路政设施管理中时空数据库的研究与应用
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摘要
空间、属性、时间是地理现象的三个基本特征,也是地理信息系统(GIS)数据库的三种基本数据成分。传统的地理信息系统只对空间进行静态的抽象表示,它只涉及地理信息的两个方面:空间维度和属性维度。随着地理信息的数据量急速增长,特别是时间维度的广泛使用,人们开始了对时态地理信息系统(Temporal GIS,TGIS)的深入研究。TGIS能够完整地保存某一地理事件的发展历史,从而为对历史状态的重建、时空变化的跟踪及未来发展趋势的预测提供了可能。目前,对于TGIS的研究已经取得了比较丰硕的成果,然而,由于时空现象与生俱来的复杂性以及相关理论与技术的限制,该领域的研究仍然存在很多问题。
本文首先对TGIS的研究历史、现状、问题、根源进行了系统的总结、归类、分析;然后结合空间和时间,引出了时空数据模型的概念,重点讨论了现有几种时空数据模型的各自特点及其适用范围,并分析了路政设施管理中时空数据之间的相互关系,在此基础上建立了路政设施中的面向对象时空数据模型,分别从概念设计、逻辑设计等方面进行分析,将时态维信息直接存储于对象的属性信息之上,这样能够更加直观地表达数据的时空变化;最后,本文提出了基于SQL扩展的查询语言TSQL,对SQL中的谓词、函数等进行了扩充,使其更加适合时空数据的查询,并详细分析了TSQL中的数据定义语言(DDL)语句和数据操纵语言(DML)语句,在具体查询中对传统的算法进行了改进,重新构造了From子句,建立分离时空条件约束的多层查询,之后在.NET平台上实现了算法。
本文以上海市卢湾区地图为例,完成了路政设施管理中时空数据的可视化查询,真实而又形象地表达了数据的时空观,展示了面向对象时空数据模型在图形数据和属性数据上的双重实现。应用表明,本文设计的时空数据模型,在高效实现历史状态再现、回溯方面有一定的实践意义。
Space, attribute and time are the three basic characteristics of geographical phenomena, they are also the essential data types of GIS database. Conventional GIS only describes the geographical space statically and abstractively with space and attributes. With the dramatic increase of geographic information, especially the wide use of time dimension, people began to make scientific researches on Temporal GIS. Temporal GIS can offer the tools that model and analyze the space, time, and hold the history or forecast the future of geographical events. At the present time, much progress has been made on the study of Temporal GIS. However, because of the complexity of spatio-temporal phenomena and the limitation of correlative theory and technology, there are always many problems remains in this study field.
In this dissertation, we review the history of Temporal GIS, and analyze the existing problems and their causes. Then, we introduce the concepts of spatio-temporal data model combined with space and time in geographical world. We discusse with emphasis the characteristic and applicability scope respectively of several spatio-temporal data model at present, and analyze correlativity of spatio-temporal data in road equipment management. Base on it, we build the object-oriented spatio-temporal data model. With the analysis from concept design, logic design, we attach the temporal information directly on objects' attribute in order to make the intuitionistic expression on spatio-temporal change of data. Finally, the query language TSQL is advanced based on extending SQL, mainly extend the predication and function of SQL to put it more proper for querying spatio-temporal data. This article also labors the Data Definition Languages (DDL) sentence and Data Manipulation Language (DML) of TSQL. In query, we improve the traditional algorithm and rebuild the "From" clause, then a multilayer query of separating spatio-temporal restriction is built. We can realize the algorithm on .NET flat.
Take the Luwan borough of Shanghai as an example, we achieve the visual query of spatio-temporal data in road equipment management, the conception of space and time is illuminated practically and visually, and the dual implementation of object-oriented spatio-temporal data model applied to both graphical data and attribute data is revealed. The application shows that the spatio-temporal data model designed in this study makes practical sense to perform the reappearance of historical state and backdating effectively.
本文首先对TGIS的研究历史、现状、问题、根源进行了系统的总结、归类、分析;然后结合空间和时间,引出了时空数据模型的概念,重点讨论了现有几种时空数据模型的各自特点及其适用范围,并分析了路政设施管理中时空数据之间的相互关系,在此基础上建立了路政设施中的面向对象时空数据模型,分别从概念设计、逻辑设计等方面进行分析,将时态维信息直接存储于对象的属性信息之上,这样能够更加直观地表达数据的时空变化;最后,本文提出了基于SQL扩展的查询语言TSQL,对SQL中的谓词、函数等进行了扩充,使其更加适合时空数据的查询,并详细分析了TSQL中的数据定义语言(DDL)语句和数据操纵语言(DML)语句,在具体查询中对传统的算法进行了改进,重新构造了From子句,建立分离时空条件约束的多层查询,之后在.NET平台上实现了算法。
本文以上海市卢湾区地图为例,完成了路政设施管理中时空数据的可视化查询,真实而又形象地表达了数据的时空观,展示了面向对象时空数据模型在图形数据和属性数据上的双重实现。应用表明,本文设计的时空数据模型,在高效实现历史状态再现、回溯方面有一定的实践意义。
Space, attribute and time are the three basic characteristics of geographical phenomena, they are also the essential data types of GIS database. Conventional GIS only describes the geographical space statically and abstractively with space and attributes. With the dramatic increase of geographic information, especially the wide use of time dimension, people began to make scientific researches on Temporal GIS. Temporal GIS can offer the tools that model and analyze the space, time, and hold the history or forecast the future of geographical events. At the present time, much progress has been made on the study of Temporal GIS. However, because of the complexity of spatio-temporal phenomena and the limitation of correlative theory and technology, there are always many problems remains in this study field.
In this dissertation, we review the history of Temporal GIS, and analyze the existing problems and their causes. Then, we introduce the concepts of spatio-temporal data model combined with space and time in geographical world. We discusse with emphasis the characteristic and applicability scope respectively of several spatio-temporal data model at present, and analyze correlativity of spatio-temporal data in road equipment management. Base on it, we build the object-oriented spatio-temporal data model. With the analysis from concept design, logic design, we attach the temporal information directly on objects' attribute in order to make the intuitionistic expression on spatio-temporal change of data. Finally, the query language TSQL is advanced based on extending SQL, mainly extend the predication and function of SQL to put it more proper for querying spatio-temporal data. This article also labors the Data Definition Languages (DDL) sentence and Data Manipulation Language (DML) of TSQL. In query, we improve the traditional algorithm and rebuild the "From" clause, then a multilayer query of separating spatio-temporal restriction is built. We can realize the algorithm on .NET flat.
Take the Luwan borough of Shanghai as an example, we achieve the visual query of spatio-temporal data in road equipment management, the conception of space and time is illuminated practically and visually, and the dual implementation of object-oriented spatio-temporal data model applied to both graphical data and attribute data is revealed. The application shows that the spatio-temporal data model designed in this study makes practical sense to perform the reappearance of historical state and backdating effectively.
引文
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[3]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶等.地理伺息系统-原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[4]陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎.地理信息系统导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[5]吴信才.地理信息系统的基本技术与发展动态[J].地球科学,1998,4:329-333.
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[7]Tamas Abraham,John F.Roddick.Survey of Spatio-Temporal Databases[J].Geoinformatica,1999,3(1):61-99.
[8]陈军,李志林,蒋捷等.多维动态GIS空间数据模型与方法的研究[J].武汉大学学报信息科学版,2004,29(10):858-862.
[9]姜晓铁,周云轩.从空间到时间-时空数据模型研究[J].吉林大学学报,2006,3:170-175.
[10]舒红,陈军,杜道生等.面向对象的时空数据模型[J],武汉测绘科技大学学报,1997,22(3):229-233.
[11]宋玮.时空数据模型的研究现状与发展趋势[J].水利电力机械,2005,27(1):58-60.
[12]http://www.opengeospatial.org/[OL]
[13]曹志月.时空数据模型的研究及其在时空地图可视化系统中的应用[D].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士学位论文,2001.
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[16]姜晓轶,周云轩,蒋雪中.基于Geodatabese的面向对象时空数据模型[J].计算机工程,2005,31(24):27-29.
[17]Open GIS Consortium.OpenGIS Simple Features Specification for SQL,Revision 1.1[R].1999.
[18]Sharolyn Anderson.Design and Implementation of a Spatio-Temporal Interpolation Model[D].Tucson:Arizona State University,2002.
[19]Sinton D.F.The Inherent Structure of Information as a Constraint to Analysis:Mapped Thematic Data as a Case Study[A].In:Harward Papers on GIS[C].1978,7:1-17.
[20]D.J.Peuquet.It's about time:A conceptual framework for the representation of temporal dynamics in geographic information systems[A].In:Annals of the Association of American Geographers[C].1994,8(4):441-461.
[21]张山山,边馥苓.面向对象的3级结构时空数据模型[J].计算机应用,2003,23(11):29-30.
[22]Wang,D.,T.Cheng.A Spatio-Temporal Data Model for activity-based transport demand modeling[J].International Journal of Geographical Infommation Science,2001,15(6):561-586.
[23]佘江峰,冯学智,都金康.时空数据模型的研究进展评述[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2005,41(3):260-262.
[24]李云芝,秦大国.当前GIS发展趋势的几个关键问题[J].系统工程与电子技术,1999,12:96-97.
[25]唐常杰.时态数据库的沿革、特色与代表人物-时态数据库二十年回顾之一[J].计算机科学,1999,26(2):27-29.
[26]张山山.地理信息系统时空数据建模研究及应用[D].成都:西南交通大学博士学位论文,2001.
[27]唐新明,吴岚.时空数据库模型和时间地理信息系统框架[J].遥感信息,1999,1:11-15.
[28]W.Tobler.Geographical Review[J].Automation and Cartography,1959,49:526-534.
[29]Terry A.Slocum,Robert B.McMaster,Fritz C.Kessler,et al.Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization.Second Edition[M].Upper Saddle River,N J:Pearson Prentice Hall,2005.
[30]Langran,G,Chirsman,N.R.A framework for temporal geographic information[J].Cartographic,1988,25(3):1-14.
[31]J.B.Harley,D.Woodward.The History of Cartography[M].University of Chicago Press:1987.
[32]王燕.面向对象的理论与c++实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1997.
[33]龚健雅.GIS中面向对象时空数据模型[J].测绘学报,1997,26(4):287-298.
[34]J.F.Roddick,J.D.Patrick.Temporal semantics in information systems-A survey[J].Information Systems,1992,17:249-267.
[35]Worboys M.F.A unified model for spatial and temporal information[J].The Computer Journal,1994,37(1):26-34.
[36]J.Chomicki,P.Z.Revesz Constraint-based interoperability of spatio-temporal databases[J].Geoinformatica,1999,3:211-243.
[37]Christian S.Jensen,Richard T.Snodgass.Temporal Data Management[J].IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.1999,11(1):36-43.
[38]Worboys M.F.Object-Oriented Approaches to Gee-referenced Information[J].Geographical Information Systems,1994,844):385-399.
[39]何新贵,唐常杰,李霖.特种数据库技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[40]刘云生,现代数据库技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2001.
[41]任家东,高伟,任东英.时空数据库中时空查询语言的设计与实现[J].计算机工程,2003,29(9):98-99.
[42]黄志军,孙宁,李岩等.数据库动态查询模块的设计与实现[J].计算机与数字工程,2000,28(4):33-40.
[43]Barrera R,Frank A.,A L-Taha.Temporal Relation in Geographic Information Systems:A Workshop at the University of Maine[R].ACM SIGMOD,1991:85-91.
[44]Frank A.U.Campari,I.Formentini,U.Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporai Reasoning in Geographic Space[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1992.
[45]汤庸.时态数据库导论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004.
[46]A.Tansel,J.Clifford,S.Gadia,et al.Temporal Databases:Theory,Design and Implementation.Database systems and Applications Series[M].Redwood City,CA:Benjamin/Cummings,1993.
[47]Erwig M,Schneider M.Developments in Spatio-temporal Query Languages[M].DEXA Workshop 1999,1999:441-449.
[48]邵全琴.海洋GIS时空数据表达研究[D].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士学位论文,2001.
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