察布查尔县种羊场井灌区生态农业模式研究
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摘要
伊犁河谷土地开发列入《全国土地开发整理规划》并开始实施,土地开发后如何合理安排农业生产结构,走可持续发展道路,现在没有现成的农业模式。研究以伊犁察布查尔县种羊场井灌区为对象,采用实地调查、查阅资料,结合室内分析的方法,研究了该区当前的农业模式,根据生态系统学和生态经济学原理,运用线性规划方法,设计了合理的生态农业模式,并对其中的两年三熟+育肥牛模式进行了实践。主要结果如下:
1、察布查尔县种羊场井灌区目前农业模式主要有单一作物种植、多元作物种植、种植+养殖家畜3种类型,且以种植单一经济作物棉花为主。棉花种植面积占58.89%,种植棉花之后有22.72-68.78%的农膜残留在土壤中。由于土地使用权的不稳定,导致了农业模式的多样化和不固定。
2、设计出的六种生态农业模式中,效益较高是两年三熟+育肥猪模式、两年三熟+育肥牛模式和两年三熟+育肥羊模式三种模式。目前生产力状况下,以1hm2土地为单位,这三种模式的种养殖比例如下:(1)两年三熟+育肥猪模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是1∶1∶0∶1∶0,养殖育肥猪的数量是44.87口,两年收入是23449.80元;(2)两年三熟+育肥牛模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是0.61∶0.61∶0.61∶0∶0.39,养殖育肥牛的数量是17.51头,两年收入是15574.82元;(3)两年三熟+育肥羊模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是0.60∶0.60∶0.60∶0∶0.4,养殖育肥羊的数量是171.67只,两年收入是19054.15元。土壤熟化好后,各种作物达到最高水平产量时,以1hm2土地为单位,这三种模式的种养殖比例如下:(1)两年三熟+育肥猪模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是1∶1∶0∶1∶0,养殖育肥猪的数量是85.47口,两年收入是48436.44元;(2)两年三熟+育肥牛模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是0.85∶0.85∶0.82∶0.03∶0.15,养殖育肥牛的数量是24.64头,两年收入是33396.37元;(3)两年三熟+育肥羊模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是0.53∶0.53∶0.53∶0∶0.47,养殖育肥羊的数量是245.68只,两年收入是31220.29元。
3、以伊犁华迪农林牧有限公司作为实践对象,两年三熟+育肥牛模式运行后的第2年到第3年,土壤容重呈减小趋势,耕层(0-20cm)土壤容重2008年比2007年降低7.73g/100cm3,耕层有机质含量2008年比2007年平均增加0.9%。
4、两年三熟+育肥牛模式和两年三熟+育肥羊模式可以使天然草场的牛羊向农区转移,有利于减小天然草场的放牧压力,实现了种养结合。两年三熟+养殖方式,提高了土地的利用率,提高了粮食的附加值,充分利用了秸秆,增加了土壤肥力,实现了草田轮作,有利于增加农牧民收入,有利于农业的可持续发展。
Yili Valley land development was included in“the National Planning of land development and consolidation”and the planning is starting. How to rationally arrange the structure of agricultural production, and how the path of sustainable be developed, there is no ready-made agricultural model. Yili Chabuchaer Jingguanqu as the study object, the methods of field surveys, data access, combined with laboratory analysis was used, the area’s current agricultural model was studied, the principles of the ecosystem and ecological economics was applied, the linear programming was used to design a reasonable model of ecological agriculture, the model of three harvest in two years and the cattle be bred was practiced, the main results are as follows:
1. There are mainly three models in Chabuchaer Jingguanqu, they are single model of the main crop, multi-crop cultivation and cultivation and livestock were breeding. And the single cash crop cultivation-based cotton was the mainly model, cotton planting area accounts for 58.89%, after the plastic sheeting cotton there are 22.72% to 68.78% of the plastic residue in the soil, land use rights lead to there are multiple agriculture models and the agriculture models are non-fixed.
2. In the design of six agricultural model, the model of three harvest in two years and the pig be bred, the model of three harvest in two years and the cattle be bred, the model of three harvest in two years and the sheep be breed have higher efficiency. Under nowadays productivity condition, product in 1 hectare, the cultivate crop and livestock proportion of the three model as follow: (1) Three harvest in two years and the fattening pig be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are 1:1:0:1:0, the number of pigs is 44.87, the income of two years is 23449.80 yuan. (2) Three harvest in two years and the fattening cattle be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are 0.61:0.61:0.61:0:0.39, the number of cattle is 17.51, the income of two years is 15574.82 yuan. (3) Three harvest in two years and the fattening sheep be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are0.60:0.60:0.60:0:0.4, the number of sheep is 171.67, the income of two years is 19054.15 yuan. When the soil is ripening,the product of all crops have high level, product in 1 hectare, the cultivate crop and livestock proportion of the three model as follow: (1) Three harvest in two years and the fattening pig be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are 1:1:0:1:0, the number of pigs is 85.47, the income of two years is 48436.44 yuan. (2) Three harvest in two years and the fattening cattle be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are 0.85:0.85:0.82:0.03:0.15, the number of cattle is 24.64, the income of two years is 33396.37 yuan. (3) Three harvest in two years and the fattening sheep be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are 0.53:0.53:0.53:0:0.47, the number of sheep is 245.68, the income of two years is 31220.29 yuan.
3. The model of three harvest in two years and the fattening cattle be bred be applied in a farm named Yili Huadi Nonglinmu Limited Company, the year of the 2nd and 3rd when the model be applied there, the organic matter content and soil unit weight in plough layer (0-20cm) were tested, the organic matter content of 2008 is higher 0.9% than 2007, soil unit weight of 2008 is lower 7.73g/100cm3 than 2007.
4. In the model of three harvest in two years and the fattening cattle be bred and the model of three harvest in two years and the fattening sheep be bred, the cattle and sheep be moved from the nature rangeland to farm area, the presser of nature rangeland be diminished, the growing and the culturing be connect. The model three harvest in two years and livestock be bred can enhance the availability of soil, the added value of crop was raised, the soil fertility was enhanced, the rotation of crops and grass become true, the income of farmer and herdsman be increased, the agriculture can be developed sustainability.
1、察布查尔县种羊场井灌区目前农业模式主要有单一作物种植、多元作物种植、种植+养殖家畜3种类型,且以种植单一经济作物棉花为主。棉花种植面积占58.89%,种植棉花之后有22.72-68.78%的农膜残留在土壤中。由于土地使用权的不稳定,导致了农业模式的多样化和不固定。
2、设计出的六种生态农业模式中,效益较高是两年三熟+育肥猪模式、两年三熟+育肥牛模式和两年三熟+育肥羊模式三种模式。目前生产力状况下,以1hm2土地为单位,这三种模式的种养殖比例如下:(1)两年三熟+育肥猪模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是1∶1∶0∶1∶0,养殖育肥猪的数量是44.87口,两年收入是23449.80元;(2)两年三熟+育肥牛模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是0.61∶0.61∶0.61∶0∶0.39,养殖育肥牛的数量是17.51头,两年收入是15574.82元;(3)两年三熟+育肥羊模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是0.60∶0.60∶0.60∶0∶0.4,养殖育肥羊的数量是171.67只,两年收入是19054.15元。土壤熟化好后,各种作物达到最高水平产量时,以1hm2土地为单位,这三种模式的种养殖比例如下:(1)两年三熟+育肥猪模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是1∶1∶0∶1∶0,养殖育肥猪的数量是85.47口,两年收入是48436.44元;(2)两年三熟+育肥牛模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是0.85∶0.85∶0.82∶0.03∶0.15,养殖育肥牛的数量是24.64头,两年收入是33396.37元;(3)两年三熟+育肥羊模式中,玉米∶小麦∶复播青贮玉米∶复播油葵∶紫花苜蓿的比例是0.53∶0.53∶0.53∶0∶0.47,养殖育肥羊的数量是245.68只,两年收入是31220.29元。
3、以伊犁华迪农林牧有限公司作为实践对象,两年三熟+育肥牛模式运行后的第2年到第3年,土壤容重呈减小趋势,耕层(0-20cm)土壤容重2008年比2007年降低7.73g/100cm3,耕层有机质含量2008年比2007年平均增加0.9%。
4、两年三熟+育肥牛模式和两年三熟+育肥羊模式可以使天然草场的牛羊向农区转移,有利于减小天然草场的放牧压力,实现了种养结合。两年三熟+养殖方式,提高了土地的利用率,提高了粮食的附加值,充分利用了秸秆,增加了土壤肥力,实现了草田轮作,有利于增加农牧民收入,有利于农业的可持续发展。
Yili Valley land development was included in“the National Planning of land development and consolidation”and the planning is starting. How to rationally arrange the structure of agricultural production, and how the path of sustainable be developed, there is no ready-made agricultural model. Yili Chabuchaer Jingguanqu as the study object, the methods of field surveys, data access, combined with laboratory analysis was used, the area’s current agricultural model was studied, the principles of the ecosystem and ecological economics was applied, the linear programming was used to design a reasonable model of ecological agriculture, the model of three harvest in two years and the cattle be bred was practiced, the main results are as follows:
1. There are mainly three models in Chabuchaer Jingguanqu, they are single model of the main crop, multi-crop cultivation and cultivation and livestock were breeding. And the single cash crop cultivation-based cotton was the mainly model, cotton planting area accounts for 58.89%, after the plastic sheeting cotton there are 22.72% to 68.78% of the plastic residue in the soil, land use rights lead to there are multiple agriculture models and the agriculture models are non-fixed.
2. In the design of six agricultural model, the model of three harvest in two years and the pig be bred, the model of three harvest in two years and the cattle be bred, the model of three harvest in two years and the sheep be breed have higher efficiency. Under nowadays productivity condition, product in 1 hectare, the cultivate crop and livestock proportion of the three model as follow: (1) Three harvest in two years and the fattening pig be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are 1:1:0:1:0, the number of pigs is 44.87, the income of two years is 23449.80 yuan. (2) Three harvest in two years and the fattening cattle be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are 0.61:0.61:0.61:0:0.39, the number of cattle is 17.51, the income of two years is 15574.82 yuan. (3) Three harvest in two years and the fattening sheep be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are0.60:0.60:0.60:0:0.4, the number of sheep is 171.67, the income of two years is 19054.15 yuan. When the soil is ripening,the product of all crops have high level, product in 1 hectare, the cultivate crop and livestock proportion of the three model as follow: (1) Three harvest in two years and the fattening pig be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are 1:1:0:1:0, the number of pigs is 85.47, the income of two years is 48436.44 yuan. (2) Three harvest in two years and the fattening cattle be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are 0.85:0.85:0.82:0.03:0.15, the number of cattle is 24.64, the income of two years is 33396.37 yuan. (3) Three harvest in two years and the fattening sheep be bred model, the ratio of corn : wheat : silage corn : sunflower : alfalfa are 0.53:0.53:0.53:0:0.47, the number of sheep is 245.68, the income of two years is 31220.29 yuan.
3. The model of three harvest in two years and the fattening cattle be bred be applied in a farm named Yili Huadi Nonglinmu Limited Company, the year of the 2nd and 3rd when the model be applied there, the organic matter content and soil unit weight in plough layer (0-20cm) were tested, the organic matter content of 2008 is higher 0.9% than 2007, soil unit weight of 2008 is lower 7.73g/100cm3 than 2007.
4. In the model of three harvest in two years and the fattening cattle be bred and the model of three harvest in two years and the fattening sheep be bred, the cattle and sheep be moved from the nature rangeland to farm area, the presser of nature rangeland be diminished, the growing and the culturing be connect. The model three harvest in two years and livestock be bred can enhance the availability of soil, the added value of crop was raised, the soil fertility was enhanced, the rotation of crops and grass become true, the income of farmer and herdsman be increased, the agriculture can be developed sustainability.
引文
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