/s.
The experimental data of ogival long-rod projectile are further analyzed. It is found that the mass loss of projectile is proportional to its initial kinetic energy, and the proportional coefficient increases with the Moh's hardness of aggregate increasing. Furthermore, the nose shape of residual projectile could be approximated as ogive. The corresponding CRH value of residual projectile nose decreases, falling between0.5(hemisphere) and the CRH value of origin projectile nose. Therefore, the total mass loss of projectile could be predicted according to the projectile nose shape before and after penetration, and vice versa.
A model for total mass loss of projectile is constructed by introducing Moh's hardness of aggregate into Jones Model. Specially, the mass loss and nose blunting of projectile are ignored during analyses. There are six parameters in the model, i.e., the initial striking velocity of projectile, CRH value of origin projectile nose, melting heat of unit mass of projectile material, the density, unconfined compressive strength and Moh's hardness of aggregate of concrete target. Two conclusions are obtained through parametric analysis. Firstly, the influence of target density upon relative mass loss of projectile can be ignored. Secondly, the parameters'influences on relative mass loss descend, i.e., the Moh's hardness of aggregate in concrete target, CRH value of projectile nose and unconfined compressive strength of target. When limited in the applicable range of deep-penetration projectile, the relative mass loss of projectile is affected most by the unconfined compressive strength.
Assuming the nose shape of ogival long-rod projectile keeping ogival with decreasing CRH value during penetration, an incremental model is constructed to simulate nose blunting and mass loss of projectile by extrapolating the model for total mass loss to predict mass loss of projectile at any time during penetration. The dynamic behavior of projectile is also simulated. The model predictions respectively coincide with the experimental results, including the time history of projectile acceleration, CRH value of residual projectile nose and total mass loss of projectile. The acceleration is further discussed. It is found that the absolute value of acceleration may increase in tunnel stage, which indicates that the model prediction may be quite different from analysis of ideal rigid projectile. Further investigation indicates the variation of pulse shape of acceleration with parameters increasing resembles that of mass loss and nose blunting of projectile, which denotes that mass loss and nose blunting of projectile affect the pulse shape of acceleration.
A model for the rate of frictional work on unit projectile surface is constructed based on the energy conservation law. Inserting it into Jones model and discretizing penetration process in time and space scales, a numerical model is constructed to simultaneously simulate nose blunting, mass loss and dynamic behavior of projectile in terms of receding in projectile surface. This model is independent of any assumption of nose blunting. The shape of residual projectile, DOP and mass loss of projectile obtained by the numerical model agree with that obtained by experiments, respectively. Two schemes of distribution of refractory material in projectile nose are analyzed. The refractory material is overlaid outside the projectile nose to protect the inner material in the first scheme. The projectile nose is made of a fictitious gradient material with decreasing melting heat from nose tip to shank in the second scheme. Both schemes could decrease nose blunting and increase DOP of projectile.
Finally, the CPHP normally penetrating into concrete is experimentally studied with striking velocities between1130m/s and1650m/s. The mass of projectile is approximately1.83kg. After penetration, there are significant marks of mass loss overall the outside surface of CPHP, which is much different from ogival long-rod projectile. The metallurgical observation of residual projectile indicates that the heat generated by interaction of target and projectile is the main cause of HAZ and the mass loss of CPHP still mainly comes from the peeling of molten surface layer of projectile. Moreover, there are a few Adiabatic Shearing Bands (ASBs) around the nose tip. Although a small quantity of ASBs have minor influence on mass loss of projectile, they may cause small part of projectile to suddenly fall off and then lead to asymmetrical abrasion of projectile nose and descending of DOP if their distribution is asymmetrical. Further analysis of the experimental data indicates that the total mass loss of projectile, mass loss of nose and shank of projectile are all proportional to the initial kinetic energy of projectile, and a model is also constructed to predict the residual shape of CPHP. The model predictions agree with the experimental results, respectively.
进一步归纳和分析尖长弹的侵彻试验结果发现,在试验速度范围内,弹体质量损失与初始动能成正比,比例系数随靶中骨料莫氏硬度增加而增加。对比侵彻试验前后的尖长弹形状发现,侵彻后弹头形状仍可近似为尖卵形,仅对应CRH值减小,而弹头形状仍在原形与半球形之间。根据对侵彻后弹头形状的描述,建立了弹体质量损失与侵彻前后弹头形状的定量关系,由此可通过侵彻前后弹头形状预测弹体总质量损失,或通过弹体总质量损失预测侵彻后弹头形状。
在Jones模型中计及靶中骨料莫氏硬度的影响,建立弹体总质量损失的表征模型。该模型并未计入侵彻过程中弹体的质量和形状改变,它仅与6个参数相关：弹体初始的撞击速度、弹头CRH值、单位质量弹材熔化热、靶密度、无约束抗压强度和靶中骨料莫氏硬度。这些参数均可在侵彻试验之前预测或测量,因此模型可预测弹体总质量损失。对模型中参数开展敏感性分析发现,混凝土靶密度变化对弹体相对质量损失影响可忽略；靶中骨料莫氏硬度、弹头CRH值和靶无约束抗压强度对弹体相对质量损失的影响递减；在深侵彻弹体的实际取值范围内,靶无约束抗压强度对弹体相对质量损失的影响最大。
假设在侵彻过程中,弹头形状始终保持为尖卵形,仅对应CRH值不断减小,并推广使用预测弹体总质量损失的表征模型于侵彻过程中任意时刻,建立同时模拟弹体质量损失、头形钝化和动力学行为的增量模型。弹体加速度时间历程、侵彻后弹头CRH值和弹体总质量损失的模型预测结果与试验结果吻合良好。弹体加速度的增量模型预测结果与理想刚性弹的分析结果可能存在显著差异,即增量计算所得弹体加速度绝对值在隧道段可能出现明显上升。进一步分析发现弹体加速度曲线形状随各参数的变化趋势与质量损失和头形钝化一致,弹体质量损失和头形钝化将改变加速度的曲线形状。
基于能量守恒建立单位面积弹体上摩擦功率的表征模型,将其代入Jones模型,并在时间和空间尺度上离散弹体侵彻过程,利用弹体表面回退,建立同时模拟弹体质量损失、头形钝化和动力学行为的数值模型。该模型不依赖于假设的弹体头形钝化规律。侵彻后弹形、弹体侵彻深度和质量损失的模型预测结果与试验结果吻合。进一步分析发现,在弹头表层包附高强难熔金属材料,或采用适当设计的梯度材料制作弹头,均可减小弹头钝化,提高弹体侵彻深度。
最后开展了高深弹正侵彻混凝土的实验研究。弹体质量约1.83kg,撞击速度在1130m/s-1650m/s之间。与尖长弹仅弹头形成质量损失不同,高深弹壳体段和头部均有明显质量损失。对侵彻后弹体开展金相分析发现,弹靶相互作用是弹体表面产生高温热影响区的主要原因,热影响区与弹体质量损失模式存在必然的关联。同时发现绝热剪切带是质量损失的又一模式,对弹体质量损失有一定影响；非对称分布的绝热剪切带还可能引起弹尖非对称磨蚀,导致弹体侵彻性能下降。综合分析弹体质量损失的试验结果发现,弹体总质量损失、头部和壳体质量损失均与初始动能成正比,并建立了预测侵彻后弹体形状的表征模型,模型预测结果与试验结果吻合良好。
The high-speed projectile penetrating into concrete usually has significant mass loss and nose blunting, which dramatically decreases its ballistic performance. Since the1990s, with considering mass loss and nose blunting, the dynamic behavior of high-speed projectile has already drawn great interests in the academic and engineering communities. The objective of this dissertation is to study the dynamic behavior of high-speed projectile with considering mass loss and nose blunting. The projectile is ogival long-rod projectile or the Concept Projectile for High-speed Penetration (CPHP) made of high-strength alloy steel. The corresponding target is plain concrete target assumed as semi-infinite. The striking velocity of projectile is usually below1500m/s.
The experimental data of ogival long-rod projectile are further analyzed. It is found that the mass loss of projectile is proportional to its initial kinetic energy, and the proportional coefficient increases with the Moh's hardness of aggregate increasing. Furthermore, the nose shape of residual projectile could be approximated as ogive. The corresponding CRH value of residual projectile nose decreases, falling between0.5(hemisphere) and the CRH value of origin projectile nose. Therefore, the total mass loss of projectile could be predicted according to the projectile nose shape before and after penetration, and vice versa.
A model for total mass loss of projectile is constructed by introducing Moh's hardness of aggregate into Jones Model. Specially, the mass loss and nose blunting of projectile are ignored during analyses. There are six parameters in the model, i.e., the initial striking velocity of projectile, CRH value of origin projectile nose, melting heat of unit mass of projectile material, the density, unconfined compressive strength and Moh's hardness of aggregate of concrete target. Two conclusions are obtained through parametric analysis. Firstly, the influence of target density upon relative mass loss of projectile can be ignored. Secondly, the parameters'influences on relative mass loss descend, i.e., the Moh's hardness of aggregate in concrete target, CRH value of projectile nose and unconfined compressive strength of target. When limited in the applicable range of deep-penetration projectile, the relative mass loss of projectile is affected most by the unconfined compressive strength.
Assuming the nose shape of ogival long-rod projectile keeping ogival with decreasing CRH value during penetration, an incremental model is constructed to simulate nose blunting and mass loss of projectile by extrapolating the model for total mass loss to predict mass loss of projectile at any time during penetration. The dynamic behavior of projectile is also simulated. The model predictions respectively coincide with the experimental results, including the time history of projectile acceleration, CRH value of residual projectile nose and total mass loss of projectile. The acceleration is further discussed. It is found that the absolute value of acceleration may increase in tunnel stage, which indicates that the model prediction may be quite different from analysis of ideal rigid projectile. Further investigation indicates the variation of pulse shape of acceleration with parameters increasing resembles that of mass loss and nose blunting of projectile, which denotes that mass loss and nose blunting of projectile affect the pulse shape of acceleration.
A model for the rate of frictional work on unit projectile surface is constructed based on the energy conservation law. Inserting it into Jones model and discretizing penetration process in time and space scales, a numerical model is constructed to simultaneously simulate nose blunting, mass loss and dynamic behavior of projectile in terms of receding in projectile surface. This model is independent of any assumption of nose blunting. The shape of residual projectile, DOP and mass loss of projectile obtained by the numerical model agree with that obtained by experiments, respectively. Two schemes of distribution of refractory material in projectile nose are analyzed. The refractory material is overlaid outside the projectile nose to protect the inner material in the first scheme. The projectile nose is made of a fictitious gradient material with decreasing melting heat from nose tip to shank in the second scheme. Both schemes could decrease nose blunting and increase DOP of projectile.
Finally, the CPHP normally penetrating into concrete is experimentally studied with striking velocities between1130m/s and1650m/s. The mass of projectile is approximately1.83kg. After penetration, there are significant marks of mass loss overall the outside surface of CPHP, which is much different from ogival long-rod projectile. The metallurgical observation of residual projectile indicates that the heat generated by interaction of target and projectile is the main cause of HAZ and the mass loss of CPHP still mainly comes from the peeling of molten surface layer of projectile. Moreover, there are a few Adiabatic Shearing Bands (ASBs) around the nose tip. Although a small quantity of ASBs have minor influence on mass loss of projectile, they may cause small part of projectile to suddenly fall off and then lead to asymmetrical abrasion of projectile nose and descending of DOP if their distribution is asymmetrical. Further analysis of the experimental data indicates that the total mass loss of projectile, mass loss of nose and shank of projectile are all proportional to the initial kinetic energy of projectile, and a model is also constructed to predict the residual shape of CPHP. The model predictions agree with the experimental results, respectively.
引文
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