构建公共服务伦理基础设施
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摘要
生活世界是一个基本事实,是当代西方哲学普遍指向与关注的领域。生活世界的引入,凸显了实践的重要性,表明了哲学对人的生存关怀以及对生活的贴近。作为哲学分支的伦理学,从一开始就是关注实践的,是实践哲学。公务员,是一个特殊的群体,一定程度上也作为政府的代言人和经纪人,他们掌握着分配公共资源的权力,在制度的许可下,行使着自由裁量权。公共服务,是一种以公民为服务对象,以尊重公民权、实现公众利益为目标,重视社会、公民参与,以实现公务员、公民、法律、社会协调运行的一种综合治理模式。公共服务作为人类生活实践的一个重要领域,对人类的生活影响是巨大和广泛的。公共服务伦理的实践程度直接影响着民众对政府的信任感,作为伦理在生活世界的一种重要形式,公共服务伦理必须是面向生活的,必须要落实到公务员的日常践履之上,否则,公共服务伦理的价值追求永远只是一种理想而远离人类生活世界,而无法给人类带来真正的幸福。如何将公共服务的价值观和规范真正贯彻到公务员的日常行为之中,这需要一个沟通两端的桥梁。因而,构建公共服务伦理基础设施,为公共服务核心价值观和绩效导向型的公共服务伦理规范体系奠定了通向生活实践领域的基础,从而真正保证公务员做出期望的公共服务伦理行为,实现公共服务的价值目标。
The living world is a basic fact that Western Philosophy universally points to and focuses on.The introduction of the living world gives prominence to the importance of the practice and indicates that philosophy cares for and press close to the life.Ethics,a branch of philosophy ,focuses on practice from the beginning .Ethics belongs to practice philosophy. The public servant is a special group who is the prolocutor and broker of the government ,holds the power to distribute public resources and makes use of the power of free judgment when instituions permit.Public service is a comprehensive administrative model which serves the citizen ,respects civil rights ,emphasizes the participation of the society and citizens to realize the harmonious function of public servants ,citizens,law and the society.Public service,as an important field of living practice of mankinds,exerts great and broad influence on people lives.The practice degree of public service ethics directly relates to the public trust in governments.As an important form of ethics in the living world,public servic ethics have to face the people's life and be carried out by public servants' daily practice.Otherwise,value -pursuits of publice servie ethcis would be a ideal and far away from the living world forever.It can't bring real blessedness to the people.How to implement values and standars of public service through public holders' daily behavior need a medium to communicate both sides.So,construction of the infrastructure of public service ethics builds a foundation on which core valuse of public service and merit-based standards could lead to the field of living practice,which authentically ensures the expected ethical behavior of public servants to realize the public service value-objective.
The living world is a basic fact that Western Philosophy universally points to and focuses on.The introduction of the living world gives prominence to the importance of the practice and indicates that philosophy cares for and press close to the life.Ethics,a branch of philosophy ,focuses on practice from the beginning .Ethics belongs to practice philosophy. The public servant is a special group who is the prolocutor and broker of the government ,holds the power to distribute public resources and makes use of the power of free judgment when instituions permit.Public service is a comprehensive administrative model which serves the citizen ,respects civil rights ,emphasizes the participation of the society and citizens to realize the harmonious function of public servants ,citizens,law and the society.Public service,as an important field of living practice of mankinds,exerts great and broad influence on people lives.The practice degree of public service ethics directly relates to the public trust in governments.As an important form of ethics in the living world,public servic ethics have to face the people's life and be carried out by public servants' daily practice.Otherwise,value -pursuits of publice servie ethcis would be a ideal and far away from the living world forever.It can't bring real blessedness to the people.How to implement values and standars of public service through public holders' daily behavior need a medium to communicate both sides.So,construction of the infrastructure of public service ethics builds a foundation on which core valuse of public service and merit-based standards could lead to the field of living practice,which authentically ensures the expected ethical behavior of public servants to realize the public service value-objective.
引文
[1] OECD. 2000. Trust in Government: Ethics Measures in OECD Countries. Paris; OECD,第 30 页
[2] (德)于尔根·哈贝马斯著,曹卫东,付德根译:《后形而上学思想》, 南京:译林出版社 ,2001,第 73 页
[3] (法) 莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂著,姜志辉译:《知觉现象学》,商务印书馆 ,2003,第 125 页
[4] (德)于尔根·哈贝马斯著,曹卫东,付德根译:《后形而上学思想》, 南京:译林出版社 ,2001,第 77 页
[5] (德)于尔根·哈贝马斯著,曹卫东,付德根译:《后形而上学思想》, 南京:译林出版社 ,2001,第 86 页
[6] (德)于尔根·哈贝马斯著,曹卫东,付德根译:《后形而上学思想》, 南京:译林出版社 ,2001,第 78 页
[7] (德)于尔根·哈贝马斯著,曹卫东,付德根译:《后形而上学思想》, 南京:译林出版社 ,2001,第 7 页
[8] (英)巴恩斯著,李日章译:《亚里士多德》,台北: 联经出版事业公司, 1984,第 119 页
[9] 颜一著《亚里士多德选集·政治学卷》, 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 1999. 6
[10] (古希腊)亚里士多德著,苗力田主编:亚里士多德全集 (第 8 卷),中国人民大学出版社, 1997 年,第 20 页
[11] (古希腊)亚里士多德著,苗力田主编:亚里士多德全集 (第 9 卷),中国人民大学出版社, 1997 年,第 16 页
[12] 《西方伦理学名著选辑》上卷,第 291-292 页
[13] 《西方伦理学名著选辑》上卷,第 292 页
[14] 《西方伦理学名著选辑》上卷,第 294 页
[15] 麦卡习现象泛指美国联邦政府 1950 年代为查核政府人員国家忠诚所造成的白色恐怖压力,当时的麦卡习 (Joseph McCarthy) 参议员是极端反共产政权者,他借用自己在参院影响力和一连串听证会等作法,提倡的政府人員查核內容经常已侵犯个人自由和隐私领域,因而被称之为麦卡习主义。
[1] 汪子嵩著. 希腊哲学史. 北京: 人民出版社 , 1997.
[2] 亚里士多德著 . 苗力田主编.亚里士多德全集:第七卷.. 北京:中国人民大学出版社 ,1993
[3] 苗力田著. 古希腊哲学 . 北京: 中国人民大学出版社 , 1989.
[4] 亚里士多德著 . 苗力田主编.亚里士多德全集:第八卷 北京: 中国人民大学出版社 , 1994.
[5] 亚里士多德著 . 苗力田主编.亚里士多德全集:第九卷 北京: 中国人民大学出版社 , 1994.
[6] 李博著.汉语中的马克思主义术语的起源与作用 . 中国社会科学出版社,2003
[7] (美)马歇尔·萨林斯著. 赵丙祥译 .文化与实践理性. 上海:上海人民出版社,2002
[8] (德)哈贝马斯著.曹卫东,付德根译.后形而上学思想 . 南京:译林出版社 ,2001
[9] (德)文德尔班著.罗达仁译.哲学史教程(上) . 北京:商务印书馆 ,1987
[10] (古希腊)亚里士多德著.吴寿彭译.形而上学.北京:商务印书馆 ,1959.
[11] 徐长福著.理论思维与工程思维:两种思维方式的僭越与划界 . 上海:上海人民出版社 ,2001.
[12] (古希腊) 亚里士多德著.廖申白译注.尼各马可伦理学. .北京 : 商务印书馆, 2003
[13] 张祥龙著.从现象学到孔夫子. 北京:商务印书馆 ,2001
[14] (联邦德国)伽达默尔著. 薛华等译.科学时代的理性.国际文化出版公司,1988
[15] 康德著; 邓晓芒译 判断力批判 北京 : 人民出版社, 2002
[16] (英)巴恩斯著.李日章译:《亚里士多德》.台北: 联经出版事业公司, 1984
[17] 马克思恩格斯全集 , 人民出版社,1979
[18] (德)哈贝马斯著. 徐崇温译.交往行动理论:第 1 卷 .重庆出版社 , 1994
[19] 高清海哲学文存: 第 1 卷 . 长春: 吉林人民出版社 , 1997
[20] 北京大学哲学系外国哲学史教研室编译.西方哲学原著选读:上卷 商务印书馆1982
[21] 欧洲哲学史编写组 .欧洲哲学史. 广西人民出版社 1981
[22] (德)黑格尔著,杨一之译.逻辑学:下卷. 北京 : 商务印书馆, 1981
[23] 张康之著.公共管理伦理学 . 北京:中国人民大学出版社 ,2003.
[24] (美)康芒斯著; 于树生译.制度经济学 : 上、下册 北京 : 商务印书馆, 1962
[25] (英)卢瑟福著 ,陈建波 ,郁仲莉译.经济学中的制度. 北京:中国社会科学出版社 ,1999.
[26] (美)诺思著 ,陈郁译.经济史中的结构与变迁.上海:上海人民出版社 ,1994.
[27] (美)罗尔斯著,何怀宏等译. 正义论.中国社会科学出版社 ,1988
[28] 张康之著.寻找公共行政的伦理视角.中国人民大学出版社 , 2002
[29] (法)孟德斯鸠著,张雁深译.论法的精神.北京: 商务印书馆, 1961
[30] 李春成著.行政人的德性与实践.复旦大学出版社 , 2003
[31] 国家行政学院. 西方国家行政改革述评. 北京: 国家行政学院出版社,1998
[32] Alatas, Syed H. 1990. Corruption: Its Nature, Causes and Functions. Aldershot: Avebury.
[33] Averill, Nancy (ed.). 2002. Ethical Conduct and Public Office: Practices and Prescriptions. Ottawa: Public Policy Forum.
[34] Behn, Robert D. 2001. Rethinking Democratic Accountability. Washington, D.C.; Brookings Institution Press.
[35] Bowman, James S. 1996. Public Integrity Annual. Lexington, KY: The Council of State Governments.
[36] Cabinet Office. 2001. Ministerial Code: A Code of Conduct and Guidance on Procedures for Ministers. London: HMSO.
[37] Denhardt, Kathryn G. 1988. The Ethics of Public Service. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
[38] First Report of the Committee on Standards in Public Life. 1995. Standards in Public Life. London: HMSO.
[39] Frederickson, H. George. 1980. New Public Administration. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
[40] Frederickson, H. George (ed.). 1993. Ethics and Public Administration. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
[41] OECD. 1996. Ethics in the Public Service: Current Issues and Practice. Paris: OECD.
[42] OECD. 1999. Public Sector Corruption: An International Survey of Prevention Measures. Paris: OECD.
[43] OECD. 1998. Principles for Managing Ethics in the Public Sector, PUMA policy brief no.4.
[44] OECD. 2000. Trust in Government: Ethics Measures in OECD Countries. Paris; OECD.
[45] Organ, D. W. 1988. Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Solider Syndrome. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.
[2] (德)于尔根·哈贝马斯著,曹卫东,付德根译:《后形而上学思想》, 南京:译林出版社 ,2001,第 73 页
[3] (法) 莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂著,姜志辉译:《知觉现象学》,商务印书馆 ,2003,第 125 页
[4] (德)于尔根·哈贝马斯著,曹卫东,付德根译:《后形而上学思想》, 南京:译林出版社 ,2001,第 77 页
[5] (德)于尔根·哈贝马斯著,曹卫东,付德根译:《后形而上学思想》, 南京:译林出版社 ,2001,第 86 页
[6] (德)于尔根·哈贝马斯著,曹卫东,付德根译:《后形而上学思想》, 南京:译林出版社 ,2001,第 78 页
[7] (德)于尔根·哈贝马斯著,曹卫东,付德根译:《后形而上学思想》, 南京:译林出版社 ,2001,第 7 页
[8] (英)巴恩斯著,李日章译:《亚里士多德》,台北: 联经出版事业公司, 1984,第 119 页
[9] 颜一著《亚里士多德选集·政治学卷》, 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 1999. 6
[10] (古希腊)亚里士多德著,苗力田主编:亚里士多德全集 (第 8 卷),中国人民大学出版社, 1997 年,第 20 页
[11] (古希腊)亚里士多德著,苗力田主编:亚里士多德全集 (第 9 卷),中国人民大学出版社, 1997 年,第 16 页
[12] 《西方伦理学名著选辑》上卷,第 291-292 页
[13] 《西方伦理学名著选辑》上卷,第 292 页
[14] 《西方伦理学名著选辑》上卷,第 294 页
[15] 麦卡习现象泛指美国联邦政府 1950 年代为查核政府人員国家忠诚所造成的白色恐怖压力,当时的麦卡习 (Joseph McCarthy) 参议员是极端反共产政权者,他借用自己在参院影响力和一连串听证会等作法,提倡的政府人員查核內容经常已侵犯个人自由和隐私领域,因而被称之为麦卡习主义。
[1] 汪子嵩著. 希腊哲学史. 北京: 人民出版社 , 1997.
[2] 亚里士多德著 . 苗力田主编.亚里士多德全集:第七卷.. 北京:中国人民大学出版社 ,1993
[3] 苗力田著. 古希腊哲学 . 北京: 中国人民大学出版社 , 1989.
[4] 亚里士多德著 . 苗力田主编.亚里士多德全集:第八卷 北京: 中国人民大学出版社 , 1994.
[5] 亚里士多德著 . 苗力田主编.亚里士多德全集:第九卷 北京: 中国人民大学出版社 , 1994.
[6] 李博著.汉语中的马克思主义术语的起源与作用 . 中国社会科学出版社,2003
[7] (美)马歇尔·萨林斯著. 赵丙祥译 .文化与实践理性. 上海:上海人民出版社,2002
[8] (德)哈贝马斯著.曹卫东,付德根译.后形而上学思想 . 南京:译林出版社 ,2001
[9] (德)文德尔班著.罗达仁译.哲学史教程(上) . 北京:商务印书馆 ,1987
[10] (古希腊)亚里士多德著.吴寿彭译.形而上学.北京:商务印书馆 ,1959.
[11] 徐长福著.理论思维与工程思维:两种思维方式的僭越与划界 . 上海:上海人民出版社 ,2001.
[12] (古希腊) 亚里士多德著.廖申白译注.尼各马可伦理学. .北京 : 商务印书馆, 2003
[13] 张祥龙著.从现象学到孔夫子. 北京:商务印书馆 ,2001
[14] (联邦德国)伽达默尔著. 薛华等译.科学时代的理性.国际文化出版公司,1988
[15] 康德著; 邓晓芒译 判断力批判 北京 : 人民出版社, 2002
[16] (英)巴恩斯著.李日章译:《亚里士多德》.台北: 联经出版事业公司, 1984
[17] 马克思恩格斯全集 , 人民出版社,1979
[18] (德)哈贝马斯著. 徐崇温译.交往行动理论:第 1 卷 .重庆出版社 , 1994
[19] 高清海哲学文存: 第 1 卷 . 长春: 吉林人民出版社 , 1997
[20] 北京大学哲学系外国哲学史教研室编译.西方哲学原著选读:上卷 商务印书馆1982
[21] 欧洲哲学史编写组 .欧洲哲学史. 广西人民出版社 1981
[22] (德)黑格尔著,杨一之译.逻辑学:下卷. 北京 : 商务印书馆, 1981
[23] 张康之著.公共管理伦理学 . 北京:中国人民大学出版社 ,2003.
[24] (美)康芒斯著; 于树生译.制度经济学 : 上、下册 北京 : 商务印书馆, 1962
[25] (英)卢瑟福著 ,陈建波 ,郁仲莉译.经济学中的制度. 北京:中国社会科学出版社 ,1999.
[26] (美)诺思著 ,陈郁译.经济史中的结构与变迁.上海:上海人民出版社 ,1994.
[27] (美)罗尔斯著,何怀宏等译. 正义论.中国社会科学出版社 ,1988
[28] 张康之著.寻找公共行政的伦理视角.中国人民大学出版社 , 2002
[29] (法)孟德斯鸠著,张雁深译.论法的精神.北京: 商务印书馆, 1961
[30] 李春成著.行政人的德性与实践.复旦大学出版社 , 2003
[31] 国家行政学院. 西方国家行政改革述评. 北京: 国家行政学院出版社,1998
[32] Alatas, Syed H. 1990. Corruption: Its Nature, Causes and Functions. Aldershot: Avebury.
[33] Averill, Nancy (ed.). 2002. Ethical Conduct and Public Office: Practices and Prescriptions. Ottawa: Public Policy Forum.
[34] Behn, Robert D. 2001. Rethinking Democratic Accountability. Washington, D.C.; Brookings Institution Press.
[35] Bowman, James S. 1996. Public Integrity Annual. Lexington, KY: The Council of State Governments.
[36] Cabinet Office. 2001. Ministerial Code: A Code of Conduct and Guidance on Procedures for Ministers. London: HMSO.
[37] Denhardt, Kathryn G. 1988. The Ethics of Public Service. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
[38] First Report of the Committee on Standards in Public Life. 1995. Standards in Public Life. London: HMSO.
[39] Frederickson, H. George. 1980. New Public Administration. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
[40] Frederickson, H. George (ed.). 1993. Ethics and Public Administration. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
[41] OECD. 1996. Ethics in the Public Service: Current Issues and Practice. Paris: OECD.
[42] OECD. 1999. Public Sector Corruption: An International Survey of Prevention Measures. Paris: OECD.
[43] OECD. 1998. Principles for Managing Ethics in the Public Sector, PUMA policy brief no.4.
[44] OECD. 2000. Trust in Government: Ethics Measures in OECD Countries. Paris; OECD.
[45] Organ, D. W. 1988. Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Solider Syndrome. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.