WSN中不同路由协议对网络生存性能影响的分析与研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络是继Internet之后,对21世纪人类生活方式产生重大影响的IT技术。无线传感器网络将改变人与自然的信息交互方式,它的发展引起了全世界范围的关注。该技术已成为学术界的研究热点问题。与传统无线通讯网络相比,无线传感器网络具有自组织、可靠性和以数据为中心等特点,在军事、医疗、环保等诸多领域都有广泛的应用前景。
本文分析研究了WSN中不同路由协议对WSN生存性能的影响。虽然无线传感器网络与传统网络相比具有诸多优点,但其存在的问题和局限性也为人们所关注。无线传感器网络的最大特点是资源受限。无线传感器节点一般使用电池供电,能量有限,而且节点数量庞大,难以补充能量。能量耗尽的节点将影响网络的生存性能,因此能量问题是传感器网络有待解决的关键问题。路由协议设计的首要目标就是提高能量有效性,延长网络生命周期。
基于此目的,本文首先总结了WSN的发展历程、概念特点、体系结构,分析了WSN的关键性技术问题及网络协议,概述了WSN的网络协议体系和路由协议的分类,然后分析和比较了几种有代表性的路由协议及其性能和优缺点。
最后本文选择定向扩散路由协议和能量感知路由协议作为研究重点,构建了OPNET仿真模型。在仿真模型中,分别在运行这两种路由协议的条件下仿真了网络隔离带的产生时间,节点平均消耗能量和网络端到端的平均时延这三个重要参数,对仿真结果进行比较和分析研究。文章的最后给出了研究工作的总结,并对下一步的工作提出了展望。
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a technology making great influence on people's living method in 21~(st) century just like Internet. WSN will change the interacting method of information between people and nature. It has emerged as a hot research focus in scientific field. Compared with traditional wireless communication networks, WSN has many new characters such as self-organization, reliability and data-centric information collection. It has been applied in many fields such as military, medical care and environmental protection.
This paper analyzed and researched the influence of different routing protocols on survival ability of wireless sensor network. WSN has many advantages more than traditional network, but it also has some problems and limitations in its application. The top feature of WSN is its limited resource. WSN nodes depend on battery to supply energy. The number of sensors is very big, so it is nearly impossible to change battery for them by people. In case this very limited energy is used up, the performance of WSN will be severely affected. Therefore, energy conservation is the most critical matter in dealing with WSN efficiency. And the aim of routing protocols' designing is improve energy efficiency and prolong the lifetime of WSN.
Based on the above mentioned important problem of WSN, this article summarizes the history, characters and architectures of WSN firstly. The critical techniques and protocols of WSN are analyzed briefly. Several representative routing protocols of WSN are also listed in this article. Then the advantages and disadvantages of these routing protocols are analyzed and compared.
Finally, Directed Diffusion Routing Protocol and Energy Aware Routing Protocol are selected as the research aim in this paper. The simulations of these two protocols are performed using OPNET software. Several key performance parameters, such as the beginning time of isolated area in WSN, the average energy consumption of WSN nodes and the average network delay are simulated. After analyzing the result of the simulation, reasonable conclusions are given. In the end of this paper, some prospects of future work are outlined.
本文分析研究了WSN中不同路由协议对WSN生存性能的影响。虽然无线传感器网络与传统网络相比具有诸多优点,但其存在的问题和局限性也为人们所关注。无线传感器网络的最大特点是资源受限。无线传感器节点一般使用电池供电,能量有限,而且节点数量庞大,难以补充能量。能量耗尽的节点将影响网络的生存性能,因此能量问题是传感器网络有待解决的关键问题。路由协议设计的首要目标就是提高能量有效性,延长网络生命周期。
基于此目的,本文首先总结了WSN的发展历程、概念特点、体系结构,分析了WSN的关键性技术问题及网络协议,概述了WSN的网络协议体系和路由协议的分类,然后分析和比较了几种有代表性的路由协议及其性能和优缺点。
最后本文选择定向扩散路由协议和能量感知路由协议作为研究重点,构建了OPNET仿真模型。在仿真模型中,分别在运行这两种路由协议的条件下仿真了网络隔离带的产生时间,节点平均消耗能量和网络端到端的平均时延这三个重要参数,对仿真结果进行比较和分析研究。文章的最后给出了研究工作的总结,并对下一步的工作提出了展望。
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a technology making great influence on people's living method in 21~(st) century just like Internet. WSN will change the interacting method of information between people and nature. It has emerged as a hot research focus in scientific field. Compared with traditional wireless communication networks, WSN has many new characters such as self-organization, reliability and data-centric information collection. It has been applied in many fields such as military, medical care and environmental protection.
This paper analyzed and researched the influence of different routing protocols on survival ability of wireless sensor network. WSN has many advantages more than traditional network, but it also has some problems and limitations in its application. The top feature of WSN is its limited resource. WSN nodes depend on battery to supply energy. The number of sensors is very big, so it is nearly impossible to change battery for them by people. In case this very limited energy is used up, the performance of WSN will be severely affected. Therefore, energy conservation is the most critical matter in dealing with WSN efficiency. And the aim of routing protocols' designing is improve energy efficiency and prolong the lifetime of WSN.
Based on the above mentioned important problem of WSN, this article summarizes the history, characters and architectures of WSN firstly. The critical techniques and protocols of WSN are analyzed briefly. Several representative routing protocols of WSN are also listed in this article. Then the advantages and disadvantages of these routing protocols are analyzed and compared.
Finally, Directed Diffusion Routing Protocol and Energy Aware Routing Protocol are selected as the research aim in this paper. The simulations of these two protocols are performed using OPNET software. Several key performance parameters, such as the beginning time of isolated area in WSN, the average energy consumption of WSN nodes and the average network delay are simulated. After analyzing the result of the simulation, reasonable conclusions are given. In the end of this paper, some prospects of future work are outlined.
引文
[1]Edgar H.Callaway,Wireless Sensor Networks:Architectures and Protocols.CRC Press 2004 21-35.
[2]SHEN C,SR ISA THAPORN PHAT C,JA IKAEO C.Sensor information networking architecture and applications[J].IEEE Pers Commun,2001(8):53-59.
[3]CHONG C Y,KUMAR S P.Sensor networks:evolution,opportunities,and challenges [J].Proceeding of the IEEE,2005,91(8):1247-1256.
[4]Jamal N.Ahmed E.Kamal.Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey.San Francisco:IEEE Computer Society,2002.1696-1705
[5]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等 无线传感器网络 清华大学出版社2005
[6]Holger Karl,Andreas Willig.Protocols and architectures for wireless sensor networks.Publishing house of electronics industry 2007
[7]Shah R C,Rabaey J M,Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks.In:Proc IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC'02),IEEE,Volume 1,17-21 March,2002
[8]Rahul C.Shah,Jan M.Rabaey,"Energy Aware Routing For Low Energy Sensor Network",Proceeding of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,Vol.1,Orlando,FLpp350-355.
[9]Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman,Anantha Chandrakasan,and Hari Balakrishnan,"LEACH:Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Netoworks"Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2000
[10]Hedetniemi S,Liestman A."A surey of gossiping and bradcasting in communication networks",1988,18(4):319-349[
11]J.Broch,D.A.Maltz,D.B.Johnson,"A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols",in Proc.4th Annu.ACM/IEEE Int.Conf.Mobile Computing and Networking(Mobicom'98),Dallas,TX,1998,pp.85-97
[12]Tatiana Bokareva,Sanjay Jha,Nirupama Bulusu,"A Performance Comparison of Data Dissemination Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks",IEEE Communications Society Globecom 2004 Workshop:85-89
[13]Chalermek Intanagonwiwat,Ramesh Govindan,Deborah Estrin,John Heidemann,"Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Network" in IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING,VOL.11,NO.1,Feb,2003
[14]于海斌,曾鹏,王忠锋等 分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究[J].通信学报,2004,25(10):102-110
[15]Li La-yuan,Li Chun-lin,Yuan Pei-yan.An energy level based routing protocol in Ad hoc networks.Proceedings of the IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference of Intelligent Agent Technology(IAT'06),Dec 18-22,2006,Hong Kong,China.IEEE Computer Society,2006:306-313
[16]于海斌,曾鹏 智能无线传感器网络系统 科学出版社2006
[17]M.Abolhasan,T.Wysocki,and E.Dutkiewicz,"A review of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks" Ad Hoc Networks,vol.2,no.1,ppl-22,Jan.2004
[18]http://www.ececs.uc.edu/～njain/research.html.
[19]C.Intanagonwiwat,R.Govindan,D.Estrin,J.Heidemann,and F.Silva.Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networks.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,11(1):2-16,2003.
[20]余荣,孙智,周海军等 保证服务质量的最小能量无线传感器网络路由算法 清华大学学报2007,47(10):1634-1637
[21]Lindsey S,Raghavendra CS.PEGASIS:Power-Efficient gathering in sensor information systems,http://www.cs.wayne.edu/～loren/csc8220-info/menu.html.
[22]Joanna Kulik,Wendi Rabiner,and Haft Balakrishnan.Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks.Massachusetts Institute of Technology.1999
[23]Alberto Cerpa and Deborah Estrin.ASCENT:Adaptive Self-Configuring Sensor Networks Topologies.In Proceedings of the Twenty First International Annual Joint Conference of the 1EEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM 2002),New York,NY,USA,June,23-27 2002.
[24]王文博,张金文OPNET Modeler与网络仿真 人民邮电出版社2003
[25]陈敏OPNET网络仿真 清华大学出版社2004
[26]李馨,叶明OPNET Modeler网络建模与仿真 西安电子科技大学出版社2006
[2]SHEN C,SR ISA THAPORN PHAT C,JA IKAEO C.Sensor information networking architecture and applications[J].IEEE Pers Commun,2001(8):53-59.
[3]CHONG C Y,KUMAR S P.Sensor networks:evolution,opportunities,and challenges [J].Proceeding of the IEEE,2005,91(8):1247-1256.
[4]Jamal N.Ahmed E.Kamal.Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey.San Francisco:IEEE Computer Society,2002.1696-1705
[5]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等 无线传感器网络 清华大学出版社2005
[6]Holger Karl,Andreas Willig.Protocols and architectures for wireless sensor networks.Publishing house of electronics industry 2007
[7]Shah R C,Rabaey J M,Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks.In:Proc IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC'02),IEEE,Volume 1,17-21 March,2002
[8]Rahul C.Shah,Jan M.Rabaey,"Energy Aware Routing For Low Energy Sensor Network",Proceeding of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,Vol.1,Orlando,FLpp350-355.
[9]Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman,Anantha Chandrakasan,and Hari Balakrishnan,"LEACH:Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Netoworks"Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2000
[10]Hedetniemi S,Liestman A."A surey of gossiping and bradcasting in communication networks",1988,18(4):319-349[
11]J.Broch,D.A.Maltz,D.B.Johnson,"A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols",in Proc.4th Annu.ACM/IEEE Int.Conf.Mobile Computing and Networking(Mobicom'98),Dallas,TX,1998,pp.85-97
[12]Tatiana Bokareva,Sanjay Jha,Nirupama Bulusu,"A Performance Comparison of Data Dissemination Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks",IEEE Communications Society Globecom 2004 Workshop:85-89
[13]Chalermek Intanagonwiwat,Ramesh Govindan,Deborah Estrin,John Heidemann,"Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Network" in IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING,VOL.11,NO.1,Feb,2003
[14]于海斌,曾鹏,王忠锋等 分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究[J].通信学报,2004,25(10):102-110
[15]Li La-yuan,Li Chun-lin,Yuan Pei-yan.An energy level based routing protocol in Ad hoc networks.Proceedings of the IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference of Intelligent Agent Technology(IAT'06),Dec 18-22,2006,Hong Kong,China.IEEE Computer Society,2006:306-313
[16]于海斌,曾鹏 智能无线传感器网络系统 科学出版社2006
[17]M.Abolhasan,T.Wysocki,and E.Dutkiewicz,"A review of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks" Ad Hoc Networks,vol.2,no.1,ppl-22,Jan.2004
[18]http://www.ececs.uc.edu/～njain/research.html.
[19]C.Intanagonwiwat,R.Govindan,D.Estrin,J.Heidemann,and F.Silva.Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networks.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,11(1):2-16,2003.
[20]余荣,孙智,周海军等 保证服务质量的最小能量无线传感器网络路由算法 清华大学学报2007,47(10):1634-1637
[21]Lindsey S,Raghavendra CS.PEGASIS:Power-Efficient gathering in sensor information systems,http://www.cs.wayne.edu/～loren/csc8220-info/menu.html.
[22]Joanna Kulik,Wendi Rabiner,and Haft Balakrishnan.Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks.Massachusetts Institute of Technology.1999
[23]Alberto Cerpa and Deborah Estrin.ASCENT:Adaptive Self-Configuring Sensor Networks Topologies.In Proceedings of the Twenty First International Annual Joint Conference of the 1EEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM 2002),New York,NY,USA,June,23-27 2002.
[24]王文博,张金文OPNET Modeler与网络仿真 人民邮电出版社2003
[25]陈敏OPNET网络仿真 清华大学出版社2004
[26]李馨,叶明OPNET Modeler网络建模与仿真 西安电子科技大学出版社2006