均匀介质中缺陷对声波频谱特性影响的有限元方法研究
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摘要
现代无损检测技术正向高精度、高准确度方向发展,传统的理论和实验方法已不能满足其发展的要求,这就使得数值模拟越来越多的应用到超声无损检测研究上来。对于检测信号,一般在时域中分析所获得的缺陷信息是有限的。随着数字信号处理技术的发展起来的频谱分析方法已广泛应用到超声无损检测中来,应用频谱分析技术可以在频域中获得缺陷的更多信息。
本文应用有限元方法,建立了各向同性固体二维超声无损检测有限元模型。首先,对材料中无缺陷以及含有裂纹、方形横穿孔、圆柱形横穿孔缺陷的情况进行了模拟计算,在时域信号中可以看出各种回波和透射波幅度等特征的区别;重点对信号进行了频谱分析,计算得到了缺陷回波、底面回波以及透射波的频域特征量:峰值、峰值频率、中心频率、带宽、半高宽和缺陷谐振敏感频率等的变化;同时针对圆柱形横穿洞不同的直径,获得了其透射波各种频域特征量的变化规律曲线。其次,通过对平面和弧面凹槽的模拟计算,得到了相同深度不同宽度凹槽的底面回波幅度和频域特征量的不同,同时得到了不同宽度平底孔底面回波频域特征量的变化规律。最后,对钢中有各种金属和非金属夹杂的情况进行了模拟计算,通过时域回波信号相位的分析,验证了模拟结果与理论计算的一致;通过对回波和透射波进行频谱分析可以得到各种夹杂的不同频域特征量。
上述模拟结果能很好地识别出本文所述的各种缺陷,证明了应用有限元方法和频谱分析技术建立的模拟程序的正确性,这为理论和实验研究提供了参考,为进一步深入研究超声无损检测技术提供了新思路。
The modern nondestructive testing technologies (NDT) are developed towards the direction of high precision and accuracy. The numerical simulation have been more and more applied to the research of ultrasonic nondestructive testing because of the traditional theory and test method cannot meet the requirements of NDT development. It is generally believed that we can obtain limited flaw information in time domain. Hence, the spectrum analysis method which has been developed with the digital signal processing technology is used widely in NDT to obtain more features of flaws.
In this paper, two-dimensional NDT models have been developed by finite element method. Firstly, the model which has three different size defects: crack, traverse square cavity and traverse cylindrical cavity is studied by simulation, we can obtain the different amplitude by the echo and transmission signal, and we can obtain the different characteristics in frequency domain, such as: peak, peak frequency, center frequency, bandwidth, half high width, quarter high width and sensitivity frequency etc; aiming at the transmission signal of traverse cylindrical cavity, variation laws of frequency characteristics can be obtained from spectrum analysis. Secondly, studying the model of planar and arc groove, we can obtain the different amplitude of the back wall echo and transmission signal, and we can obtain the characteristics in frequency domain and the sensitivity frequency; variation laws of planar groove in frequency domain can be obtained from the spectrum analysis of transmission signal also. Finally, the finite element models with metal and nonmetal inclusions are developed in steel to study the ultrasonic propagation; the results are proved to be correct and reliable by analysis of echo phase, and we can obtain the characteristics in frequency domain and the sensitivity frequency of all inclusions.
The results can recognize defects and proved the correctness of finite element method and spectrum analysis technology in this paper. The simulation results may be useful to theory and test study, and offer a new idea for NDT.
本文应用有限元方法,建立了各向同性固体二维超声无损检测有限元模型。首先,对材料中无缺陷以及含有裂纹、方形横穿孔、圆柱形横穿孔缺陷的情况进行了模拟计算,在时域信号中可以看出各种回波和透射波幅度等特征的区别;重点对信号进行了频谱分析,计算得到了缺陷回波、底面回波以及透射波的频域特征量:峰值、峰值频率、中心频率、带宽、半高宽和缺陷谐振敏感频率等的变化;同时针对圆柱形横穿洞不同的直径,获得了其透射波各种频域特征量的变化规律曲线。其次,通过对平面和弧面凹槽的模拟计算,得到了相同深度不同宽度凹槽的底面回波幅度和频域特征量的不同,同时得到了不同宽度平底孔底面回波频域特征量的变化规律。最后,对钢中有各种金属和非金属夹杂的情况进行了模拟计算,通过时域回波信号相位的分析,验证了模拟结果与理论计算的一致;通过对回波和透射波进行频谱分析可以得到各种夹杂的不同频域特征量。
上述模拟结果能很好地识别出本文所述的各种缺陷,证明了应用有限元方法和频谱分析技术建立的模拟程序的正确性,这为理论和实验研究提供了参考,为进一步深入研究超声无损检测技术提供了新思路。
The modern nondestructive testing technologies (NDT) are developed towards the direction of high precision and accuracy. The numerical simulation have been more and more applied to the research of ultrasonic nondestructive testing because of the traditional theory and test method cannot meet the requirements of NDT development. It is generally believed that we can obtain limited flaw information in time domain. Hence, the spectrum analysis method which has been developed with the digital signal processing technology is used widely in NDT to obtain more features of flaws.
In this paper, two-dimensional NDT models have been developed by finite element method. Firstly, the model which has three different size defects: crack, traverse square cavity and traverse cylindrical cavity is studied by simulation, we can obtain the different amplitude by the echo and transmission signal, and we can obtain the different characteristics in frequency domain, such as: peak, peak frequency, center frequency, bandwidth, half high width, quarter high width and sensitivity frequency etc; aiming at the transmission signal of traverse cylindrical cavity, variation laws of frequency characteristics can be obtained from spectrum analysis. Secondly, studying the model of planar and arc groove, we can obtain the different amplitude of the back wall echo and transmission signal, and we can obtain the characteristics in frequency domain and the sensitivity frequency; variation laws of planar groove in frequency domain can be obtained from the spectrum analysis of transmission signal also. Finally, the finite element models with metal and nonmetal inclusions are developed in steel to study the ultrasonic propagation; the results are proved to be correct and reliable by analysis of echo phase, and we can obtain the characteristics in frequency domain and the sensitivity frequency of all inclusions.
The results can recognize defects and proved the correctness of finite element method and spectrum analysis technology in this paper. The simulation results may be useful to theory and test study, and offer a new idea for NDT.
引文
[1]陈文革,魏劲松.超声无损检测的应用研究与进展[J].无损探伤,2001,4:1-3
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[5]刘镇清,陈广.超声无损检测中的谱分析技术[J].无损检测,2001,23(2):85-88
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[16] Kogl M ,Hurlebaus S ,Gaul L .Finite element simulation of non-destructive damage detection with higher harmonics [J].NDT&E International,2004,37(3):195-205
[17] Ade`le L’Etang ,Zhihong Huang .FE simulation of laser generated surface acoustic wave propagation in skin[J].Ultrasonics,2006,44(S1):1243-1247
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[20]程载斌,王志华,张立军,等.管道超声纵向导波裂纹检测数值模拟[J].应用力学学报2004,21(4):76-79
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[28] Gilmore R.S ,Czerw G .J.The use of Radiation Field Theory to Determine Size and Shape of Unknown Reflect or by Ultrasonic Spectroscopy[J].Materials Evaluation, 1977,35(1):37-43
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[32]郑中兴,胡绍海.超声检测中缺陷的定性[J].无损检测,1994,16(1):24-27
[33]刘镇清,王路.脉冲超声波幅度谱测厚技术[J].计量技术,1999,43(5):6-9
[34]唐达培.三种数值方法的对比性研究[J].达县师专学报(自然科学版),1994; 4(2):48-49
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[37] Kattan P.I.MATLAB有限元分析与应用[M].韩来彬,北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[38]美国无损检测学会.美国无损检测手册·超声卷(上册) [S].上海:世界图书出版公司,1996,1-987
[39]李志华.功率谱估计在微弱信号检测中的应用[J].大连海事大学学报,1998,24(1):102-104
[40]淡艳,康斌.频谱分析原理与实现方法[J].乐山师范学院学报,2004,19(12):33-35
[41]李建文,徐彦霖,王增勇.应用模式识别技术识别超声检测的缺陷类型[J].仪器仪表学报,25(S4):585-586
[42]刘静,杨思乾.闸门位置及闸门宽度对超声信号快速离散傅立叶变换的影响[J].无损探伤,2002,3:14-17
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[44]徐科军.信号处理技术[M].武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,2001,21-221
[45]史亦韦.超声检测[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005:85
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[2]邵泽波.无损检测[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003:1-2
[3]吴朝晖.超声无损检测的应用与探讨[J].宁波工程学院学报,2005,17(4):22-24
[4]陈建忠,史耀武.超声检测过程的数值模拟[J].无损检测,2001,23(5):198-201
[5]刘镇清,陈广.超声无损检测中的谱分析技术[J].无损检测,2001,23(2):85-88
[6]蒋志峰.超声检测频域分析及对缺陷识别应用研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004
[7] Clough R.W. The Finite Element Method of Structural Analysis.Proc [A]. 2nd Conf Electronic Computation. ASCE[C].Pittsburgh,1960:278-286
[8] Jaleel K.M.A., Kishore N.N.. Sundararajan V.Finite-Element Simulation of Elastic Wave Propagation in Orthotropic Composite Materials[J].Materials Evaluations, 1993,51(7):830-838
[9] Liu S.W, Datta S.K. Scattering of ultrasonic wave by cracks in a plate [J].Trans of the ASME J Appl Mech ,1993,60(2):352-357
[10] Karunasena W.M ,Liew K.M ,Kitipornchai S. Hybrid analysis of Lamb wave reflection by a crack at the fixed edge of a composite plate [J].Comput Methods ApplMech Engrg,1995,125(1):221-233
[11] Datta D, Kishore N.N. Features of ultrasonic wave propagation to identify defects in composite materials modeled by finite element method [J].NDT&E International. 1996,29(4):213-223
[12] Alleyne D.N.,Lowe M.J.S.,Cawley P. The reflection of guided waves from circumferential notches in pipes [J].Trans of the ASME J Applied Mechanics, 1998,65(2):635-641
[13] Moser F., Jacobs L. J., Qu J. Modeling elastic wave propagation in waveguides with the finite element method[J].NDT&E International,1999,32(2):225-234
[14] Kishore N.N ,Sridhar I ,Iyengr N.G.R .Finite element modeling of ultrasonic waves by isolated flaws[J].NDT&E International,2000,33(5):297-305
[15] Ito T , Kawashima K ,Omote R ,et al .FEM Analysis of Bulk Wave Scattering at an Inclusion [J].Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE,2000,19:97-103
[16] Kogl M ,Hurlebaus S ,Gaul L .Finite element simulation of non-destructive damage detection with higher harmonics [J].NDT&E International,2004,37(3):195-205
[17] Ade`le L’Etang ,Zhihong Huang .FE simulation of laser generated surface acoustic wave propagation in skin[J].Ultrasonics,2006,44(S1):1243-1247
[18]沈豪,孙洪生.工程声学中的有限元法[J].声学学报,1981,6(4):249-259
[19]他得安,黄瑞菊,刘镇清.数值分析法在超声检测中的应用[J].无损检测,2001,23(11):485-488
[20]程载斌,王志华,张立军,等.管道超声纵向导波裂纹检测数值模拟[J].应用力学学报2004,21(4):76-79
[21]周义清,王志华,马宏伟.超声纵向导波进行管道裂纹检测的数值模拟[J].中北大学学报(自然科学版),2006,27(3):258-262
[22]李卓球,雷婧,潘文峰,等.板结构中裂纹的超声波数值模拟[J].武汉理工大学学报,2006,28(10):52-54
[23] Dale W. Ultrasonic Spectral Analysis for Nondestructive Evaluation[J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1983,73(2):710-711
[24]刘镇清,陈广.超声无损检测中的谱分析技术[J].无损检测,2001,23(2):85-88
[25] Fitting D.W.,Adler L.Ultrasonic spectral analysis for nondestructive evaluation. Plenum Press[M].New York:Plenum Press,1981
[26] Gericke O.R.Ultrasonic Spectroscopy[P].US Patent:353875,1970 Nov.10
[27] Rose J.L,Meyer P.A.Ultrasonic procedures for predicting adhesive bond strength Mater[J].Evaluation,1973,31:109-114
[28] Gilmore R.S ,Czerw G .J.The use of Radiation Field Theory to Determine Size and Shape of Unknown Reflect or by Ultrasonic Spectroscopy[J].Materials Evaluation, 1977,35(1):37-43
[29] Chen C.H.,Cheng T.H.Time-frequeney analysis in ultrasonieNDT[A].14thWorld Conference NDT[C],India,1996
[30]李颖,刘小明,潘冬子.混凝土梁无损检测新技术及其进展[J].公路交通科技,2004,1(7):83-87
[31]陈积懋,余南廷.胶接结构与复合材料的无损检测[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1984
[32]郑中兴,胡绍海.超声检测中缺陷的定性[J].无损检测,1994,16(1):24-27
[33]刘镇清,王路.脉冲超声波幅度谱测厚技术[J].计量技术,1999,43(5):6-9
[34]唐达培.三种数值方法的对比性研究[J].达县师专学报(自然科学版),1994; 4(2):48-49
[35]王勖成.有限单元法[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003,16-229
[36] RAO S.S.The Finite Element Method in Engineering[M].New York:Pergamon Press,1982, 6-336
[37] Kattan P.I.MATLAB有限元分析与应用[M].韩来彬,北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[38]美国无损检测学会.美国无损检测手册·超声卷(上册) [S].上海:世界图书出版公司,1996,1-987
[39]李志华.功率谱估计在微弱信号检测中的应用[J].大连海事大学学报,1998,24(1):102-104
[40]淡艳,康斌.频谱分析原理与实现方法[J].乐山师范学院学报,2004,19(12):33-35
[41]李建文,徐彦霖,王增勇.应用模式识别技术识别超声检测的缺陷类型[J].仪器仪表学报,25(S4):585-586
[42]刘静,杨思乾.闸门位置及闸门宽度对超声信号快速离散傅立叶变换的影响[J].无损探伤,2002,3:14-17
[43]吴镇扬.数字信号处理[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005,18-209
[44]徐科军.信号处理技术[M].武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,2001,21-221
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