地铁隧道变形监测关键技术与分析预报方法研究
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摘要
随着城市化进程及城市的大规模发展,我国各大城市均在建设高效的地下轨道交通网以解决越来越严重的交通阻塞问题。城市轨道交通网大规模发展建设过程中必然会遇到线路之间交叉、换乘等问题,存在新建线路与既有线路的相互穿越等工程；同时,地铁的开通带来了沿线经济的发展,地铁沿线区间隧道上方、侧方的基坑工程越来越多,临近地铁隧道的地下工程打破了既有地铁隧道的受力平衡,从而引起地铁隧道的变形,如果这些变形得不到控制将会导致严重的后果。对于像北京、天津等城市,早期的地铁线路已建设近50年,需要对地铁线路进行全线整体监测,了解隧道的整体状况。因此研究地铁隧道的长期实时监测方法以及变形数据的分析处理理论对于保障城市地下轨道交通线网安全具有重要的现实意义。
目前地铁隧道监测主要都是针对受到预期荷载变化的局部区间的监测,很少涉及整体隧道的长期监测；现有的监测方法是以单一监测点的点位变化来反映隧道变形,不能准确反映隧道断面整体变形；同时在大范围、曲线路段变形监测区域无法保证稳定的基准点。因此论文首先提出建立低成本、高效率的地铁隧道全线监测解决方案,以满足地铁隧道整体线路的长期监测以及局部区域重点监测的需要。针对地铁隧道监测方法、隧道统一坐标基准的建立、断面变形特征的提取以及变形数据的分析、预报等方面进行了研究。主要研究内容如下：
1.在了解现有地铁变形监测的内容、方法的基础上,介绍了无线传感器网络系统,针对其在地铁隧道这一特殊环境的应用进行了深入研究,提出了基于无线传感器网络的地铁隧道相对变形长期监测的可行方案。并将其与局部区域重点监测的自动变形监测和周期性的地铁隧道基准网监测、轨道监测相结合,共同构建低成本、高效率的地铁隧道监测、管理系统。
2.研究建立隧道统一坐标基准的方法,对自由设站边角交会网在地铁隧道的布网、观测方式进行了研究,分别构建平面网和三角高程网。分析了基准网平面数据的预处理、网平差以及结果精度。针对地铁隧道的大气环境特点提出了自由设站边角交会高程网的构建标准,构建高程控制网并研究其数据处理方法。采用本文方法对某高速铁路建设期间建立的边角交会网观测数据进行处理,分别对其平面网和高程网进行平差计算。计算得到的测站平面点位精度、相邻点位精度以及各测点的平面点位精度均与分析结果一致,能够满足地铁变形监测的需求。同时比较了三角高程网的解算结果与精密几何水准测量平差结果,验证了三角高程基准网的精度和有效性。
3.顾及已知控制点的误差和各点之间的相关性,进行了自由设站的模拟计算,分析了测站精度。针对自由设站的情况,研究了基于基准点坐标变化的基准网稳定性分析方法。
4.分析了不均匀B样条曲线的节点矢量确定方法,提出了改进的基于主点的节点矢量确定方法以及非断面信息的自动剔除算法。研究了利用扫描断面点拟合断面特征信息来代替少量单点位移分析断面变形的方法。
5.分析比较了自由曲线之间的距离度量算法,详细介绍了自由曲线之间的Hausdorff距离的计算方法,确定了以Hausdorff距离作为隧道断面变形特征的距离度量。
6.提出了顾及施工分析结果的卡尔曼滤波、预报模型。对现有的变形监测数据动态处理方法进行分析比较,主要研究了卡尔曼滤波和时间序列分析算法,以及它们之间的相互转换。采用Midas软件的施工模拟分析功能计算基坑开挖的数值分析模拟结果,并将其作为已知信息加入数据处理中。
Due to the urbanization and large scale development, kinds of cities are considering underground traffic as an efficient means to solve the problem of worsening ground traffic. On one hand, construction of rail systems has to face the issue of transposition or transfer, newly built lines have to pass through the old ones. On the other hand, metros give a boost to the economy along its path, thus the foundation pits around the section is increasing. Those underground projects break the force balance of the existing tunnels, deformation resulted from this will cost significantly if not handled properly. In the cities like Beijing, Tianjing with a history of underground railway operation more than50years, overall monitoring of the whole line is necessary for a better comprehensive understanding. Therefore, the study for long-term, real-time monitoring solution of underground railway tunnels, and data processing and analysis method is crucial to ensure the safe operation of underground traffic systems.
At present, the tunnel monitoring is mainly about segment deformation under expected stress change, and long-term, overall monitoring has never been tapped:The monitoring method now in use bases its analysis of overall deformation on the changes of individual points, so the overall deformation of tunnel section cannot be reflected accurately. Additionally, the reliable base points cannot be guaranteed in large-scale or curve areas. Therefore, the dissertation presents a subway monitoring and management system featuring low-cost and high-efficiency, targeting at long-term overall monitoring of railway tunnel, as well as major monitoring locally. The study focuses on the method of subway monitoring, the establishment of unified coordinate system, the extraction of section deformation information, the analysis and predicament of deformation data. The main contents are as follows.
1. On the foundation of the proven contents and methods of subway deformation monitoring, the dissertation introduces wireless sensor network, presenting a feasible program on wireless sensor network applying in long-term monitoring of subway relative deformation. Combining the program with automatic local deformation monitoring and periodic datum network monitoring, a low-cost, high-efficient subway monitoring and management system hence is established.
2. By combining relative deformation and overall tunnel cross section deformation, a method of unifying tunnel-based coordinate datum is presented. It studies the netting and observation methods of the free station marginal intersection net which is used in tunnels; relatively, structure the plane net and trigonometric height networks; has analyzed preprocessing, net adjustment and results accuracy of the benchmark network graphic data. It proposes a structuring standard of the vertical control network and studies its data processing. The afore said method is utilized in processing the monitoring data of an Intersection Net established during the constructing period of a certain high speed railway. The precision of planar point coordinate and consecutive point coordinate thusly obtained is in accordance with the result of laboratory analysis, and it can meet with subway deformation monitoring. In the meantime, the result of adjusted height obtained by the above method is compared with that of geometrical leveling to verify the precision of trigonometric height networks.
3. With regard to the error of control points and the correlation between each point, the precision of free station by unified datum network is analyzed and simulated. The dissertation introduces the commonly used methods of stability analysis of datum network, and studies the method based on datum coordinate change for free station.
4. The approach of describing section deformation feature by scanning the cross section, specifically B-spline curve simulation, is proposed to replace the traditional method, by which the section deformation is simply analyzed by individual points' deformation. Based on study of different methods for knot placement of uneven B-spline curves, a modified approach to resolve knot vector using doiminat points and new algorithm to distinguish section and out-of-section information is presented.
5. The Hausdorff distance algorithm is selected to be the proper distance measurement method of characterizing tunnel cross section deformation based on study and analysis of different methods of distance measuring between free curves. It is described in detail and then applied in deformation data of a selected cross section.
6. The comparison and interconversion of different dynamic processing methods that are currently used is presented. The construction simulation analysis function of Midas is used to analyze the data obtained during excavation of foundation trench. The result is then used as control information for data processing. Finally, the Kalman filtering model with regard to construction analysis result is proposed.
目前地铁隧道监测主要都是针对受到预期荷载变化的局部区间的监测,很少涉及整体隧道的长期监测；现有的监测方法是以单一监测点的点位变化来反映隧道变形,不能准确反映隧道断面整体变形；同时在大范围、曲线路段变形监测区域无法保证稳定的基准点。因此论文首先提出建立低成本、高效率的地铁隧道全线监测解决方案,以满足地铁隧道整体线路的长期监测以及局部区域重点监测的需要。针对地铁隧道监测方法、隧道统一坐标基准的建立、断面变形特征的提取以及变形数据的分析、预报等方面进行了研究。主要研究内容如下：
1.在了解现有地铁变形监测的内容、方法的基础上,介绍了无线传感器网络系统,针对其在地铁隧道这一特殊环境的应用进行了深入研究,提出了基于无线传感器网络的地铁隧道相对变形长期监测的可行方案。并将其与局部区域重点监测的自动变形监测和周期性的地铁隧道基准网监测、轨道监测相结合,共同构建低成本、高效率的地铁隧道监测、管理系统。
2.研究建立隧道统一坐标基准的方法,对自由设站边角交会网在地铁隧道的布网、观测方式进行了研究,分别构建平面网和三角高程网。分析了基准网平面数据的预处理、网平差以及结果精度。针对地铁隧道的大气环境特点提出了自由设站边角交会高程网的构建标准,构建高程控制网并研究其数据处理方法。采用本文方法对某高速铁路建设期间建立的边角交会网观测数据进行处理,分别对其平面网和高程网进行平差计算。计算得到的测站平面点位精度、相邻点位精度以及各测点的平面点位精度均与分析结果一致,能够满足地铁变形监测的需求。同时比较了三角高程网的解算结果与精密几何水准测量平差结果,验证了三角高程基准网的精度和有效性。
3.顾及已知控制点的误差和各点之间的相关性,进行了自由设站的模拟计算,分析了测站精度。针对自由设站的情况,研究了基于基准点坐标变化的基准网稳定性分析方法。
4.分析了不均匀B样条曲线的节点矢量确定方法,提出了改进的基于主点的节点矢量确定方法以及非断面信息的自动剔除算法。研究了利用扫描断面点拟合断面特征信息来代替少量单点位移分析断面变形的方法。
5.分析比较了自由曲线之间的距离度量算法,详细介绍了自由曲线之间的Hausdorff距离的计算方法,确定了以Hausdorff距离作为隧道断面变形特征的距离度量。
6.提出了顾及施工分析结果的卡尔曼滤波、预报模型。对现有的变形监测数据动态处理方法进行分析比较,主要研究了卡尔曼滤波和时间序列分析算法,以及它们之间的相互转换。采用Midas软件的施工模拟分析功能计算基坑开挖的数值分析模拟结果,并将其作为已知信息加入数据处理中。
Due to the urbanization and large scale development, kinds of cities are considering underground traffic as an efficient means to solve the problem of worsening ground traffic. On one hand, construction of rail systems has to face the issue of transposition or transfer, newly built lines have to pass through the old ones. On the other hand, metros give a boost to the economy along its path, thus the foundation pits around the section is increasing. Those underground projects break the force balance of the existing tunnels, deformation resulted from this will cost significantly if not handled properly. In the cities like Beijing, Tianjing with a history of underground railway operation more than50years, overall monitoring of the whole line is necessary for a better comprehensive understanding. Therefore, the study for long-term, real-time monitoring solution of underground railway tunnels, and data processing and analysis method is crucial to ensure the safe operation of underground traffic systems.
At present, the tunnel monitoring is mainly about segment deformation under expected stress change, and long-term, overall monitoring has never been tapped:The monitoring method now in use bases its analysis of overall deformation on the changes of individual points, so the overall deformation of tunnel section cannot be reflected accurately. Additionally, the reliable base points cannot be guaranteed in large-scale or curve areas. Therefore, the dissertation presents a subway monitoring and management system featuring low-cost and high-efficiency, targeting at long-term overall monitoring of railway tunnel, as well as major monitoring locally. The study focuses on the method of subway monitoring, the establishment of unified coordinate system, the extraction of section deformation information, the analysis and predicament of deformation data. The main contents are as follows.
1. On the foundation of the proven contents and methods of subway deformation monitoring, the dissertation introduces wireless sensor network, presenting a feasible program on wireless sensor network applying in long-term monitoring of subway relative deformation. Combining the program with automatic local deformation monitoring and periodic datum network monitoring, a low-cost, high-efficient subway monitoring and management system hence is established.
2. By combining relative deformation and overall tunnel cross section deformation, a method of unifying tunnel-based coordinate datum is presented. It studies the netting and observation methods of the free station marginal intersection net which is used in tunnels; relatively, structure the plane net and trigonometric height networks; has analyzed preprocessing, net adjustment and results accuracy of the benchmark network graphic data. It proposes a structuring standard of the vertical control network and studies its data processing. The afore said method is utilized in processing the monitoring data of an Intersection Net established during the constructing period of a certain high speed railway. The precision of planar point coordinate and consecutive point coordinate thusly obtained is in accordance with the result of laboratory analysis, and it can meet with subway deformation monitoring. In the meantime, the result of adjusted height obtained by the above method is compared with that of geometrical leveling to verify the precision of trigonometric height networks.
3. With regard to the error of control points and the correlation between each point, the precision of free station by unified datum network is analyzed and simulated. The dissertation introduces the commonly used methods of stability analysis of datum network, and studies the method based on datum coordinate change for free station.
4. The approach of describing section deformation feature by scanning the cross section, specifically B-spline curve simulation, is proposed to replace the traditional method, by which the section deformation is simply analyzed by individual points' deformation. Based on study of different methods for knot placement of uneven B-spline curves, a modified approach to resolve knot vector using doiminat points and new algorithm to distinguish section and out-of-section information is presented.
5. The Hausdorff distance algorithm is selected to be the proper distance measurement method of characterizing tunnel cross section deformation based on study and analysis of different methods of distance measuring between free curves. It is described in detail and then applied in deformation data of a selected cross section.
6. The comparison and interconversion of different dynamic processing methods that are currently used is presented. The construction simulation analysis function of Midas is used to analyze the data obtained during excavation of foundation trench. The result is then used as control information for data processing. Finally, the Kalman filtering model with regard to construction analysis result is proposed.
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