3G中Rake接收技术的研究
摘要
Rake接收机是CDMA系统中实现多径分集接收的核心部件，它可以分辨出接收信号中不同的多径分量，克服多径衰落，提高系统性能。
在CDMA扩频通信系统中降低接收功率可以提高系统容量，因此在系统设计和信号处理过程中，大量工作就主要集中在降低接收功率上。
论文重点考虑设计一种3G接收设备中低功耗的Rake接收机结构。我们用结构变换的方法对Rake接收机中Rake手指的实现设计了一种新的硬件结构。该结构完成的算法与传统的Rake结构是一样的，因此对给定的输入信号，它们的输出信号是一样的。结果表明，如果在cdma2000标准中使用这种结构，将会极大的降低接收机的功耗，这种结构用于其它的CDMA标准中也不失为一种好方法，例如WCDMA。
In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Rake receiver is the core parts which use several base-band correlators to individually process several signal multi-path components. It can distinguish multi-path from received signals, overcome multi-path fading and achieve improved communications reliability and performance.
In CDMA spreading systems, much work in system design and signal processing has been focused on lowering the required received power (e.g. [5]) mainly because, lower required received power leads to higher system capacity.
In this paper, we concentrate on the low power architecture design for the Rake receiver inside the 3rd generation mobile communication system, namely 3G. Transformation is carried out for designing new hardware architectures for the implementation of the Rake finger in the Rake receiver. In particular, algorithmic transformation is done on the Rake finger to reduce the operation frequency of the complex operations. In the cases, the new architectures implement the same calculation as the traditional architectures and hence give exactly the same output for a given input. Experimental results show that significant power reduction is achieved when the proposed architectures are used for cdma2000 standard. Similar power reduction is expected if the architectures are employed for other CDMA standards such as WCDMA.
在CDMA扩频通信系统中降低接收功率可以提高系统容量，因此在系统设计和信号处理过程中，大量工作就主要集中在降低接收功率上。
论文重点考虑设计一种3G接收设备中低功耗的Rake接收机结构。我们用结构变换的方法对Rake接收机中Rake手指的实现设计了一种新的硬件结构。该结构完成的算法与传统的Rake结构是一样的，因此对给定的输入信号，它们的输出信号是一样的。结果表明，如果在cdma2000标准中使用这种结构，将会极大的降低接收机的功耗，这种结构用于其它的CDMA标准中也不失为一种好方法，例如WCDMA。
In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Rake receiver is the core parts which use several base-band correlators to individually process several signal multi-path components. It can distinguish multi-path from received signals, overcome multi-path fading and achieve improved communications reliability and performance.
In CDMA spreading systems, much work in system design and signal processing has been focused on lowering the required received power (e.g. [5]) mainly because, lower required received power leads to higher system capacity.
In this paper, we concentrate on the low power architecture design for the Rake receiver inside the 3rd generation mobile communication system, namely 3G. Transformation is carried out for designing new hardware architectures for the implementation of the Rake finger in the Rake receiver. In particular, algorithmic transformation is done on the Rake finger to reduce the operation frequency of the complex operations. In the cases, the new architectures implement the same calculation as the traditional architectures and hence give exactly the same output for a given input. Experimental results show that significant power reduction is achieved when the proposed architectures are used for cdma2000 standard. Similar power reduction is expected if the architectures are employed for other CDMA standards such as WCDMA.
引文
[1] A. P. Chandrakasan, M. Potkonjak. R. Mehra, J. Rabaey, and R. W. Brodersen, Optimizing Power Using Transformation , in IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design, vol. 14, No. 1． pp. 12-31, Jan., 1995
[2] M. Alidina. J. Monteiro. S. Devadas. A. Ghosh. M. Papaefthymiou, Precomputation-based sequential logic optimization , in the Proceedings of IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 74-81, November. 1994
[3] L. Benini, P. Siegel, and G. De Micheli, Automatic Synthesis of Low-Power Gated-Clock Finite State Machines . in IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 630-643． June 1996
[4] T. Ojanpera, Overview of research activities for third generation mobile communication . in Wireless Communications TDMA versus CDMA edited by S. G. Glisic and P. A. Leppanen, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997．
[5] A. Sampath. P. S. Kumar and J. M. Holtzman, Power control and resource management for a multimedia wireless CDMA system , in PIMRC'95． September, 1995．
[6] R. Price, and P. E. Green Jr., Communication Technique for Multipath Channels, in the Proceedings of IRE Vol. 46, pp. 555-570, 1958
[7] J. Viterbi, CDMA, Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication, Addison-Wesley, 1995．
[8] A. J. Viterbi, Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and an Asymptotically Optimum Decoding Algorithm, IEEE Trans, on Information Theor, IT-13, April 1967
[9] H. Lou, Implementing the Viterbi Algorithm: Fundamentals and real-time issues for pro-cessors designers , IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,vol.12, no. 5 (Sept. 1995) p42-52
[10] A. J. Viterbi and J. K. Omura, Principles of Digital Communication and Coding, Me-Graw Hill, New York, 1979
[11] G. D. Forney Jr., The Viterbi Algorithm, IEEE Proceedings, IT-61(3) :268-278, March 1973
[12] I. Kang and A. N. Willson, Jr., A 0． 24m W, 14． 4Kbps, r=1/2, k=9 Viterbi Decoder, in the Proceedings of IEEE CICC, 1997
[13] C. B. Shung, P. H. Siegel, G Ungerboeck, and H. K. Thaper, VLSI Architectures
for Metric Normalization in the Viterbi Algorithm, In 1990 International Conference on Commu-nications, Atlanta, Georgia, April 1990
[14]H. Lou, Viterbi Decoder Design for the IS-95 CDMA Forward Link, Proceedings of IEEE 46th Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1346-50, 1996
[15]孙立新，尤肖虎，张萍，第三代移动通信技术，人民邮电出版社，2000．12
[16]查光明，熊贤祚，扩频通信，西安电子科技大学出版社，1990．12．
[17]高岩，第三代移动通信系统的未来，世界移动通信专家William. C. Y. Lee博士，北航报告摘，移动通信，1999
[18]FPGA Express VHDL Reference Mannual, December 1997, http://www.synopsvs.com
[19]Attributes, Constraints and Carrylogic, October 1997, http://www.xilinx.com
[20]Synopsys, synthesis and simulation design guide, 1997, http://www.xilinx.com
[21]侯波亨，VHDL硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计，西安电子科技大学出版社，1997
[22]SIM Macro Assitant, Help of Script Editor
[23]边计年，用VHDL进行硬件电路设计，清华大学出版社，1999
[24]查光明，李仲令等选译，李正茂等编审，蜂房移动通信系统，电子科技大学出版社．1992．11．
[25]钟义信，伪噪声编码通信，人民邮电出版社，1979．
[26]李峰，朱世华，阎鸿森，蜂窝DS/CDMA系统中的多址干扰消除技术，中国通信学会第四届学术年会论文集，北京．pp．851-858，1995．11．
[27]沈恒范，概率论讲义，高等教育出版社，第二版，1982．12．
[28]林可祥，汪一飞编著，伪随机码的原理与应用，人民邮电出版社，1978．12．
[29]A.Duel-Hallen, Decorrelation decision feedback multiuser detector for synchronous code-division multiple-access channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-41, pp.285-290, Feb. 1993.
[30]A.Duel-Hallen, J.Holtzman and Z.Zvonar, Multiuser detection for CDMA systems, IEEE Persoonal Communications, pp.46-58, April 1995.
[31]A.J.Viterbi, Principles of Coherent Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
[32]A.J.Viterbi, The evolution of digital wireless technology from space exploration to personal communication services, IEEE Trans. Vehi. Techno. vol. 43, No. 3, pp.638-643, Aug. 1994.
[33]A.J.Viterbi, When not to spread spectrum-A sequel, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.23, pp.12-17, Apr. 1985.
[34]A.J.Viterbi, Wireless digital communication: A view based on three lessons learned, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.29, No.4, Apr. 1991.
[35] A.J.Viterbi, Spread spectrum communications-Myths and realities, IEEE Commun.Mag. , pp. 11-18, May 1979．
[36] A.Kajiwara and M.Nakagawa, Microcellular CDMA system with a linear multiuser interference canceler, IEEE J. Select.Areas Commun., vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 605-611, May, 1994．
[37] A.Klein and P.W.Baier, Linear unbiased data estimation in mobile radio systems applying CDMA, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commua, vol.SAC-11,pp.1058-1066, Sept. 1993．
[38] A.Leon-Garcia. Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering, USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1989．
[39] A.Papoulis,Probability,Random Variables,and Stochastic Processes, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965．
[40] A.R.Akinniyi and J.S.Lehnert, Characterization of noncoherent spread-spectrum multiple-access communications, IEEE Trans. Commun.,vol.42． No.1． pp139-148, Jan. 1994．
[41] A.V.Oppenheim and A.S.Willsky[美]著，刘树棠译，信号与系统，西安交通大学 出版社，1985． 11．
[42] A.W.Lm and D.V.Sarwate, Multiple-user interference in FHMA-DPSK spread-spectrum communications, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-34, No.1, pp. 1-13, Jan. 1986．
[43] B.Aazhang,B. Paris and GC.Orsak, Neural networks for multiuser detection in code-division multiple-access communications, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 40, pp. 1212-1222, July, 1992
[44] B.Aazhang and H.V.Poor, Performance of DS/SSMA communications in impulsive channels-Part I: Linear correlation receivers, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-35,pp. 1179-1188, Nov. 1988．
[45] B.Aazhang and H.V.Poor, Performance of DS/SSMA communications in impulsive channels-Part II: Hard limiting correlation receivers, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.COM-36,pp.88-97, Jan. 1988．
[46] B.Jabbari et at., Network issues for wireless communications, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, No.l, Jan. 1995．
[47] C.E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, Bell System Tech. J., vol. 27, pp.379-423, July 1948．
[48] C.E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, Bell System Tech.J., vol.27, pp. 623-656, Oct. 1948．
[49] D.C.Cox, Wireless network access for personal communications IEEE Common. Mag., vol.30, No. 12, pp. 96-115, Dec. 1992．
[50] D.E.Borth and M.B.Pursley. Analysis of direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communication over Rician fading channels. IEEE Frans. Commun.. vol.COM-27． pp. 1566-1577． Oct. 1979
[51] D.G Luenberger[美]著，蒋正新，郑梅春译，最优化的矢量空间方法，国际工业 出版社， 1987．
[52] D.J.Goodman. Second generation wireless information networks. IEEE Frans Vehic. Technol., vol. V1-40． pp.366-374． May 1991
[53] DJ.Torrieri. Principles of military communication systems .Anech House Inc 1981．
[54] D.L. Schilling et al.. Broadband CDMA for personal communication systems. IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.29． No 11． pp.86-93． Nov.1991．
[55] D.L. Schilling, Wireless communications going into the 21st century IEEE Trans. Vehi. Techno, vol. 43． No. 3, pp. 645-651． Aug. 1994．
[56] D.L.Schilling.L.B.Milstein.R.L.Pickholtz.M.Kullback. and F.Miller. Spread spectrum for commerical communications. IEEE commun.Mag. vol .29． pp.66-79． Apr 1991
[57] D I. .Schilling. R.L Pickholtz.. and 1 .B.Milstein. Spread spectium goes commerical. IEEE Spectrum, pp. 40-45． Aug. 1990．
[58] D Laforgia.A.Luvision.and V.Zinalelli. Bit error rate evaluation for spread-spectrum multiple-access systems. IEEE Trans.Commun..vol.COM-32,pp.660-669 June 1984．
[2] M. Alidina. J. Monteiro. S. Devadas. A. Ghosh. M. Papaefthymiou, Precomputation-based sequential logic optimization , in the Proceedings of IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 74-81, November. 1994
[3] L. Benini, P. Siegel, and G. De Micheli, Automatic Synthesis of Low-Power Gated-Clock Finite State Machines . in IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 630-643． June 1996
[4] T. Ojanpera, Overview of research activities for third generation mobile communication . in Wireless Communications TDMA versus CDMA edited by S. G. Glisic and P. A. Leppanen, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997．
[5] A. Sampath. P. S. Kumar and J. M. Holtzman, Power control and resource management for a multimedia wireless CDMA system , in PIMRC'95． September, 1995．
[6] R. Price, and P. E. Green Jr., Communication Technique for Multipath Channels, in the Proceedings of IRE Vol. 46, pp. 555-570, 1958
[7] J. Viterbi, CDMA, Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication, Addison-Wesley, 1995．
[8] A. J. Viterbi, Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and an Asymptotically Optimum Decoding Algorithm, IEEE Trans, on Information Theor, IT-13, April 1967
[9] H. Lou, Implementing the Viterbi Algorithm: Fundamentals and real-time issues for pro-cessors designers , IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,vol.12, no. 5 (Sept. 1995) p42-52
[10] A. J. Viterbi and J. K. Omura, Principles of Digital Communication and Coding, Me-Graw Hill, New York, 1979
[11] G. D. Forney Jr., The Viterbi Algorithm, IEEE Proceedings, IT-61(3) :268-278, March 1973
[12] I. Kang and A. N. Willson, Jr., A 0． 24m W, 14． 4Kbps, r=1/2, k=9 Viterbi Decoder, in the Proceedings of IEEE CICC, 1997
[13] C. B. Shung, P. H. Siegel, G Ungerboeck, and H. K. Thaper, VLSI Architectures
for Metric Normalization in the Viterbi Algorithm, In 1990 International Conference on Commu-nications, Atlanta, Georgia, April 1990
[14]H. Lou, Viterbi Decoder Design for the IS-95 CDMA Forward Link, Proceedings of IEEE 46th Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1346-50, 1996
[15]孙立新，尤肖虎，张萍，第三代移动通信技术，人民邮电出版社，2000．12
[16]查光明，熊贤祚，扩频通信，西安电子科技大学出版社，1990．12．
[17]高岩，第三代移动通信系统的未来，世界移动通信专家William. C. Y. Lee博士，北航报告摘，移动通信，1999
[18]FPGA Express VHDL Reference Mannual, December 1997, http://www.synopsvs.com
[19]Attributes, Constraints and Carrylogic, October 1997, http://www.xilinx.com
[20]Synopsys, synthesis and simulation design guide, 1997, http://www.xilinx.com
[21]侯波亨，VHDL硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计，西安电子科技大学出版社，1997
[22]SIM Macro Assitant, Help of Script Editor
[23]边计年，用VHDL进行硬件电路设计，清华大学出版社，1999
[24]查光明，李仲令等选译，李正茂等编审，蜂房移动通信系统，电子科技大学出版社．1992．11．
[25]钟义信，伪噪声编码通信，人民邮电出版社，1979．
[26]李峰，朱世华，阎鸿森，蜂窝DS/CDMA系统中的多址干扰消除技术，中国通信学会第四届学术年会论文集，北京．pp．851-858，1995．11．
[27]沈恒范，概率论讲义，高等教育出版社，第二版，1982．12．
[28]林可祥，汪一飞编著，伪随机码的原理与应用，人民邮电出版社，1978．12．
[29]A.Duel-Hallen, Decorrelation decision feedback multiuser detector for synchronous code-division multiple-access channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-41, pp.285-290, Feb. 1993.
[30]A.Duel-Hallen, J.Holtzman and Z.Zvonar, Multiuser detection for CDMA systems, IEEE Persoonal Communications, pp.46-58, April 1995.
[31]A.J.Viterbi, Principles of Coherent Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
[32]A.J.Viterbi, The evolution of digital wireless technology from space exploration to personal communication services, IEEE Trans. Vehi. Techno. vol. 43, No. 3, pp.638-643, Aug. 1994.
[33]A.J.Viterbi, When not to spread spectrum-A sequel, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.23, pp.12-17, Apr. 1985.
[34]A.J.Viterbi, Wireless digital communication: A view based on three lessons learned, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.29, No.4, Apr. 1991.
[35] A.J.Viterbi, Spread spectrum communications-Myths and realities, IEEE Commun.Mag. , pp. 11-18, May 1979．
[36] A.Kajiwara and M.Nakagawa, Microcellular CDMA system with a linear multiuser interference canceler, IEEE J. Select.Areas Commun., vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 605-611, May, 1994．
[37] A.Klein and P.W.Baier, Linear unbiased data estimation in mobile radio systems applying CDMA, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commua, vol.SAC-11,pp.1058-1066, Sept. 1993．
[38] A.Leon-Garcia. Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering, USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1989．
[39] A.Papoulis,Probability,Random Variables,and Stochastic Processes, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965．
[40] A.R.Akinniyi and J.S.Lehnert, Characterization of noncoherent spread-spectrum multiple-access communications, IEEE Trans. Commun.,vol.42． No.1． pp139-148, Jan. 1994．
[41] A.V.Oppenheim and A.S.Willsky[美]著，刘树棠译，信号与系统，西安交通大学 出版社，1985． 11．
[42] A.W.Lm and D.V.Sarwate, Multiple-user interference in FHMA-DPSK spread-spectrum communications, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-34, No.1, pp. 1-13, Jan. 1986．
[43] B.Aazhang,B. Paris and GC.Orsak, Neural networks for multiuser detection in code-division multiple-access communications, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 40, pp. 1212-1222, July, 1992
[44] B.Aazhang and H.V.Poor, Performance of DS/SSMA communications in impulsive channels-Part I: Linear correlation receivers, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-35,pp. 1179-1188, Nov. 1988．
[45] B.Aazhang and H.V.Poor, Performance of DS/SSMA communications in impulsive channels-Part II: Hard limiting correlation receivers, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.COM-36,pp.88-97, Jan. 1988．
[46] B.Jabbari et at., Network issues for wireless communications, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, No.l, Jan. 1995．
[47] C.E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, Bell System Tech. J., vol. 27, pp.379-423, July 1948．
[48] C.E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, Bell System Tech.J., vol.27, pp. 623-656, Oct. 1948．
[49] D.C.Cox, Wireless network access for personal communications IEEE Common. Mag., vol.30, No. 12, pp. 96-115, Dec. 1992．
[50] D.E.Borth and M.B.Pursley. Analysis of direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communication over Rician fading channels. IEEE Frans. Commun.. vol.COM-27． pp. 1566-1577． Oct. 1979
[51] D.G Luenberger[美]著，蒋正新，郑梅春译，最优化的矢量空间方法，国际工业 出版社， 1987．
[52] D.J.Goodman. Second generation wireless information networks. IEEE Frans Vehic. Technol., vol. V1-40． pp.366-374． May 1991
[53] DJ.Torrieri. Principles of military communication systems .Anech House Inc 1981．
[54] D.L. Schilling et al.. Broadband CDMA for personal communication systems. IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.29． No 11． pp.86-93． Nov.1991．
[55] D.L. Schilling, Wireless communications going into the 21st century IEEE Trans. Vehi. Techno, vol. 43． No. 3, pp. 645-651． Aug. 1994．
[56] D.L.Schilling.L.B.Milstein.R.L.Pickholtz.M.Kullback. and F.Miller. Spread spectrum for commerical communications. IEEE commun.Mag. vol .29． pp.66-79． Apr 1991
[57] D I. .Schilling. R.L Pickholtz.. and 1 .B.Milstein. Spread spectium goes commerical. IEEE Spectrum, pp. 40-45． Aug. 1990．
[58] D Laforgia.A.Luvision.and V.Zinalelli. Bit error rate evaluation for spread-spectrum multiple-access systems. IEEE Trans.Commun..vol.COM-32,pp.660-669 June 1984．