无线传感网络路由技术的研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络,是由大量传感器节点组成的自组织网络,其作用是对周围的信息进行感知和采集,经过节点自身的处理之后传递给所需的终端用户。作为一个新兴的研究领域,其具有巨大的发展潜力和广阔的应用空间,目前已经引起了各国的关注。
与传统网络相比,无线传感器网络在终端设备以及相应组网方式等方面都有其独有的特点,因此在很多方面都需要设计与其相符的机制。而本文针对网络的路由技术方面,分析了现有的部分典型的路由算法,并在此基础上,提出了一个基于非均匀分簇的路由算法。
在本文所提出的改进算法中,首先是在网络初始化阶段,以一定的规则对所监测区域进行成环的划分,并根据划分后的节点分布,通过合理的公式推导计算出各层次的最佳簇头个数以及初始成簇半径。汇聚节点再将这些参数信息传输给普通节点,则普通节点可以减少大量的计算工作,降低了自身能量的损耗。而在簇头进行选举的时候,通过设定能量阈值和当选簇头概率公式来对候选簇头的剩余能量进行筛选,以保证成簇区域的稳定时间,并且动态调整成簇半径以均衡节点分布。在节点覆盖方面,通过引入伪簇头节点的概念,有效解决了对孤立节点的覆盖问题。而在进行网络间的数据传输时,采用多跳传输的机制,动态生成路由拓扑,平衡了簇头间的能量负载。最后,通过网络模拟仿真软件对算法进行了模拟,并与现有的一些协议进行了性能方面的参数比较,结果表明本文提出的改进算法有效的降低了网络能耗,延长了网络寿命。
Wireless sensor network is a self-organized network being made of a number of sensor nodes, the role is on the surrounding information perception and acquisition, transferring the data to the end users after node itself processing. As a new research field, WSN has great development potential and wide application space, and has caused the attention of all countries at present.
Compared with thetraditional network, wireless sensor network has its unique characteristics in the area of terminal equipment and network mode, so in many ways it needs to design to match the mechanism. This paper based on the networkroutingtechnology, to analysisthe existing some typical routing algorithms, and to make a clustering based on non-uniform routing algorithm.
The improvement algorithm in this paper, the first is in the network initialization stage, to divide the monitoring areaby ring with certain rules, and according to the division of node distribution, through the reasonable formulas to calculate the optimal cluster head number and initial fascicles radius of all rings. The sink node broadcasts parameters to the common nodes in the area, as a result, common nodes can reduce a large amount of calculation work and their energy loss. In the cluster head election time, throughsetting the energy threshold and elected cluster head probability formula to select the candidate cluster head with higher residual energy, ensuring the stable time of the regional clusters, and dynamic adjustment for fascicles radius to balance node distribution. In the node coverage, by introducing the concept of pseudo cluster head node, to solve the problem of isolated nodeseffectively. When to transfer data between the network nodes, considering the jump transmission mechanism, dynamically generating the routing topology, in order to balance the energy load between cluster head nodes. At last, through the network simulation software to simulate the algorithm, compare with some existing protocols on the performance parameters. The result shows that by the proposed algorithm, effectively reduce the network energy consumption and prolong the network life.
与传统网络相比,无线传感器网络在终端设备以及相应组网方式等方面都有其独有的特点,因此在很多方面都需要设计与其相符的机制。而本文针对网络的路由技术方面,分析了现有的部分典型的路由算法,并在此基础上,提出了一个基于非均匀分簇的路由算法。
在本文所提出的改进算法中,首先是在网络初始化阶段,以一定的规则对所监测区域进行成环的划分,并根据划分后的节点分布,通过合理的公式推导计算出各层次的最佳簇头个数以及初始成簇半径。汇聚节点再将这些参数信息传输给普通节点,则普通节点可以减少大量的计算工作,降低了自身能量的损耗。而在簇头进行选举的时候,通过设定能量阈值和当选簇头概率公式来对候选簇头的剩余能量进行筛选,以保证成簇区域的稳定时间,并且动态调整成簇半径以均衡节点分布。在节点覆盖方面,通过引入伪簇头节点的概念,有效解决了对孤立节点的覆盖问题。而在进行网络间的数据传输时,采用多跳传输的机制,动态生成路由拓扑,平衡了簇头间的能量负载。最后,通过网络模拟仿真软件对算法进行了模拟,并与现有的一些协议进行了性能方面的参数比较,结果表明本文提出的改进算法有效的降低了网络能耗,延长了网络寿命。
Wireless sensor network is a self-organized network being made of a number of sensor nodes, the role is on the surrounding information perception and acquisition, transferring the data to the end users after node itself processing. As a new research field, WSN has great development potential and wide application space, and has caused the attention of all countries at present.
Compared with thetraditional network, wireless sensor network has its unique characteristics in the area of terminal equipment and network mode, so in many ways it needs to design to match the mechanism. This paper based on the networkroutingtechnology, to analysisthe existing some typical routing algorithms, and to make a clustering based on non-uniform routing algorithm.
The improvement algorithm in this paper, the first is in the network initialization stage, to divide the monitoring areaby ring with certain rules, and according to the division of node distribution, through the reasonable formulas to calculate the optimal cluster head number and initial fascicles radius of all rings. The sink node broadcasts parameters to the common nodes in the area, as a result, common nodes can reduce a large amount of calculation work and their energy loss. In the cluster head election time, throughsetting the energy threshold and elected cluster head probability formula to select the candidate cluster head with higher residual energy, ensuring the stable time of the regional clusters, and dynamic adjustment for fascicles radius to balance node distribution. In the node coverage, by introducing the concept of pseudo cluster head node, to solve the problem of isolated nodeseffectively. When to transfer data between the network nodes, considering the jump transmission mechanism, dynamically generating the routing topology, in order to balance the energy load between cluster head nodes. At last, through the network simulation software to simulate the algorithm, compare with some existing protocols on the performance parameters. The result shows that by the proposed algorithm, effectively reduce the network energy consumption and prolong the network life.
引文
[1]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等无线传感器网络北京：清华大学出版社2005
[2]崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇等无线传感器网络研究进展[J]计算机研究与发展2005 42(1) 163-174
[3]吴键,袁慎芳无线传感器网络节点的设计和实现[J]仪器仪表学报200627(9) 1120-1124.
[4]Sinhua A., Chandrakasan A.Dynamic power management in wireless sensor network[C]. IEEE Design and Test of Computer200118 (2) 62-74
[5]POTTIE J. G., KAISER J. W. Wireless integrated network sensors[C] Proc of Communications ofthe ACMNew York, USA2000 551-558
[6]张基温,钟石,贾中宁一种新的Ad Hoc网络节能结构[J] 网络与通信200723(12)91-92
[7]Heidemann J., Silva F., Intanagonwiwat C. Building efficient wireless sensor networks with low level naming[C]New York 2001 146-159
[8]S. Olariu and I. Stojmenovi c.Design Guidelines for Maximizing Lifetime and Avoiding Energy Holes in Sensor Networks with Uniform Distribution and Uniform Reporting Proc IEEE INFOCOM 2006
[9]X. Wu and G. Chen and S.K. DasAvoiding Energy Holes in Wireless Sensor Networks with Nonuniform Node Distribution Vol.19 no.5 2008 710-720
[10]Younis O., FahmyS., HeedA hybrid, energy-efficien, distributed clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks[C] IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing2004 3 (4) 660-669
[11]肖伟茂,王力一种基于LEACH的无线传感器网络路由算法[D]西安：西安电子科技大学2006
[12]Wei Ye, John Heidemann, Deborah Esrin Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]IEEE, IEEE/ACM Transactions on networking2004 12 (3) 493-506
[13]郑增威,吴朝晖,林怀忠等可靠传感网聚类路由算法研究浙江大学学报(工学版)200539(10)1461-1464
[14]刘明,龚海刚,毛莺池等高效节能的传感器网络数据收集和聚合协议软件学报2005 16(12)2106-2116
[15]刘君异构传感器网络分簇路由算法的研究[D]华南理工大学2007.
[16]Sohrabi K., Gao J., Ailawadhi V. Protocol for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[C]IEEE Personal Communications2000 7 (5) 16-27
[17]Manjeshwar A., Grawal DP. TEEN:A protocol for enhanced emciency in wireless sensor networks[C]. San FranciscoIEEE Computer Society20012009-2015
[18]雷洁基于能量变化的无线传感网分簇路由算法计算机工程与应用 200945(33)
[19]陈宁宁,俞立,洪榛等无线传感网高斯分簇路由算法的研究及实现传感技术学报2011年9月
[20]Heinzelman W. Application-Specific protocol architectures for wireless networks[Ph.D.Thesis]Boston Massachusetts Institute of Technology 200087-93
[21]J. Luo and J.P. HubauxJoint Mobility and Routing for Lifetime Elongation in Wireless Sensor Networks Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2005
[22]沈波,张世永,钟亦平无线传感器网络分簇路由协议Journal of Software Vol.17 No.7 2006.07
[23]吴征,朱军,韩永远一种新的基于LEACH的WSN分簇协议计算机技术与发展2010年5月
[24]马祖长,孙怡宁大规模无线传感器网络的路由协议研究[J]计算机工程与应用 2004(11)165-167
[25]李成法,陈贵海,叶懋等一种基于非均匀分簇的无线传感器网络路由协议计算机学报2007年1月
[26]刘彩苹,李仁发,付彬等动态拓扑环境下无线传感器网络分簇算法研究[J]仪器仪表学报2009 30(12) 2652-2658
[27]龚海刚,刘明,陈力军等DEED:一种无线传感器网络中高效节能的数据通信协议[J]电子学报2005(8)145-148
[28]张基温,钟石,贾中宁一种新的Ad Hoc网络节能结构[J]网络与通信200723(12)91-92
[29]吴辰文,王铁君基于NS2无线传感网路由协议模型的设计与研究兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版)2007年2月
[30]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀NS与网络模拟[M]北京：人民邮电出版社2003
[2]崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇等无线传感器网络研究进展[J]计算机研究与发展2005 42(1) 163-174
[3]吴键,袁慎芳无线传感器网络节点的设计和实现[J]仪器仪表学报200627(9) 1120-1124.
[4]Sinhua A., Chandrakasan A.Dynamic power management in wireless sensor network[C]. IEEE Design and Test of Computer200118 (2) 62-74
[5]POTTIE J. G., KAISER J. W. Wireless integrated network sensors[C] Proc of Communications ofthe ACMNew York, USA2000 551-558
[6]张基温,钟石,贾中宁一种新的Ad Hoc网络节能结构[J] 网络与通信200723(12)91-92
[7]Heidemann J., Silva F., Intanagonwiwat C. Building efficient wireless sensor networks with low level naming[C]New York 2001 146-159
[8]S. Olariu and I. Stojmenovi c.Design Guidelines for Maximizing Lifetime and Avoiding Energy Holes in Sensor Networks with Uniform Distribution and Uniform Reporting Proc IEEE INFOCOM 2006
[9]X. Wu and G. Chen and S.K. DasAvoiding Energy Holes in Wireless Sensor Networks with Nonuniform Node Distribution Vol.19 no.5 2008 710-720
[10]Younis O., FahmyS., HeedA hybrid, energy-efficien, distributed clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks[C] IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing2004 3 (4) 660-669
[11]肖伟茂,王力一种基于LEACH的无线传感器网络路由算法[D]西安：西安电子科技大学2006
[12]Wei Ye, John Heidemann, Deborah Esrin Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]IEEE, IEEE/ACM Transactions on networking2004 12 (3) 493-506
[13]郑增威,吴朝晖,林怀忠等可靠传感网聚类路由算法研究浙江大学学报(工学版)200539(10)1461-1464
[14]刘明,龚海刚,毛莺池等高效节能的传感器网络数据收集和聚合协议软件学报2005 16(12)2106-2116
[15]刘君异构传感器网络分簇路由算法的研究[D]华南理工大学2007.
[16]Sohrabi K., Gao J., Ailawadhi V. Protocol for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[C]IEEE Personal Communications2000 7 (5) 16-27
[17]Manjeshwar A., Grawal DP. TEEN:A protocol for enhanced emciency in wireless sensor networks[C]. San FranciscoIEEE Computer Society20012009-2015
[18]雷洁基于能量变化的无线传感网分簇路由算法计算机工程与应用 200945(33)
[19]陈宁宁,俞立,洪榛等无线传感网高斯分簇路由算法的研究及实现传感技术学报2011年9月
[20]Heinzelman W. Application-Specific protocol architectures for wireless networks[Ph.D.Thesis]Boston Massachusetts Institute of Technology 200087-93
[21]J. Luo and J.P. HubauxJoint Mobility and Routing for Lifetime Elongation in Wireless Sensor Networks Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2005
[22]沈波,张世永,钟亦平无线传感器网络分簇路由协议Journal of Software Vol.17 No.7 2006.07
[23]吴征,朱军,韩永远一种新的基于LEACH的WSN分簇协议计算机技术与发展2010年5月
[24]马祖长,孙怡宁大规模无线传感器网络的路由协议研究[J]计算机工程与应用 2004(11)165-167
[25]李成法,陈贵海,叶懋等一种基于非均匀分簇的无线传感器网络路由协议计算机学报2007年1月
[26]刘彩苹,李仁发,付彬等动态拓扑环境下无线传感器网络分簇算法研究[J]仪器仪表学报2009 30(12) 2652-2658
[27]龚海刚,刘明,陈力军等DEED:一种无线传感器网络中高效节能的数据通信协议[J]电子学报2005(8)145-148
[28]张基温,钟石,贾中宁一种新的Ad Hoc网络节能结构[J]网络与通信200723(12)91-92
[29]吴辰文,王铁君基于NS2无线传感网路由协议模型的设计与研究兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版)2007年2月
[30]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀NS与网络模拟[M]北京：人民邮电出版社2003