高性能混凝土早期收缩性能及开裂趋势研究
|
摘要
实际工程条件下,高性能混凝土早期开裂现象屡见不鲜。早期裂缝的出现降低了混凝土结构使用性能,劣化混凝土工程耐久性,缩短了其使用寿命。为优化高性能混凝土结构设计,确保其在实际工程中服役性能及长期耐久性,需深入研究早期开裂现象。结合早期凝结硬化、收缩变形、收缩应力、拉伸徐变、弹性模量及抗裂阻力观测,研究早期开裂机理;建立科学合理的开裂判据,较为准确的进行开裂预测。
本文应用超声波无损检测技术,观测了通过高性能混凝土浆体的超声波声学参数随时间发展变化规律,并以此为基础确定高性能混凝土凝结时间。结果表明,超声波主频出现“跳跃式”增长时刻即为浆体初凝时间,波速由快速增长转为缓慢增长时刻为终凝时间;超声波法以胶凝材料水化反应进程及浆体内部微观结构发展为标准监测凝结、硬化,反映了浆体凝结的本质,较贯入阻力法具有操作上、技术上优势。
监测了高性能混凝土早期密封条件下内部相对湿度变化,结合成熟度理论、水化程度理论,预测自干燥引发相对湿度变化;改进早期湿度扩散系数计算模型,并基于湿度迁移理论,预测单面干燥条件下高性能混凝土早期内部相对湿度分布。结果表明,水灰比、矿物细掺料对自干燥引发相对湿度变化具有显著影响作用;自干燥引发相对湿度变化与水化程度之间呈简单的线性关系,可基于此关系建立自干燥引发相对湿度变化预测模型,预测结果与试验观测结果具有较高相关性;基于Fick第二定律,结合自干燥与湿度扩散相互影响作用,预测HPC内部相对湿度分布较为合理。
应用自行研制非接触式混凝土收缩变形测试仪,观测高性能混凝土早期自生收缩、单面干燥条件下收缩应变分布,研究其影响因素;基于毛细管压力理论,建立早期自生收缩预测模型;基于单面干燥条件下自由收缩与相对湿度线性关系,建立单面干燥条件下收缩应变分布预测模型。结果表明,水灰比、矿物细掺料对自生收缩、单面干燥条件下收缩应变分布具有显著影响作用;水胶比为0.40高性能混凝土,自生收缩预测结果与试验观测结果吻合性较好;低水灰比混凝土中浆体化学减缩明显,凝结过程持续时间较长,化学减缩对自生收缩贡献更为显著,导致毛细水张力预测自生收缩低于实测值;通过收缩应变分布预测结果与试验结果对比,证明受干燥影响区域存在层间约束;考虑层间约束后,收缩应变分布预测结果与试验结果吻合性较好。
在观测高性能混凝土早期弹性模量、劈裂抗拉强度随龄期发展基础上,分析受约束高性能混凝土早期开裂敏感性;应用改进环向约束试验,研究高性能混凝土环向约束条件下收缩应力、应力梯度、拉伸徐变及其影响因素;应用显微技术,观测受约束圆环试件表面、内部开裂情况。在上述工作基础上,综合分析受高性能混凝土早期开裂趋势。结果表明,受约束高性能混凝土具有早期开裂敏感性;养护条件、超塑化剂、水灰比及矿物细掺料对收缩应力具有显著影响作用;养护条件、水灰比及矿物细掺料对早期徐变性能具有明显影响作用;降低水灰比、干燥条件作用及硅灰的掺加,增加了受约束高性能混凝土早期开裂趋势;磨细矿渣的掺入,对受约束高性能混凝土早期开裂趋势影响不明显。
考虑混凝土早期粘弹性能,预测受约束高性能混凝土收缩应力;基于强度理论及能量理论,建立了早期开裂判据,预测受约束高性能混凝土早期开裂龄期。结果表明,残余收缩应力被释放前,考虑早期粘弹性能的收缩应力预测值与试验观测值较为接近;基于强度理论、能量理论预测的开裂龄期较试验观测结果有所提前,且相差不大,表明预测方法较为有效;能量理论确定的开裂抗力考虑了原始裂纹对早期开裂的影响作用,更适用于受约束高性能混凝土早期开裂预测,预测结果偏安全、可靠。
Early-age cracking of High Performance Concrete (HPC) usually occurs in field engineering. The occurrence of early-age cracks reduces the service performance of concrete structures. Early-age cracking also deteriorates the durability of concrete engineering and shortens its service life. In order to optimize structural design of HPC and ensure its service ability and long-term durability, early-age cracking needs to be further studied. The mechanism of early-age cracking should be studied combining the investigation of setting and hardening, shrinkage, shrinkage stress, tensile creep and cracking resistance. Scientific and reasonable cracking criterion should be established to predict early-age cracking relative precisely.
Ultrasonic nondestructive detection method was utilized to investigate the development of acoustic parameters of ultrasonic wave passing through the HPC mortar. According to the investigation results, the setting time was determined. The results indicated that initial setting time corresponded to the time at which the steep increase of ultrasonic dominant frequency occurred. Final setting time corresponded to the time at which ultrasonic pulse velocity started to increase slowly after rapid increase stage. Through ultrasonic method, setting and hardening were investigated according to hydration process of cementitious materials and development of internal micro-structures. So the results of ultrasonic method characterized the setting principle. Compared to penetration resistance method, ultrasonic method exhibited operational and technical advantages.
The internal Relative Humidity (RH) change of HPC in sealed condition was investigated. The self-desiccation induced RH change was predicted based on the maturity and hydration degree theory. The calculation model of early-age moisture diffusion coefficient was modified. Based on moisture diffusion theory, the internal RH distributio of HPC under unilateral dryng condition was predicted. The results indicated that w/c (water to cement raio) and mineral admixtures have significant influence on internal RH change induced by self-desiccation. A simple linear relationship exsited between self-desiccation induced RH change and hydration degree. Prediction model of self-desiccation induced RH change could be established based on the mentioned linear relationship. Relatively high correlation was obtained between the predicted results and investigated results. Based on Fick’s second law, internal RH distribution prediction considering interaction between self-desiccation and moisture diffusion was relatively resonable.
Self-developed non-contact shrinkage measuring device was applied to investigate early-age autogenous shrinkage and shrinkage distribution under unilateral drying condition. The influencing factors of autogenous shrinkage and shrinkage distribution were studied. Early-age autogenous shrinkage prediction model was established according to capillary pressure theory. Based on the linear relationship between free shrinkage and RH, prediction model of shrinkage distribution under unilateral drying condition was established. The results indicated that w/c and mineral admixtures had significant influence on autogenous shrinkage and shrinkage distribution. For HPC with water to binder ratio of 0.40, Relative high correlation existed between predicted autogenous shrinkage and investigated data. For HPC with lower w/c, chemical shrinkage of paste was more dramatic and setting process lasted longer time. So contribution of chemical shrinkage to autogenous shrinkage was more significant. This resulted that predicted autogenous shrinkage was lower than investigated data. Through the comparison of predicted shrinkage distribution and experimental data, existence of interlayer restraint was verified. Considering interlayer restraint, the predicted shrinkage distribution corresponded well with the experimental data.
Based on investigated development of early-age elastic modulus and splitting tensile strength of HPC with age, cracking sensitivity of restrained HPC was analyzed. Through the modified restrained ring test, shrinkage stress, stress gradient, tensile creep of restrained HPC were studied. The influencing factors of the mechanical properties mention above were also studied. Through the application of micro-technique, surfacial and internal cracking of restrained concrete ring was investigated. Based on the experimental work mentioned above, early-age cracking tendency of restrained HPC was analyzed comprehensively. The results indicated that restrained HPC exhibted early-age cracking sensitivity. Curing conditions, superplaticizer, w/c and mineral admixtures had significant influences on shrinkage stress. Curing conditions, w/c and mineral admixtures had significant influences on early-age creep performance. Reduction of w/c, effect of drying condituon and addition of silica fume resulted in higher early-age cracking tendency of restrained HPC. The influence of addition of grouded blast-furnace slag on early-age cracking tendency was not evident.
Considering early-age visco-elastic properties, shrinkage stress in restrained HPC was predicted. Early-age cracking criteria were established based on strength and energy theory. Accroding to the predicted shrinkage stress and established cracking criteria, early-age cracking age of restrained HPC was predicted. The results indicated that before release of residual shrinkage stress, predicted shrinkage stress considering visco-elastic properties approached to experimental data. Predicted cracking according to strength and energy theory occurred earlier than investigated cracking. The difference between predicted cracking age and investigated one was not great. This showed that early-age cracking prediction method mentioned above was relatively effective. The influence of initial crack on early-age cracking was considered during the determination of cracking resistance based on energy theory. So predition method based on energy theory was more suitable for early-age cracking prediction of restrained HPC. Predicted results according to energy theory presented greater security and reliability.
本文应用超声波无损检测技术,观测了通过高性能混凝土浆体的超声波声学参数随时间发展变化规律,并以此为基础确定高性能混凝土凝结时间。结果表明,超声波主频出现“跳跃式”增长时刻即为浆体初凝时间,波速由快速增长转为缓慢增长时刻为终凝时间;超声波法以胶凝材料水化反应进程及浆体内部微观结构发展为标准监测凝结、硬化,反映了浆体凝结的本质,较贯入阻力法具有操作上、技术上优势。
监测了高性能混凝土早期密封条件下内部相对湿度变化,结合成熟度理论、水化程度理论,预测自干燥引发相对湿度变化;改进早期湿度扩散系数计算模型,并基于湿度迁移理论,预测单面干燥条件下高性能混凝土早期内部相对湿度分布。结果表明,水灰比、矿物细掺料对自干燥引发相对湿度变化具有显著影响作用;自干燥引发相对湿度变化与水化程度之间呈简单的线性关系,可基于此关系建立自干燥引发相对湿度变化预测模型,预测结果与试验观测结果具有较高相关性;基于Fick第二定律,结合自干燥与湿度扩散相互影响作用,预测HPC内部相对湿度分布较为合理。
应用自行研制非接触式混凝土收缩变形测试仪,观测高性能混凝土早期自生收缩、单面干燥条件下收缩应变分布,研究其影响因素;基于毛细管压力理论,建立早期自生收缩预测模型;基于单面干燥条件下自由收缩与相对湿度线性关系,建立单面干燥条件下收缩应变分布预测模型。结果表明,水灰比、矿物细掺料对自生收缩、单面干燥条件下收缩应变分布具有显著影响作用;水胶比为0.40高性能混凝土,自生收缩预测结果与试验观测结果吻合性较好;低水灰比混凝土中浆体化学减缩明显,凝结过程持续时间较长,化学减缩对自生收缩贡献更为显著,导致毛细水张力预测自生收缩低于实测值;通过收缩应变分布预测结果与试验结果对比,证明受干燥影响区域存在层间约束;考虑层间约束后,收缩应变分布预测结果与试验结果吻合性较好。
在观测高性能混凝土早期弹性模量、劈裂抗拉强度随龄期发展基础上,分析受约束高性能混凝土早期开裂敏感性;应用改进环向约束试验,研究高性能混凝土环向约束条件下收缩应力、应力梯度、拉伸徐变及其影响因素;应用显微技术,观测受约束圆环试件表面、内部开裂情况。在上述工作基础上,综合分析受高性能混凝土早期开裂趋势。结果表明,受约束高性能混凝土具有早期开裂敏感性;养护条件、超塑化剂、水灰比及矿物细掺料对收缩应力具有显著影响作用;养护条件、水灰比及矿物细掺料对早期徐变性能具有明显影响作用;降低水灰比、干燥条件作用及硅灰的掺加,增加了受约束高性能混凝土早期开裂趋势;磨细矿渣的掺入,对受约束高性能混凝土早期开裂趋势影响不明显。
考虑混凝土早期粘弹性能,预测受约束高性能混凝土收缩应力;基于强度理论及能量理论,建立了早期开裂判据,预测受约束高性能混凝土早期开裂龄期。结果表明,残余收缩应力被释放前,考虑早期粘弹性能的收缩应力预测值与试验观测值较为接近;基于强度理论、能量理论预测的开裂龄期较试验观测结果有所提前,且相差不大,表明预测方法较为有效;能量理论确定的开裂抗力考虑了原始裂纹对早期开裂的影响作用,更适用于受约束高性能混凝土早期开裂预测,预测结果偏安全、可靠。
Early-age cracking of High Performance Concrete (HPC) usually occurs in field engineering. The occurrence of early-age cracks reduces the service performance of concrete structures. Early-age cracking also deteriorates the durability of concrete engineering and shortens its service life. In order to optimize structural design of HPC and ensure its service ability and long-term durability, early-age cracking needs to be further studied. The mechanism of early-age cracking should be studied combining the investigation of setting and hardening, shrinkage, shrinkage stress, tensile creep and cracking resistance. Scientific and reasonable cracking criterion should be established to predict early-age cracking relative precisely.
Ultrasonic nondestructive detection method was utilized to investigate the development of acoustic parameters of ultrasonic wave passing through the HPC mortar. According to the investigation results, the setting time was determined. The results indicated that initial setting time corresponded to the time at which the steep increase of ultrasonic dominant frequency occurred. Final setting time corresponded to the time at which ultrasonic pulse velocity started to increase slowly after rapid increase stage. Through ultrasonic method, setting and hardening were investigated according to hydration process of cementitious materials and development of internal micro-structures. So the results of ultrasonic method characterized the setting principle. Compared to penetration resistance method, ultrasonic method exhibited operational and technical advantages.
The internal Relative Humidity (RH) change of HPC in sealed condition was investigated. The self-desiccation induced RH change was predicted based on the maturity and hydration degree theory. The calculation model of early-age moisture diffusion coefficient was modified. Based on moisture diffusion theory, the internal RH distributio of HPC under unilateral dryng condition was predicted. The results indicated that w/c (water to cement raio) and mineral admixtures have significant influence on internal RH change induced by self-desiccation. A simple linear relationship exsited between self-desiccation induced RH change and hydration degree. Prediction model of self-desiccation induced RH change could be established based on the mentioned linear relationship. Relatively high correlation was obtained between the predicted results and investigated results. Based on Fick’s second law, internal RH distribution prediction considering interaction between self-desiccation and moisture diffusion was relatively resonable.
Self-developed non-contact shrinkage measuring device was applied to investigate early-age autogenous shrinkage and shrinkage distribution under unilateral drying condition. The influencing factors of autogenous shrinkage and shrinkage distribution were studied. Early-age autogenous shrinkage prediction model was established according to capillary pressure theory. Based on the linear relationship between free shrinkage and RH, prediction model of shrinkage distribution under unilateral drying condition was established. The results indicated that w/c and mineral admixtures had significant influence on autogenous shrinkage and shrinkage distribution. For HPC with water to binder ratio of 0.40, Relative high correlation existed between predicted autogenous shrinkage and investigated data. For HPC with lower w/c, chemical shrinkage of paste was more dramatic and setting process lasted longer time. So contribution of chemical shrinkage to autogenous shrinkage was more significant. This resulted that predicted autogenous shrinkage was lower than investigated data. Through the comparison of predicted shrinkage distribution and experimental data, existence of interlayer restraint was verified. Considering interlayer restraint, the predicted shrinkage distribution corresponded well with the experimental data.
Based on investigated development of early-age elastic modulus and splitting tensile strength of HPC with age, cracking sensitivity of restrained HPC was analyzed. Through the modified restrained ring test, shrinkage stress, stress gradient, tensile creep of restrained HPC were studied. The influencing factors of the mechanical properties mention above were also studied. Through the application of micro-technique, surfacial and internal cracking of restrained concrete ring was investigated. Based on the experimental work mentioned above, early-age cracking tendency of restrained HPC was analyzed comprehensively. The results indicated that restrained HPC exhibted early-age cracking sensitivity. Curing conditions, superplaticizer, w/c and mineral admixtures had significant influences on shrinkage stress. Curing conditions, w/c and mineral admixtures had significant influences on early-age creep performance. Reduction of w/c, effect of drying condituon and addition of silica fume resulted in higher early-age cracking tendency of restrained HPC. The influence of addition of grouded blast-furnace slag on early-age cracking tendency was not evident.
Considering early-age visco-elastic properties, shrinkage stress in restrained HPC was predicted. Early-age cracking criteria were established based on strength and energy theory. Accroding to the predicted shrinkage stress and established cracking criteria, early-age cracking age of restrained HPC was predicted. The results indicated that before release of residual shrinkage stress, predicted shrinkage stress considering visco-elastic properties approached to experimental data. Predicted cracking according to strength and energy theory occurred earlier than investigated cracking. The difference between predicted cracking age and investigated one was not great. This showed that early-age cracking prediction method mentioned above was relatively effective. The influence of initial crack on early-age cracking was considered during the determination of cracking resistance based on energy theory. So predition method based on energy theory was more suitable for early-age cracking prediction of restrained HPC. Predicted results according to energy theory presented greater security and reliability.
引文
1 1 David A. Lange. Overview of driving forces. A. Bentur, K.Kovler. Early age cracking in cementitious systems. Cachan Cedex, RILEM Publications S.A.R.L, 2002:19~20
2 H.K.Lee, K.M.Lee, Y.H.Kim, et al. Ultrasonic in-situ monitoring of setting process of high-performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2004,34(4):631~640
3 P.K. Mehta, J.M. Monteiro. Concrete Structure, Properties, and Materials.祝永年,沈威,陈志源.同济大学出版社, 1991:229~230
4 S.Mindess, F.Young. Concrete.方秋清.中国建筑工业出版社, 1989:68~76
5李骁春,吴胜兴.早期混凝土超声波测试研究进展.混凝土与水泥制品.2006,(3):11~13.
6 N.G.B.Van der Winden.Ultrasonic measurement for setting control of concrete. H.W.Reinhardt. Testing During Concrete construction. London,Chapman and Hall,1990:122~137
7 H.W.Reinhardt, C.U.Grosse. Continuous monitoring of setting and hardening of mortar and concrete.Construction and Building Materials.2004,18(3):145~ 154
8 J.Rapoport, J.S.Popovics, K.V.Subramaniam, et al. The use of ultrasound to monitor the stiffening process of Portland cement concrete with admixtures. ACI Materials Journal. 1997,6: 675~ 683
9 N. De Belie, C.U. Grosse, J. Kurz, et al. Ultrasound monitoring of the influence of different accelerating admixtures and cement types for shotcrete on setting and hardening behaviour. Cement and Concrete Research. 2005,35(11):2087~2094
10 Matias Krauβ, Karim Hariri. Determination of initial degree of hydration for improvement of early-age properties of concrete using ultrasonic wave propagation. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2006,28(4):299~306
11 S.P.Pessiki, N.J.Carino. Setting time and strength of concrete using the impact-echo method. ACI Materials Journal. 1988,85:389~399
12 J.Keating, D.J.Hannant, A.P. Hibbert. Comparison of shear modulus and pulsevelocity techniques to measure the build-up of structure in fresh cement pastes used in oil well cementing. Cement and Concrete Research. 1989,19(4):554~566
13 J.Keating, D.J.Hannant, A.P.Hibbert. Correlation between cube strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and volume change for oil well cement slurries. Cement and Concrete Research. 1989,19(5):715~726
14 T. Chotard, N. Gimet-Brert, A. Smith, et al. Application of ultrasonic testing to describe the hydration of calcium aluminate cement at the early age. Cement and Concrete Research. 2001,31(3):405~412
15 A.Smith, T.Chotard, N.Gimet-Breart, et al. Correlation between hydration mechanism and ultrasonic measurements in an aluminous cement: effect of setting time and temperature on the early hydration. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.. 2002,22:1947~1958
16 C.M.Sayers, R.L.Grenfell. Ultrasonic propagation through hydrating cements. Ultrasonics. 1993,31 (3):147~153
17 M.A.Biot. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturatedporous solid. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.. 1956,28:168~191
18 A. Boumiz, C. Vernet, F. Cohen Tenoudji. Mechanical properties of cement pastes and mortars at early ages. Adv. Cem. Based Mater.. 1996,3(3~4): 94~106
19 S. Kakuta, T. Kojima. Evaluation of very early age concrete using a wave propagation method. L. Taerwe, H. Lambotte. Quality Control of Concrete Structures. Ghent, E&FN SPON, 1991:163~172
20 V. Garnier, G. Corneloup, J.M. Sprauel, J.C. Perfumo. Setting time study of roller compacted concrete by spectral analysis of transmitted ultrasonic signals. NDT&E Intl.. 1995,28(1):15~22
21 M.I. Valic. Hydration of cementitious materials by pulse echo USWR method, apparatus and application examples. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000,30(10):1633~1640
22 A. Feylessoufi, F. Cohen Tenoudji, V. Morin, P. Richard. Early ages shrinkage mechanisms of ultra-high-performance cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 2001,31(11):1573~1579
23 R.S. Rolling. Curling failures of steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs. ASCEJournal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. 1993,7(1):3-19
24 P. Paulini. A Weighting Method for Cement Hydration. 9th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement. New Delhi, 1992:.248~254
25 P. Paulini. Reaction Mechanisms of Concrete Admixtures. Cement and Concrete Research. 1990,20(6):910~918
26 H. Justnes, E.J. Selllevold, B. Reyniers, et al. The influence of cement characteristics on chemical shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Ei-ichi Tazawa. London, E&FN Spon, 1999:71~80
27 R. Gangé, I. Aouad, J. Shen, et al. Development of a new experimental technique for the study of the autogenous shrinkage of cement paste. Materials and Structures. 1999,32:635~642
28 C.G. Lynam. Growth and Movement in Portland Cement Concrete. Oxford University Press, 1934:25~45
29 E.Tazawa, S. Miyazawa. Effect of self-desiccation on volume change and flexural strength of cement paste and mortar. B. Persson, G. Fagerlund. self-desiccation and its importance on concrete technology. Lund, 1997:8~14
30 Japan Concrete Institute. Technical committee on autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Eiichi Tazawa. Autogeous Shrinkage of Concrete. London, E&FN Spon, 1999:1~62
31 E. Tazawa, S. Miyazawa, T. Kasai. Chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage of hydrating cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research.1995,25(2):288~292
32 A.M. Neville. Properties of Concrete, 4th edition. John Wiley and Sons, 1996
33 O. M. Jenson, P. F. Hansen. Autogenous Deformation and RH-change in Perspective. Cement and Concrete Research. 2001, 31(12): 1859~186
34 P. Lura, K. V.Breugel, I. Maruyama. Effect of Curing Temperature and Type of Cement on Early-age Shrinkage of High-performance Concrete. Cement and concrete research.2001, 31(12): 1867~1872
35 V. Baroghel-Bouny. Texture and Moisture Properties of Ordinary and High-Performance Cementitious Materials. Proceedings of Seminaire RILEM Benton: du Materiau a la Structure. Arles, 1996
36 T.C. Powers, T.L. Brownyard. Studies of the Physical Properties of Hardened Portland Cement Paste. Chicago, Portland Cement Association, 1948:992
37 H.F.W. Taylor. Cement Chemistry. 2nd Edition. Thomas Telford, 1997:459
38 Bertil Persson. Chemical shrinkage and internal relative humidity tests. A. Bentur, K. Kovler. Early age cracking in cementitious systems. Cachan Cedex, RILEM Publications S.A.R.L, 2002:225~240
39 A.M. Neville. Properties of Concrete. 2nd Edition. Pitman Publishing, 1978: 687
40 Yang H. Huang. Pavement Analysis and design. Prentice-Hall Inc., 1993: 406~417
41 F.H. Wittmann. The structure of hardened cement paste—A basis for a better understanding of the material properties. Proc. Conf. on Hydraulic Cement Pastes: Their Structure and Properties, Slough, 1976:96~117
42 T.C. Powers. Mechanisms of shrinkage and reversible creep of hardeningcement paste. Proc. Int. Symp. Structure of Concrete and its Behaviour Under Load. London, Cement and Concrete Association, 1965:319~344
43 O.M. Jensen. Thermodynamic limitation of self-desiccation. Cement and Concrete Research 1995,25(1):157~164
44 C. Ferraris, F.H. Wittmann. Shrinkage mechanisms of hardened cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research 1987,17(3):453~464
45 F. Beltzung, F.H. Wittmann, L. Holzer. Influence of composition of pore solution on drying shrinkage. F.-J. Ulm, Z.P. Bazant, F.H. Wittmann. Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of Concrete and Other Quasi-Brittle Materials. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, 2001:39~48
46 L.F. Nielsen. A research note on sorption, pore size distribution and shrinkage of porous materials. Building Materials Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark. TR245/91, 1991
47 Soroka. Portland cement paste and concrete. Macmillan, 1979
48 A. Radocea. A study on the mechanisms of plastic shrinkage of cement-based materials. Doctoral dissertation, CTH G?tebortg. 1992:125
49 M. Janz. Moisture transport and fixation in porous materials at high moisture levels. Doctoral dissertation, Lund Institute of Technology. 2000: 33~39
50 D. Bentz, E.J. Garboczi, D.A. Quenard. Modelling drying shrinkagein reconstructed porous materials: Application to porous Vycor glass. Model.Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng..1998,6:211~236
51 M. Grzybowske. Determination of crack arresting properties of fiber reinforced cementitious composites. Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C.. TRB No.1443, 1989:110~126
52 Erika E. Holt. Early age autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington. 2001:22~23 16 162~171 109~110
53 A.R. Mohamed,W. Hansen. Prediction of Stresses in concrete pavement subjected to non-linear gradients. Cement and Concrete Composites. 1996, 18(6): 381~387
54 A.P. Hong, Y.N. Li, Z.P. Bazant. Theory of crack spacing in concrete pavements. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 1997,123(3):267~275
55 B.Barr, S.B.Hoseinian, M.A.Beygi. Shrinkage of concrete stored in natural environments. Cement & Concrete Composites. 2003, 25(1):19~29
56 A.M.G. Seneviratne, N.R.Short, P.Purnell, et al. Preliminary investigations of the dimensional stability of super-critically carbonated glass fibre reinforced cement. Cement and Concrete Research. 2002, 32(10): 1639~1644
57 C.Andrade, J.Sarría, C.Alonso. Relative humidity in the interior of concrete exposed to natural and artificial weathering. Cement and Concrete Research. 1999, 29(8): 1249~1259
58蒋正武,王培铭.等温干燥条件下混凝土内部相对湿度的分布.武汉理工大学学报. 2003, 25(7):18~21
59高小建,巴恒静,杨英姿等.约束状态下板式混凝土早期开裂模式及收缩应变的分布.硅酸盐学报. 2004, 32(3):335~340
60 A.M.Paillère, M.Buil, J.J.Serrano. Effect of Fiber Addition on the Autogenous Shrinkage of Silica Fume Concrete. ACI Materials Journal. 1989,86(2): 139~144
61 R.Bloom, A.Bentur. Free and Restrained Shrinkage of Normal and High- performance Concretes. ACI Materials Journal. 1995, 92(2):211~217
62 S. Igarashi, A. Bentur, K. Kovler. Autogenous Shrinkage and Induced Restraining Stresses in High-strength Concretes. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000, 30(11):1701~1707
63 A.A.Sahah, A.L.David. Creep, Shrinkage, and Cracking of Restrained Concrete at Early Age. ACI Materials Journal. 2001, 98(4):323~331
64 Kovler,K. Testing system for determining the mechanical behavior of early age concrete under restrained and free uniaxial shrinkage. Materials and Structures. 1994,27(170):324~330
65 A.A.Sahah, A.L.David. Tensile Basic Creep: Measurements and Behavior at Early Age. ACI Materials Journal. 2001, 98(5):386~393
66高小建.高性能混凝土早期开裂机理与评价方法.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文. 2003:116~124 82~100 48~80
67 Kraai, P.P. Proposed test to determine the cracking potential due to drying shrinkage of concrete. Concrete Construction,1985,30(9):775~778
68 C.A. Schaels, K.C. Hover. Influence of mix proportions and construction operations on plastic shrinkage cracking in think slabs. ACI Materials Journal. 1998,85:495~504
69 D.Ravina, R.Shalon. Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Concrete. ACI Materials Journal. 1968, 65(4):429~435
70 T.A.Samman, W.H.Mirza and F.F.Wafa. Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Normal and High-Strength Concrete: A Comparative Study. ACI Materials Journal. 1996, 93(1):36~40
71 G.Barluenga, F. Hernandez-Olivares. Cracking control of concretes modified with short AR-glass fibers at early age. Experimental results on standard concrete and SCC. Cement and Concrete Research. 2007,37(12):1624~1638
72 Jang-Ho Jay Kim, Chan-Gi Park, Si-Won Lee, et al. Effects of the geometry of recycled PET fiber reinforcement on shrinkage cracking of cement-based composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2008,39(3):442~450
73 W.J. Weiss, W. Yang, S.P. Shah. Shrinkage cracking of restrained concrete slabs. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 1998,124(7):765~774
74 M. Grysbowski, S.P. Shah. Shrinkage cracking of fiber reinforced concrete. ACI Mater. J.. 1990, 87(2):138~148
75 R.W. Carlson, T.J. Reading. Model of studying shrinkage cracking inconcrete building walls. ACI Struct. J.. 1988,85(4):395~404
76 V.M. Malhotra, N.G. Zoldners. Comparison of ring-tensile strength of concrete with compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths. J. Mater. 1967:160~99
77 R.N. Swamy, H. Stavrides. Influence of fiber reinforcement on restrainedshrinkage cracking. ACI J. 1979,76(3):443~60
78 M.Grzybowski, S.P. Shah. Model to predict cracking in fiber reinforced concrete due to restrained shrinkage. Magazine of Concrete Research. 1989,41(148):125~135
79 K. Kovler, J. Sikuler, A. Bentur. Restrained shrinkage tests of fiber reinforced concrete ring specimens: effect of core thermal expansion. Mater. Struct. 1993,26:231~237
80 W.J. Weiss, S.P. Shah. Restrained shrinkage cracking: the role of shrinkage reducing admixtures and specimen geometry. K. Kovler, A. Bentur. RILEM international conference on early-age cracking in cementitious systems. Haifa, 2001:145~158
81 R.L. Gilber. Shrinkage cracking in fully restrained concrete members. Structural Journal. 1992,89(2):141~149
82 S. Thelanderson, A.Martensson, O. Dahlblom. Tension softening and cracking in drying concrete. Materials and Structures. 1989,21(126):416~424
83 S.P. Shah, W.J. Weiss, W. Yang. Shrinkage cracking-can it be prevented. Concrete International, 1998,20(4):51~55
84 Z.P. Bazant, J. Planas. Fracture and size effect in concrete and other quasi-brittle materials. CRC Press,1998
85吴中伟,廉慧珍.高性能混凝土.中国铁道出版社, 1999:1~10 276~277
86 M. Amazloom, A.A. Ramezanianpour, J.J. Brooks. Effect of silica fume on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2004, 26 (7): 347~357
87 Yun Lee, Seong-Tae Yi, Min-Su Kim, Jin-Keum Kim. Evaluation of a basic creep model with respect to autogenous shrinkage. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006, 36 (7): 1268~1278
88 Erika Holt. Contribution of mixture design to chemical and autogenous shrinkage of concrete at early ages. Cement and Concrete Research. 2005, 35 (3): 464~472
89 E. Holt, M. Leivo. Cracking risks associated with early age shrinkage. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2004, 26 (5): 521~530
90 J.K. Kim, C.S. Lee. Prediction of differential drying shrinkage in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 1998, 28 (7): 985~994
91 David W. Mokarem, Richard E. Weyers, D. Stephen Lane. Development of a shrinkage performance specifications and prediction model analysis for supplemental cementitous material concrete mixtures. Cement and Concrete Research. 2005, 35(5): 918~925
92 J. Byfors. Plain concrete at early age. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute. Report 3:80, 1980
93 W. Jason Weiss, Wei Yang, Surendra P. Shah. Shrinkage cracking of restrained concrete slabs. Journal of Engineering Mechanics.1998,124(7): 765~774
94 S.V. Kumar, H.V.S. Gangarao. Fatigue response of concrete decks reinforced with FRP rebars. Journal of Structural Engineering. 1998,124 (1):11~16
95 G. De Schutter. Durability of marine concrete structures damaged by early age thermal cracking. D. Naus. Life prediction and ageing management of concrete structures. Cachan, RILEM Publications, 2000:177~186
96 W.J. Weiss, W. Yang, S.P. Shah. Factors influencing durability and early-age cracking in high strength concrete structures. High performance concrete: research to practice. Farmington Hills, American Concrete Institute, 1999:387~409
97黄国兴,惠荣炎.混凝土的收缩.中国铁道出版社, 1990:2~13
98 B. Persson. Experimental studies on shrinkage of high performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 1998, 28(7):1023~1036
99 M.H.Zhang, C.T.Tam, M.P.Leow. Effect of water-to-cementitious materials ratio and silica fume on the autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2003, 33(10):1687~1694
100 Niyazi Ugur Kockal, Fikret Turker. Effect of environmental conditions on the properties of concretes with different cement types. Construction and Building Materials. 2007,21(3):634~645
101 M. Al-Fadhala, K.C. Hover. Rapid evaporation from freshly cast concrete and the Gulf environment. Constr. Building Mater.. 2001, 15(1):1~7
102 L.Vandewalle. Concrete creep and shrinkage at cyclic ambient conditions. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2000, 22 (2):201~208
103 W. Hansen Pane. Early age creep and stress relaxation of concrete containing blended cements. Materials and Structures. 2002, 35 (3): 92~96
104 Heather T. See, Emmanuel K. Attiogbe, Matthew A.Miltenberger. Shrinkage cracking characteristics of concrete using ring specimens.ACI Materials Journal. 2003,100 (3):239~245
105 Salah A. Altoubat, David A. Lange. Creep, shrinkage, and cracking of restrained concrete at early age. ACI Materials Journal. 2001,98(4):323~331
106 K.M.Lee, H.K.Lee, S.H.Lee, et al. Autogenous shrinkage of conrete containing granulated blast-furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006,36(7):1279~1285
107 A. Bentur. Comprehensive approach to prediction and control of early-age cracking in cementitious materials. F.J. Ulm, Z.P. Bazant, F.H. Wittmann. Creep, shrinkage and durability mechanics of conrete and other quasi-brittle materials. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, 2001:589~598
108 A.A. Almusallam, M. Maslehuddin, M. Abdul-Waris, M.M. Khan. Effect of mix proportions on plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete in hot environments. Construction and Building Materials, 1998, 12 (6~7):353~358
109 A.Kronl?f, M.Leivo, P.Sipari. Experimental study on the basic phenomena of shrinkage and cracking of fresh mortar. Cement and Concrete Research. 1995,25(8):1747~1754
110张冠伦.混凝土外加剂原理与应用.中国建筑工业出版社, 1989:56~73
111 G.Ye, P.Lura, K.van Breugel, et al. Study on the development of the microstructure in cement-based materials by means of numerical simulation and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2004,26(5):491~497
112邱平等.新编无损检测技术(应用新规范).中国环境科学出版社, 2002:58~59 68~70
113常太华等.检测技术与应用.中国电力出版社, 2003:95~100
114申爱琴.水泥与水泥混凝土.人民交通出版社, 2000:48~51 73~78
115曾龙伟.物理法采油技术.石油工业出版社, 2001:30~35
116全国锅炉压力容器无损检测人员资格鉴定考核委员会.超声波探伤.劳动人事出版社, 1989:35~40
117 Bertil Persson. Hydration and strength of high performance concrete. Advanced Cement Based Material. 1996,3(3~4):107~123
118 T.C. Powers. A discussion of cement hydration in relation to the curing ofconcrete. Proc. of the highway research. Washington D.C., 1947:178~188
119 Z.P. Bazant. Constitutive equation for concrete creep and shrinkage based on thermodynamics of multiphase systems. Materials and Structures. 1970, 3(13):3~36
120 Jin-Keun Kim, Chil-Sung Lee. Moisture diffusion of concrete considering self-desicction at early ages. Cement and Concrete Research. 1999, 29(12):1921~1927
121 Zhengwu Jiang, Zhenping Sun, Peiming Wang. Internal relative humidity distribution in high-permance cement paste due to moisture diffusion and self-desiccation. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006,36(2):320~325
122黄玉华,刘松.混凝土成熟度的原理与应用.国外建材科技. 2004, 25(6):14~16
123王培铭,丰曙霞,刘贤萍.水泥水化程度研究方法及其进展.建筑材料学报. 2005,8(6):646~652
124 P. Freiesleben-Hansen, E.J. Pedersen. Maturity computer for controlled curing and hardening of concrete. Nordic. Concr. Res.1977,1:21~25
125 Jieying Zhang, James J. Beaudoin. A discussion of the paper“Application of degree of hydration concept and maturity method for thermo-visco-elastic behaviour of early age concrete”by Geert De Schutter. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2005,27(6):734~735
126 Geert De Schutter. Applicability of degree of hydration concept and maturity method for thermo-visco-elastic behaviour of early age concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2004,26(5):437~443
127 C.F. Kee. Relation between strength and maturity of concrete. ACI J..1971,68(3):196~203
128 Jin-hoon Jeong. Characterization of slab behavior and related material properties due to temperature and moisture effects. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University. 2003:120~125
129 N.J. Carino. Maturity fuctions for concrete. Proc. RILEM Int. Conf. on Concrete at Early Ages. Paris, Ecole Ntionale des Ponts et Chausses, 1982: 111~115
130 P. Freiesleben Hansen, E.J. Pedersen. Maturity computer for controlled curing and hardening of concrete. Nordisk Betong, 1977:464~470
131 B.Persson. Self-desiccation and its importance in concrete technology. Materials and Structures. 1997, 30(199): 293~305
132 M.K. Rahman, M.H. Baluch, A.H. Al-Gadhib. Simulation of shrinkage distress and creep relief in concrete repair. Composite Part B: Engineering. 2000,31(6~7):541~553
133 Z.P. Bazant, L.J. Najjar. Nonlinear water diffusion in nonsaturatedconcrete. Materials and Structures. 1972,5(25):3~20
134 Ayman Ababneh, Yunping Xi, Dan M. Frangopol, et al. The damage of concrete structures due to coupled moisture transfer and drying shrinkage. Peter C. Chang. ASCE journal: A structural engineering odyssey structures congress 2001, Washington, D. C., ASCE Conf. Proc., 2001:27~38
135 Yunping Xi, Kaspar Willam, Dan M. Frangopol. Multiscale modelong of interactive diffusion processes in concrete. J. Engrg. Mech..2000,126(3): 258~265
136 Mark W. Lin, Justin B. Berman, Mehran Khoshbakht, et al. Modeling of moisture migration in an FRP reinforced masonry structure. Building and Environment. 2006,41(5):646~656
137 Liang Wang. Process and prediction of moisture and temperature distribution and history in hardening concrete. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University. 2000:17~26
138 Roger P. West, Niall Holmes. Predicting moisture movement during the drying of concrete floors using finite elements. Construction and Building Materials. 2005,19(9):674~681
139 Z.P. Bazant. Constitutive equation for concrete creep and shrinkage based on thermodynamics of multiphase systems. Materials and Structures. 1970, 3(13): 3~36
140 Z.P. Bazant, L.J. Najjar. Nonlinear water diffusion in nonsaturated concrete. Materials and Structures. 1972,5(2):24~32
141 L.J. Parrot. Moisture profiles in drying concrete. Advanced in Cement Research. 1988,1(3):32~39
142 N.J. Carino. The maturity method: theory and application. Cement, Concrete and Aggregates. 1984,6(2):61
143 ComitéEuro-Internatinal du Béton. CEB-FIP Model Code 1990. London,Thomas Telford Services Ltd., 1993:437
144 Zdeněk P. Ba?ant, Aders Boe Hauggaard, Sandeep Baweja, et al. Microprestress-solidification theory for concrete creepⅠ:Aging and drying effects. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 1997,123(11):1188~1194
145 C. Hua, P. Acker, A. Ehrlcher. Analyses and models of the autogenous shrinkage of hardening cement pasteⅠ:Modeling at macroscopic scale. Cement and Concrete Research. 1995, 25(7):1457~1468
146 Semion Zhutovsky. Modeling of autogenous shrinakge. A. Bentur, K. Kovler. Early age cracking in cementitious systems. Cachan Cedex, RILEM Publications S.A.R.L, 2002:169~178
147 Pietro Lura, Ole Mejlhede Jensen, Klaas van Breugel. Autogenous shrinkage in high-performance cement paste: An evaluation of basic mechanisms. Cement and Concrete Research. 2003,33(2):223~232
148 Olivier Bernard, Franz-Josef Ulm, Eric Lemarchand. A multiscale micromechanics-hydration model for the early-age elastic properties of cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 2003,33(9): 1293~1309
149 V.M. Malhotra, N.J. Carino. CRC handbook on non-destructive testing of concrete. CRC Press, 1991:101~146
150 Hani H. Nassif, Husam Najm, Nakin Suksawang. Effect of pozzolanic materials and curing methods on the elastic modulus of HPC. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2005,27(6):661~670
151 P. Acker, F.J. Ulm. Creep and shrinkage of concrete: physical origins, practical measurements. Nuclear Engineering and Design. 2001, 203(2~3): 143~158
152 H. Mesbah, M. Lachemi, P. Aitcin. Determination of elastic properties of high-performance concrete at early age. ACI Materials Journal 2002,99(1): 37~41
153 A. Khan, W.D. Cook, D. Mitchell. Early age compressive stress-strain properties of low, medium and high strength concretes. ACI Materials Journal. 1995,92(6):617~624
154 E.A.B. Koenders, K. Van Breugel. Numerical modeling of autogenous shrinkage of harding cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research. 1997,27(10):1489-1499
155 Akhter B.Hossain, Jason Weiss. Assessing residual stress development and stress relaxation in restrained concrete ring specimens. Cement and Concrete Composites.2004,26(5):531~540
156 L. Granger, J. M. Torrenti, P. Acker. Thought about drying shrinkage: scale effects and modeling. Materials and Structures. 1997,30:96~105
157 A.M. Alvaredo. Drying shrinakge and crack formation. Doctoral dissertation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.1994
158 W.J. Weiss, S.P. Shah. Restrained shrinkage cracking: the role of shrinkage reducing admixtures and specimen geometry. Mater. Struct..2002,35(3):85~91
159 RILEM. Thermal cracking in concrete at early age. R.Spingenschmid. Proceedings of the international RIlEM Symposium. Munich,1994
160 P.K. Mehta. Durability—Critical Issues for the Future. Concrete International. 1997,19(7):27~33
161 J.W. Dally, W.F. Riley. Experimental stress analysis.韩铭宝,邓成光.海洋出版社, 1987:36~60
162 W.J. Weiss, W. Yang, S.P. Shah. Influence of specimen size and geometry on shrinkage cracking. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE. 2000,126 (1):93~110
163 S.P. Timoshenko, J.N. Goodier. Theory of elasticity.徐芝纶.高等教育出版社, 1990:75~172
164陈建奎.混凝土外加剂原理与应用.中国计划出版社, 2004:249~289
165马新伟.高性能混凝土早期约束收缩及受拉徐变特性研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文. 2005:27
166 M.M. Samdi, F.O. Slate, A.H. Nilson. Shrinkage and creep of high-, medium-, and low-strength concretes, including overloads. ACI Jounal,1987,84 (30):224~234
167 F. De Larrard, Y. Malier. Engineering properties of very high performance concretes. Y. Malier. High Performance Concrete: from Material to Structure. London, E.&F.N. Spon, 1992:151~157
168 L. Yue, L.R. Taerwe. Empricical investigation of creep and shrinakge of high strength concrete. I. Holland, E. Sellevold. Proceedings of symposium of utilization of high-strengh concrete. Lillehammer, 1993:1084~1091
169 H.S. M?ller, K. K?ttner. Characteristics and prediction of creep of HPC. F.H. Wittmann, P. Schwesinger. Proceedings of the Fourth Weimar Workshop. HAB, Weimar, Freiburg and Unterengstringen, 1995:145~162
170 Shin-ichi Igarashi, Arnon Bentur, Konstantin Kovler. Autogenous shrinkage and induced restraining stresses in high-strength concretes. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000,30(1):1701~1707
171 Jae Heum Moon, Jason Weiss. Estimating residual stress in the restrained ring test under circumferential drying. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2006,28(5):486~496
172 A.M. Neville. Properties of concrete. Fourth edition. Longman Group Ltd., 1995:844
173 H.S. M?ller. New prediction models for creep and shrinkage of concrete. M.A. Daye, C.C. Fu. Creep and shrinkage of concrete: effect of materials and environment. Dertoit, 1992:1~18
174 H.S. M?ller, C.H.. K?ttner. Creep of high-performance concrete—characteristics and code—type prediction model. de Larrard F, Lacroix R. Utilization of high-strength/high-performance concrete. Paris, 1996:377~385
175尹健,周士琼.高性能混凝土轴心抗拉强度与劈裂抗拉强度试验研究.长沙铁道学院学报. 2001,19(2):25~29
176高建明.材料力学性能.武汉理工大学出版社, .2004:171 64~70
177王吉会等.材料力学性能.天津大学出版社, 2006:117~118
178 W. Jason Weiss, Wei Yang, Surendra P. Shah. Influence of specimen size/geometry on shrinkage cracking of rings. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 2000, 126(1):93~101
179 C.Ouyang, S.P.Shah. Geometry-dependent R-Curve for quasi-brittle materials. J. Am. Ceramic Soc.. 1991,74(11):2831~2836
180 S.P. Shah, C. Ouyang, S. Marinkunte, et al. A fracture mechanics model for shrinkage cracking ofrestrained concrete ring. ACI Materials Journal. 1998:339~346
181 Yilmaz Akkaya, Chengsheng Ouyang, Surendra P. Shah. Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on shrinkage and crack development in concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2007,29(2):117~123
2 H.K.Lee, K.M.Lee, Y.H.Kim, et al. Ultrasonic in-situ monitoring of setting process of high-performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2004,34(4):631~640
3 P.K. Mehta, J.M. Monteiro. Concrete Structure, Properties, and Materials.祝永年,沈威,陈志源.同济大学出版社, 1991:229~230
4 S.Mindess, F.Young. Concrete.方秋清.中国建筑工业出版社, 1989:68~76
5李骁春,吴胜兴.早期混凝土超声波测试研究进展.混凝土与水泥制品.2006,(3):11~13.
6 N.G.B.Van der Winden.Ultrasonic measurement for setting control of concrete. H.W.Reinhardt. Testing During Concrete construction. London,Chapman and Hall,1990:122~137
7 H.W.Reinhardt, C.U.Grosse. Continuous monitoring of setting and hardening of mortar and concrete.Construction and Building Materials.2004,18(3):145~ 154
8 J.Rapoport, J.S.Popovics, K.V.Subramaniam, et al. The use of ultrasound to monitor the stiffening process of Portland cement concrete with admixtures. ACI Materials Journal. 1997,6: 675~ 683
9 N. De Belie, C.U. Grosse, J. Kurz, et al. Ultrasound monitoring of the influence of different accelerating admixtures and cement types for shotcrete on setting and hardening behaviour. Cement and Concrete Research. 2005,35(11):2087~2094
10 Matias Krauβ, Karim Hariri. Determination of initial degree of hydration for improvement of early-age properties of concrete using ultrasonic wave propagation. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2006,28(4):299~306
11 S.P.Pessiki, N.J.Carino. Setting time and strength of concrete using the impact-echo method. ACI Materials Journal. 1988,85:389~399
12 J.Keating, D.J.Hannant, A.P. Hibbert. Comparison of shear modulus and pulsevelocity techniques to measure the build-up of structure in fresh cement pastes used in oil well cementing. Cement and Concrete Research. 1989,19(4):554~566
13 J.Keating, D.J.Hannant, A.P.Hibbert. Correlation between cube strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and volume change for oil well cement slurries. Cement and Concrete Research. 1989,19(5):715~726
14 T. Chotard, N. Gimet-Brert, A. Smith, et al. Application of ultrasonic testing to describe the hydration of calcium aluminate cement at the early age. Cement and Concrete Research. 2001,31(3):405~412
15 A.Smith, T.Chotard, N.Gimet-Breart, et al. Correlation between hydration mechanism and ultrasonic measurements in an aluminous cement: effect of setting time and temperature on the early hydration. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.. 2002,22:1947~1958
16 C.M.Sayers, R.L.Grenfell. Ultrasonic propagation through hydrating cements. Ultrasonics. 1993,31 (3):147~153
17 M.A.Biot. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturatedporous solid. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.. 1956,28:168~191
18 A. Boumiz, C. Vernet, F. Cohen Tenoudji. Mechanical properties of cement pastes and mortars at early ages. Adv. Cem. Based Mater.. 1996,3(3~4): 94~106
19 S. Kakuta, T. Kojima. Evaluation of very early age concrete using a wave propagation method. L. Taerwe, H. Lambotte. Quality Control of Concrete Structures. Ghent, E&FN SPON, 1991:163~172
20 V. Garnier, G. Corneloup, J.M. Sprauel, J.C. Perfumo. Setting time study of roller compacted concrete by spectral analysis of transmitted ultrasonic signals. NDT&E Intl.. 1995,28(1):15~22
21 M.I. Valic. Hydration of cementitious materials by pulse echo USWR method, apparatus and application examples. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000,30(10):1633~1640
22 A. Feylessoufi, F. Cohen Tenoudji, V. Morin, P. Richard. Early ages shrinkage mechanisms of ultra-high-performance cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 2001,31(11):1573~1579
23 R.S. Rolling. Curling failures of steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs. ASCEJournal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. 1993,7(1):3-19
24 P. Paulini. A Weighting Method for Cement Hydration. 9th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement. New Delhi, 1992:.248~254
25 P. Paulini. Reaction Mechanisms of Concrete Admixtures. Cement and Concrete Research. 1990,20(6):910~918
26 H. Justnes, E.J. Selllevold, B. Reyniers, et al. The influence of cement characteristics on chemical shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Ei-ichi Tazawa. London, E&FN Spon, 1999:71~80
27 R. Gangé, I. Aouad, J. Shen, et al. Development of a new experimental technique for the study of the autogenous shrinkage of cement paste. Materials and Structures. 1999,32:635~642
28 C.G. Lynam. Growth and Movement in Portland Cement Concrete. Oxford University Press, 1934:25~45
29 E.Tazawa, S. Miyazawa. Effect of self-desiccation on volume change and flexural strength of cement paste and mortar. B. Persson, G. Fagerlund. self-desiccation and its importance on concrete technology. Lund, 1997:8~14
30 Japan Concrete Institute. Technical committee on autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Eiichi Tazawa. Autogeous Shrinkage of Concrete. London, E&FN Spon, 1999:1~62
31 E. Tazawa, S. Miyazawa, T. Kasai. Chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage of hydrating cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research.1995,25(2):288~292
32 A.M. Neville. Properties of Concrete, 4th edition. John Wiley and Sons, 1996
33 O. M. Jenson, P. F. Hansen. Autogenous Deformation and RH-change in Perspective. Cement and Concrete Research. 2001, 31(12): 1859~186
34 P. Lura, K. V.Breugel, I. Maruyama. Effect of Curing Temperature and Type of Cement on Early-age Shrinkage of High-performance Concrete. Cement and concrete research.2001, 31(12): 1867~1872
35 V. Baroghel-Bouny. Texture and Moisture Properties of Ordinary and High-Performance Cementitious Materials. Proceedings of Seminaire RILEM Benton: du Materiau a la Structure. Arles, 1996
36 T.C. Powers, T.L. Brownyard. Studies of the Physical Properties of Hardened Portland Cement Paste. Chicago, Portland Cement Association, 1948:992
37 H.F.W. Taylor. Cement Chemistry. 2nd Edition. Thomas Telford, 1997:459
38 Bertil Persson. Chemical shrinkage and internal relative humidity tests. A. Bentur, K. Kovler. Early age cracking in cementitious systems. Cachan Cedex, RILEM Publications S.A.R.L, 2002:225~240
39 A.M. Neville. Properties of Concrete. 2nd Edition. Pitman Publishing, 1978: 687
40 Yang H. Huang. Pavement Analysis and design. Prentice-Hall Inc., 1993: 406~417
41 F.H. Wittmann. The structure of hardened cement paste—A basis for a better understanding of the material properties. Proc. Conf. on Hydraulic Cement Pastes: Their Structure and Properties, Slough, 1976:96~117
42 T.C. Powers. Mechanisms of shrinkage and reversible creep of hardeningcement paste. Proc. Int. Symp. Structure of Concrete and its Behaviour Under Load. London, Cement and Concrete Association, 1965:319~344
43 O.M. Jensen. Thermodynamic limitation of self-desiccation. Cement and Concrete Research 1995,25(1):157~164
44 C. Ferraris, F.H. Wittmann. Shrinkage mechanisms of hardened cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research 1987,17(3):453~464
45 F. Beltzung, F.H. Wittmann, L. Holzer. Influence of composition of pore solution on drying shrinkage. F.-J. Ulm, Z.P. Bazant, F.H. Wittmann. Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of Concrete and Other Quasi-Brittle Materials. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, 2001:39~48
46 L.F. Nielsen. A research note on sorption, pore size distribution and shrinkage of porous materials. Building Materials Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark. TR245/91, 1991
47 Soroka. Portland cement paste and concrete. Macmillan, 1979
48 A. Radocea. A study on the mechanisms of plastic shrinkage of cement-based materials. Doctoral dissertation, CTH G?tebortg. 1992:125
49 M. Janz. Moisture transport and fixation in porous materials at high moisture levels. Doctoral dissertation, Lund Institute of Technology. 2000: 33~39
50 D. Bentz, E.J. Garboczi, D.A. Quenard. Modelling drying shrinkagein reconstructed porous materials: Application to porous Vycor glass. Model.Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng..1998,6:211~236
51 M. Grzybowske. Determination of crack arresting properties of fiber reinforced cementitious composites. Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C.. TRB No.1443, 1989:110~126
52 Erika E. Holt. Early age autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington. 2001:22~23 16 162~171 109~110
53 A.R. Mohamed,W. Hansen. Prediction of Stresses in concrete pavement subjected to non-linear gradients. Cement and Concrete Composites. 1996, 18(6): 381~387
54 A.P. Hong, Y.N. Li, Z.P. Bazant. Theory of crack spacing in concrete pavements. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 1997,123(3):267~275
55 B.Barr, S.B.Hoseinian, M.A.Beygi. Shrinkage of concrete stored in natural environments. Cement & Concrete Composites. 2003, 25(1):19~29
56 A.M.G. Seneviratne, N.R.Short, P.Purnell, et al. Preliminary investigations of the dimensional stability of super-critically carbonated glass fibre reinforced cement. Cement and Concrete Research. 2002, 32(10): 1639~1644
57 C.Andrade, J.Sarría, C.Alonso. Relative humidity in the interior of concrete exposed to natural and artificial weathering. Cement and Concrete Research. 1999, 29(8): 1249~1259
58蒋正武,王培铭.等温干燥条件下混凝土内部相对湿度的分布.武汉理工大学学报. 2003, 25(7):18~21
59高小建,巴恒静,杨英姿等.约束状态下板式混凝土早期开裂模式及收缩应变的分布.硅酸盐学报. 2004, 32(3):335~340
60 A.M.Paillère, M.Buil, J.J.Serrano. Effect of Fiber Addition on the Autogenous Shrinkage of Silica Fume Concrete. ACI Materials Journal. 1989,86(2): 139~144
61 R.Bloom, A.Bentur. Free and Restrained Shrinkage of Normal and High- performance Concretes. ACI Materials Journal. 1995, 92(2):211~217
62 S. Igarashi, A. Bentur, K. Kovler. Autogenous Shrinkage and Induced Restraining Stresses in High-strength Concretes. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000, 30(11):1701~1707
63 A.A.Sahah, A.L.David. Creep, Shrinkage, and Cracking of Restrained Concrete at Early Age. ACI Materials Journal. 2001, 98(4):323~331
64 Kovler,K. Testing system for determining the mechanical behavior of early age concrete under restrained and free uniaxial shrinkage. Materials and Structures. 1994,27(170):324~330
65 A.A.Sahah, A.L.David. Tensile Basic Creep: Measurements and Behavior at Early Age. ACI Materials Journal. 2001, 98(5):386~393
66高小建.高性能混凝土早期开裂机理与评价方法.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文. 2003:116~124 82~100 48~80
67 Kraai, P.P. Proposed test to determine the cracking potential due to drying shrinkage of concrete. Concrete Construction,1985,30(9):775~778
68 C.A. Schaels, K.C. Hover. Influence of mix proportions and construction operations on plastic shrinkage cracking in think slabs. ACI Materials Journal. 1998,85:495~504
69 D.Ravina, R.Shalon. Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Concrete. ACI Materials Journal. 1968, 65(4):429~435
70 T.A.Samman, W.H.Mirza and F.F.Wafa. Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Normal and High-Strength Concrete: A Comparative Study. ACI Materials Journal. 1996, 93(1):36~40
71 G.Barluenga, F. Hernandez-Olivares. Cracking control of concretes modified with short AR-glass fibers at early age. Experimental results on standard concrete and SCC. Cement and Concrete Research. 2007,37(12):1624~1638
72 Jang-Ho Jay Kim, Chan-Gi Park, Si-Won Lee, et al. Effects of the geometry of recycled PET fiber reinforcement on shrinkage cracking of cement-based composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2008,39(3):442~450
73 W.J. Weiss, W. Yang, S.P. Shah. Shrinkage cracking of restrained concrete slabs. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 1998,124(7):765~774
74 M. Grysbowski, S.P. Shah. Shrinkage cracking of fiber reinforced concrete. ACI Mater. J.. 1990, 87(2):138~148
75 R.W. Carlson, T.J. Reading. Model of studying shrinkage cracking inconcrete building walls. ACI Struct. J.. 1988,85(4):395~404
76 V.M. Malhotra, N.G. Zoldners. Comparison of ring-tensile strength of concrete with compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths. J. Mater. 1967:160~99
77 R.N. Swamy, H. Stavrides. Influence of fiber reinforcement on restrainedshrinkage cracking. ACI J. 1979,76(3):443~60
78 M.Grzybowski, S.P. Shah. Model to predict cracking in fiber reinforced concrete due to restrained shrinkage. Magazine of Concrete Research. 1989,41(148):125~135
79 K. Kovler, J. Sikuler, A. Bentur. Restrained shrinkage tests of fiber reinforced concrete ring specimens: effect of core thermal expansion. Mater. Struct. 1993,26:231~237
80 W.J. Weiss, S.P. Shah. Restrained shrinkage cracking: the role of shrinkage reducing admixtures and specimen geometry. K. Kovler, A. Bentur. RILEM international conference on early-age cracking in cementitious systems. Haifa, 2001:145~158
81 R.L. Gilber. Shrinkage cracking in fully restrained concrete members. Structural Journal. 1992,89(2):141~149
82 S. Thelanderson, A.Martensson, O. Dahlblom. Tension softening and cracking in drying concrete. Materials and Structures. 1989,21(126):416~424
83 S.P. Shah, W.J. Weiss, W. Yang. Shrinkage cracking-can it be prevented. Concrete International, 1998,20(4):51~55
84 Z.P. Bazant, J. Planas. Fracture and size effect in concrete and other quasi-brittle materials. CRC Press,1998
85吴中伟,廉慧珍.高性能混凝土.中国铁道出版社, 1999:1~10 276~277
86 M. Amazloom, A.A. Ramezanianpour, J.J. Brooks. Effect of silica fume on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2004, 26 (7): 347~357
87 Yun Lee, Seong-Tae Yi, Min-Su Kim, Jin-Keum Kim. Evaluation of a basic creep model with respect to autogenous shrinkage. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006, 36 (7): 1268~1278
88 Erika Holt. Contribution of mixture design to chemical and autogenous shrinkage of concrete at early ages. Cement and Concrete Research. 2005, 35 (3): 464~472
89 E. Holt, M. Leivo. Cracking risks associated with early age shrinkage. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2004, 26 (5): 521~530
90 J.K. Kim, C.S. Lee. Prediction of differential drying shrinkage in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 1998, 28 (7): 985~994
91 David W. Mokarem, Richard E. Weyers, D. Stephen Lane. Development of a shrinkage performance specifications and prediction model analysis for supplemental cementitous material concrete mixtures. Cement and Concrete Research. 2005, 35(5): 918~925
92 J. Byfors. Plain concrete at early age. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute. Report 3:80, 1980
93 W. Jason Weiss, Wei Yang, Surendra P. Shah. Shrinkage cracking of restrained concrete slabs. Journal of Engineering Mechanics.1998,124(7): 765~774
94 S.V. Kumar, H.V.S. Gangarao. Fatigue response of concrete decks reinforced with FRP rebars. Journal of Structural Engineering. 1998,124 (1):11~16
95 G. De Schutter. Durability of marine concrete structures damaged by early age thermal cracking. D. Naus. Life prediction and ageing management of concrete structures. Cachan, RILEM Publications, 2000:177~186
96 W.J. Weiss, W. Yang, S.P. Shah. Factors influencing durability and early-age cracking in high strength concrete structures. High performance concrete: research to practice. Farmington Hills, American Concrete Institute, 1999:387~409
97黄国兴,惠荣炎.混凝土的收缩.中国铁道出版社, 1990:2~13
98 B. Persson. Experimental studies on shrinkage of high performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 1998, 28(7):1023~1036
99 M.H.Zhang, C.T.Tam, M.P.Leow. Effect of water-to-cementitious materials ratio and silica fume on the autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2003, 33(10):1687~1694
100 Niyazi Ugur Kockal, Fikret Turker. Effect of environmental conditions on the properties of concretes with different cement types. Construction and Building Materials. 2007,21(3):634~645
101 M. Al-Fadhala, K.C. Hover. Rapid evaporation from freshly cast concrete and the Gulf environment. Constr. Building Mater.. 2001, 15(1):1~7
102 L.Vandewalle. Concrete creep and shrinkage at cyclic ambient conditions. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2000, 22 (2):201~208
103 W. Hansen Pane. Early age creep and stress relaxation of concrete containing blended cements. Materials and Structures. 2002, 35 (3): 92~96
104 Heather T. See, Emmanuel K. Attiogbe, Matthew A.Miltenberger. Shrinkage cracking characteristics of concrete using ring specimens.ACI Materials Journal. 2003,100 (3):239~245
105 Salah A. Altoubat, David A. Lange. Creep, shrinkage, and cracking of restrained concrete at early age. ACI Materials Journal. 2001,98(4):323~331
106 K.M.Lee, H.K.Lee, S.H.Lee, et al. Autogenous shrinkage of conrete containing granulated blast-furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006,36(7):1279~1285
107 A. Bentur. Comprehensive approach to prediction and control of early-age cracking in cementitious materials. F.J. Ulm, Z.P. Bazant, F.H. Wittmann. Creep, shrinkage and durability mechanics of conrete and other quasi-brittle materials. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, 2001:589~598
108 A.A. Almusallam, M. Maslehuddin, M. Abdul-Waris, M.M. Khan. Effect of mix proportions on plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete in hot environments. Construction and Building Materials, 1998, 12 (6~7):353~358
109 A.Kronl?f, M.Leivo, P.Sipari. Experimental study on the basic phenomena of shrinkage and cracking of fresh mortar. Cement and Concrete Research. 1995,25(8):1747~1754
110张冠伦.混凝土外加剂原理与应用.中国建筑工业出版社, 1989:56~73
111 G.Ye, P.Lura, K.van Breugel, et al. Study on the development of the microstructure in cement-based materials by means of numerical simulation and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2004,26(5):491~497
112邱平等.新编无损检测技术(应用新规范).中国环境科学出版社, 2002:58~59 68~70
113常太华等.检测技术与应用.中国电力出版社, 2003:95~100
114申爱琴.水泥与水泥混凝土.人民交通出版社, 2000:48~51 73~78
115曾龙伟.物理法采油技术.石油工业出版社, 2001:30~35
116全国锅炉压力容器无损检测人员资格鉴定考核委员会.超声波探伤.劳动人事出版社, 1989:35~40
117 Bertil Persson. Hydration and strength of high performance concrete. Advanced Cement Based Material. 1996,3(3~4):107~123
118 T.C. Powers. A discussion of cement hydration in relation to the curing ofconcrete. Proc. of the highway research. Washington D.C., 1947:178~188
119 Z.P. Bazant. Constitutive equation for concrete creep and shrinkage based on thermodynamics of multiphase systems. Materials and Structures. 1970, 3(13):3~36
120 Jin-Keun Kim, Chil-Sung Lee. Moisture diffusion of concrete considering self-desicction at early ages. Cement and Concrete Research. 1999, 29(12):1921~1927
121 Zhengwu Jiang, Zhenping Sun, Peiming Wang. Internal relative humidity distribution in high-permance cement paste due to moisture diffusion and self-desiccation. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006,36(2):320~325
122黄玉华,刘松.混凝土成熟度的原理与应用.国外建材科技. 2004, 25(6):14~16
123王培铭,丰曙霞,刘贤萍.水泥水化程度研究方法及其进展.建筑材料学报. 2005,8(6):646~652
124 P. Freiesleben-Hansen, E.J. Pedersen. Maturity computer for controlled curing and hardening of concrete. Nordic. Concr. Res.1977,1:21~25
125 Jieying Zhang, James J. Beaudoin. A discussion of the paper“Application of degree of hydration concept and maturity method for thermo-visco-elastic behaviour of early age concrete”by Geert De Schutter. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2005,27(6):734~735
126 Geert De Schutter. Applicability of degree of hydration concept and maturity method for thermo-visco-elastic behaviour of early age concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2004,26(5):437~443
127 C.F. Kee. Relation between strength and maturity of concrete. ACI J..1971,68(3):196~203
128 Jin-hoon Jeong. Characterization of slab behavior and related material properties due to temperature and moisture effects. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University. 2003:120~125
129 N.J. Carino. Maturity fuctions for concrete. Proc. RILEM Int. Conf. on Concrete at Early Ages. Paris, Ecole Ntionale des Ponts et Chausses, 1982: 111~115
130 P. Freiesleben Hansen, E.J. Pedersen. Maturity computer for controlled curing and hardening of concrete. Nordisk Betong, 1977:464~470
131 B.Persson. Self-desiccation and its importance in concrete technology. Materials and Structures. 1997, 30(199): 293~305
132 M.K. Rahman, M.H. Baluch, A.H. Al-Gadhib. Simulation of shrinkage distress and creep relief in concrete repair. Composite Part B: Engineering. 2000,31(6~7):541~553
133 Z.P. Bazant, L.J. Najjar. Nonlinear water diffusion in nonsaturatedconcrete. Materials and Structures. 1972,5(25):3~20
134 Ayman Ababneh, Yunping Xi, Dan M. Frangopol, et al. The damage of concrete structures due to coupled moisture transfer and drying shrinkage. Peter C. Chang. ASCE journal: A structural engineering odyssey structures congress 2001, Washington, D. C., ASCE Conf. Proc., 2001:27~38
135 Yunping Xi, Kaspar Willam, Dan M. Frangopol. Multiscale modelong of interactive diffusion processes in concrete. J. Engrg. Mech..2000,126(3): 258~265
136 Mark W. Lin, Justin B. Berman, Mehran Khoshbakht, et al. Modeling of moisture migration in an FRP reinforced masonry structure. Building and Environment. 2006,41(5):646~656
137 Liang Wang. Process and prediction of moisture and temperature distribution and history in hardening concrete. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University. 2000:17~26
138 Roger P. West, Niall Holmes. Predicting moisture movement during the drying of concrete floors using finite elements. Construction and Building Materials. 2005,19(9):674~681
139 Z.P. Bazant. Constitutive equation for concrete creep and shrinkage based on thermodynamics of multiphase systems. Materials and Structures. 1970, 3(13): 3~36
140 Z.P. Bazant, L.J. Najjar. Nonlinear water diffusion in nonsaturated concrete. Materials and Structures. 1972,5(2):24~32
141 L.J. Parrot. Moisture profiles in drying concrete. Advanced in Cement Research. 1988,1(3):32~39
142 N.J. Carino. The maturity method: theory and application. Cement, Concrete and Aggregates. 1984,6(2):61
143 ComitéEuro-Internatinal du Béton. CEB-FIP Model Code 1990. London,Thomas Telford Services Ltd., 1993:437
144 Zdeněk P. Ba?ant, Aders Boe Hauggaard, Sandeep Baweja, et al. Microprestress-solidification theory for concrete creepⅠ:Aging and drying effects. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 1997,123(11):1188~1194
145 C. Hua, P. Acker, A. Ehrlcher. Analyses and models of the autogenous shrinkage of hardening cement pasteⅠ:Modeling at macroscopic scale. Cement and Concrete Research. 1995, 25(7):1457~1468
146 Semion Zhutovsky. Modeling of autogenous shrinakge. A. Bentur, K. Kovler. Early age cracking in cementitious systems. Cachan Cedex, RILEM Publications S.A.R.L, 2002:169~178
147 Pietro Lura, Ole Mejlhede Jensen, Klaas van Breugel. Autogenous shrinkage in high-performance cement paste: An evaluation of basic mechanisms. Cement and Concrete Research. 2003,33(2):223~232
148 Olivier Bernard, Franz-Josef Ulm, Eric Lemarchand. A multiscale micromechanics-hydration model for the early-age elastic properties of cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 2003,33(9): 1293~1309
149 V.M. Malhotra, N.J. Carino. CRC handbook on non-destructive testing of concrete. CRC Press, 1991:101~146
150 Hani H. Nassif, Husam Najm, Nakin Suksawang. Effect of pozzolanic materials and curing methods on the elastic modulus of HPC. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2005,27(6):661~670
151 P. Acker, F.J. Ulm. Creep and shrinkage of concrete: physical origins, practical measurements. Nuclear Engineering and Design. 2001, 203(2~3): 143~158
152 H. Mesbah, M. Lachemi, P. Aitcin. Determination of elastic properties of high-performance concrete at early age. ACI Materials Journal 2002,99(1): 37~41
153 A. Khan, W.D. Cook, D. Mitchell. Early age compressive stress-strain properties of low, medium and high strength concretes. ACI Materials Journal. 1995,92(6):617~624
154 E.A.B. Koenders, K. Van Breugel. Numerical modeling of autogenous shrinkage of harding cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research. 1997,27(10):1489-1499
155 Akhter B.Hossain, Jason Weiss. Assessing residual stress development and stress relaxation in restrained concrete ring specimens. Cement and Concrete Composites.2004,26(5):531~540
156 L. Granger, J. M. Torrenti, P. Acker. Thought about drying shrinkage: scale effects and modeling. Materials and Structures. 1997,30:96~105
157 A.M. Alvaredo. Drying shrinakge and crack formation. Doctoral dissertation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.1994
158 W.J. Weiss, S.P. Shah. Restrained shrinkage cracking: the role of shrinkage reducing admixtures and specimen geometry. Mater. Struct..2002,35(3):85~91
159 RILEM. Thermal cracking in concrete at early age. R.Spingenschmid. Proceedings of the international RIlEM Symposium. Munich,1994
160 P.K. Mehta. Durability—Critical Issues for the Future. Concrete International. 1997,19(7):27~33
161 J.W. Dally, W.F. Riley. Experimental stress analysis.韩铭宝,邓成光.海洋出版社, 1987:36~60
162 W.J. Weiss, W. Yang, S.P. Shah. Influence of specimen size and geometry on shrinkage cracking. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE. 2000,126 (1):93~110
163 S.P. Timoshenko, J.N. Goodier. Theory of elasticity.徐芝纶.高等教育出版社, 1990:75~172
164陈建奎.混凝土外加剂原理与应用.中国计划出版社, 2004:249~289
165马新伟.高性能混凝土早期约束收缩及受拉徐变特性研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文. 2005:27
166 M.M. Samdi, F.O. Slate, A.H. Nilson. Shrinkage and creep of high-, medium-, and low-strength concretes, including overloads. ACI Jounal,1987,84 (30):224~234
167 F. De Larrard, Y. Malier. Engineering properties of very high performance concretes. Y. Malier. High Performance Concrete: from Material to Structure. London, E.&F.N. Spon, 1992:151~157
168 L. Yue, L.R. Taerwe. Empricical investigation of creep and shrinakge of high strength concrete. I. Holland, E. Sellevold. Proceedings of symposium of utilization of high-strengh concrete. Lillehammer, 1993:1084~1091
169 H.S. M?ller, K. K?ttner. Characteristics and prediction of creep of HPC. F.H. Wittmann, P. Schwesinger. Proceedings of the Fourth Weimar Workshop. HAB, Weimar, Freiburg and Unterengstringen, 1995:145~162
170 Shin-ichi Igarashi, Arnon Bentur, Konstantin Kovler. Autogenous shrinkage and induced restraining stresses in high-strength concretes. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000,30(1):1701~1707
171 Jae Heum Moon, Jason Weiss. Estimating residual stress in the restrained ring test under circumferential drying. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2006,28(5):486~496
172 A.M. Neville. Properties of concrete. Fourth edition. Longman Group Ltd., 1995:844
173 H.S. M?ller. New prediction models for creep and shrinkage of concrete. M.A. Daye, C.C. Fu. Creep and shrinkage of concrete: effect of materials and environment. Dertoit, 1992:1~18
174 H.S. M?ller, C.H.. K?ttner. Creep of high-performance concrete—characteristics and code—type prediction model. de Larrard F, Lacroix R. Utilization of high-strength/high-performance concrete. Paris, 1996:377~385
175尹健,周士琼.高性能混凝土轴心抗拉强度与劈裂抗拉强度试验研究.长沙铁道学院学报. 2001,19(2):25~29
176高建明.材料力学性能.武汉理工大学出版社, .2004:171 64~70
177王吉会等.材料力学性能.天津大学出版社, 2006:117~118
178 W. Jason Weiss, Wei Yang, Surendra P. Shah. Influence of specimen size/geometry on shrinkage cracking of rings. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 2000, 126(1):93~101
179 C.Ouyang, S.P.Shah. Geometry-dependent R-Curve for quasi-brittle materials. J. Am. Ceramic Soc.. 1991,74(11):2831~2836
180 S.P. Shah, C. Ouyang, S. Marinkunte, et al. A fracture mechanics model for shrinkage cracking ofrestrained concrete ring. ACI Materials Journal. 1998:339~346
181 Yilmaz Akkaya, Chengsheng Ouyang, Surendra P. Shah. Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on shrinkage and crack development in concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2007,29(2):117~123