基于GIS的近岸海域水环境时空分析
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摘要
近岸海域是陆地、海洋和大气之间各种过程相互作用最活跃的界面,这里的环境和生态系统受到来自陆地和海洋双重作用的影响,它们对于大范围内各种自然过程变化所引起的波动和人类活动的影响十分敏感,生态系统相当脆弱。
目前,随经济的发展,海洋资源无序开发,浅海近岸无计划占用,同时经济发展带来大量的“三废”物质倾入海洋,使近岸水域的水质变差,海洋污染灾害不断发生,海洋资源和海洋生态破坏日益严重。为此,研究近岸海域水环境问题具有重要意义。
因海水具有动态变化特点,而且水环境总是处于不断变化的时空之中,因此研究水环境动态也必须同时考虑时间和空间这两个方面,对水环境动态进行时空一体化研究是水环境研究的必然趋势。对近岸海域水环境时空分析,可以在时间和空间上把握水环境要素的分布与变化情况,发现水环境的变化规律,同时也可为政府提供重要决策信息。
时空信息的认知,时空信息表达、解释与反演,地理数据模型与信息机理的研究;地学知识发现,地学信息图谱、地图语言与认知,地理信息模型等地学信息时空分析与模型研究等,已成为当前地球信息科学主要研究领域。
地理信息系统具有对时空信息的综合处理能力、对现实世界的模拟能力,并能产生和发现新的信息,为区域开发和宏观决策服务。目前GIS的空间分析功能偏弱己成为业界的共识,这一弱点也严重地阻碍了GIS作为空间数据分析和研究工具的使用。GIS由空间分析向时空分析领域拓展,GIS与时空分析模型高度融合的时空决策集成平台,是目前人们关注的热点课题。由于时空数据库的复杂性,对它的研究目前仍处于理论阶段,尚无成熟的商品化软件平台问世,故建立在其上的时空分析进展缓慢。另一方面,GIS应用的相关领域都已有了许多具有实用价值的应用分析模型,这些模型为空间辅助管理决策提供了强有力的支持。然而,这些模型一般都缺乏友好的交互界面,模型的分析结果不形象、不直观。相反,GIS在人机交互、可视化等方面则具备强大的功能。鉴于此,将专业应用模型集成到GIS系统中不仅能增强GIS的分析功能,同时也能
Inshore water is the most active contact zone of mutual affecting between the land, the sea and the atmosphere, where environment and ecosystem are influenced by both the land and the sea. It is extremely sensitive to the disturbances caused by nature and human being because of its frail ecosystem.With the economical development, the marine resource is exploited disorderly, the epicontinental sea near bank is utilized without plan, the matter called "the three wastes" is massively plunged to the sea, which result in the deterioration of water quality, the occurrence of polluting disaster and the increasing devastation of marine ecosystem. Therefore, it is very significant to study the water environment in the near bank water.Due to the seawater's character of flowing and the dynamic property of water environment, it is often sensible to take both time and space into consideration when study on the seawater quality. And it becomes an inevitable trend to study the integration of space and time for the dynamic water environment.The spatial-temporal analysis of nearshore water environment could help understand the distribution and change of water pollutants, identify the dynamics of water environment and provide government scientific information for policy making.The geographic information system has powerful capacity to handle space-time information, simulate the real world, and produce the new information, which could be used to serve for the region development and the macroscopic decision-making.The cognition, expression, explanation, and etc. of space-time information, and the excavation of the geographical knowledge are the main research areas for the spatial information science. At present, the weakness of spatial analysis function of the GIS has received the mutual agreements, and it is an obstacle to analyze the space data and to be used as a study tool. The spatial analysis of GIS turns to spatial-temporal analysis is a hot topic in recent year. The research about the space-time database is still at the theory stage because of its complexity, and no
mature commercialized software platform has been published until today, therefore the progress of study the space-time analysis that based on the space-time database is slowly. On the other hand, there are many applied analysis models these have common applied domains with GIS, these models have provided the powerful support for the decision-making. However, most of these models lack of friendly interface, and their analysis results are difficult to present in a vividly way. On the contrary, GIS has powerful function on the aspect of man-machine alternation, visibility and so on. In view of this, to integrate the specialized models with the GIS system not only can strengthen the analysis function of GIS, but also enhance the repetition using rate of specialized model. To realize the seamless integration between the application model and GIS and excavate the application of GIS in various domains have been attented by many scholars and experts.Looked from the present research of temporal-spatial analysis about water environment, the main technology and method includes: mathematical statistic, geographic information system, water quality model, remote sensing; the integration of mathematical statistic and geographic information system, the integration of water quality model and geographic information system, the integration of remote sensing and geographic information system, and so on.At present, the problem in studying as follows: (a) the pattern of temporal-spatial analysis for the nearshore water environment has not been systemically studied; (b) in general, one kind of or two kinds of technologies are used to analyze the temporal-spatial of water environment, but a few of researchers study the temporal-spatial of water environment by establishing an integration system about temporal-spatial analysis, at present, there isn't a complete integration system that combine many kinds of analyses tools.From this, this paper proposed an analysis pattern of temporal-spatial about the nearshore water environment based on the region geography theory, the information analysis theory, the spatial analysis theory, and the characteristic of the nearshore water environment, etc. According to the research characteristic of temporal-spatial analysis of water environment, the author established an integrated system of
temporal-spatial analysis, and applied the temporal-spatial analysis pattern to analyze the space-time distribution of main factors that affect the water environment in the Pearl River estuary and its adjacent areas based on the integrated analysis system.Through "proposing the space-time analysis pattern based on the theory and thepractice------establishing an integration system of temporal-spatial analysis------systematically applied research for study area", the main research results as follows:(1) Proposed the temporal-spatial analysis pattern of water environment in the nearshoreThis article studied the temporal-spatial structure of the water environment, and proposed the temporal-spatial analysis pattern of water environment in the nearshore based on the region geography theory, the spatial analysis theory, the information analysis theory, etc.(2) Established an integration system of temporal-spatial analysis based on GISAccording to the temporal-spatial analysis characteristic of nearshore water environment, and the domestic and foreign research results on integrated system, the author established an integration system of temporal-spatial analysis based on GIS in order to analyze the nearshore water environment. The integration system has integrated ArcGIS with SPSS, ERDAS and 3-D Cohesive Sediment Transport model. ArcObjects are used to develop the integration system. Data are saved in Sqlserver and managed by ArcSDE. The integration system can do statistic, analyze, simulate the data, and create report form or the visible graph. The way of integration between ArcGIS and ERDAS was realized by the data interface, so the data can be exchanged and transmitted between the geographic information system and the image analysis system. This kind of integration is independent and parallel, so it can tansfer the result images to the geographic information system after dealt with in the picture processing software, also can transfer the results to the picture processing software after analyzed in the geographic information system.(3) Based on the temporal-spatial analysis pattern and integration system of space-time analysis, the author analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution of main
factors that affect the water environment in the Pearl River estuary and its adjacent areas, the results are significant and can be used to assist policy-making.The area of the Pearl River estuary and its adjacent areas is broad, and the shape and form of the sea area is dissimilar, the river, the tide and the human activity and so on have great influence on the temporal-spatial distribution of water environment in the nearshore. In addition, the remote sensing image, the water quality monitor data, the water quality model data are the main data sources for water environmental research. In order to make convenient for analysis, the author divided the study areas into three parts according to the shape and form of the sea area, the characteristic of the water environment, data source and so on. The three parts are the Pearl River estuary, Shenzhen bay and Hong Kong waters. The author separately studied the significant distribution of the three parts, and studied the suspend silt in the Pearl River estuary, Dissolved Oxygen, Suspended Solids, 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chlorophyll-a, Total Soluble Kjeldahl Nitrogen & Paniculate, Total Inorganic Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen, Total Soluble Phosphorus & Particulate, Phosphate and Silica in the Hong Kong waters, Suspended Solids, current, the water depth in the Shenzhen bay by the methods of the spatial interpolation, buffer, the curve fitting and some other statistical analysis methods.This research achieved the anticipated goal, to analyze the temporal-spatial distribution of main factors that affect the water environment in the Pearl River estuary and its adjacent areas. This study not only obtained vitally significant results, but demonstrated rationality and feasibility of the temporal-spatial analysis pattern and validity of the temporal-spatial analysis integration system, the main contributions of this research are as follows:(1) Proposed the temporal-spatial analysis pattern of water environment based on GIS(2) Established an integration system of temporal-spatial analysis based on GIS(3) Analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution of main factors that affect the waterenvironment in the study areas.(4) The research route that" proposing the temporal-spatial analysis pattern based on
the theory and the practice------establishing an integration system of temporal-spatialanalysis------systematically applied research for study area", has an importantmethodology significance. It broke through the routine research procedure that study temporal-spatial distribution of water environment because it has the concrete analysis pattern, the operable analysis system and the persuasive research cases
目前,随经济的发展,海洋资源无序开发,浅海近岸无计划占用,同时经济发展带来大量的“三废”物质倾入海洋,使近岸水域的水质变差,海洋污染灾害不断发生,海洋资源和海洋生态破坏日益严重。为此,研究近岸海域水环境问题具有重要意义。
因海水具有动态变化特点,而且水环境总是处于不断变化的时空之中,因此研究水环境动态也必须同时考虑时间和空间这两个方面,对水环境动态进行时空一体化研究是水环境研究的必然趋势。对近岸海域水环境时空分析,可以在时间和空间上把握水环境要素的分布与变化情况,发现水环境的变化规律,同时也可为政府提供重要决策信息。
时空信息的认知,时空信息表达、解释与反演,地理数据模型与信息机理的研究;地学知识发现,地学信息图谱、地图语言与认知,地理信息模型等地学信息时空分析与模型研究等,已成为当前地球信息科学主要研究领域。
地理信息系统具有对时空信息的综合处理能力、对现实世界的模拟能力,并能产生和发现新的信息,为区域开发和宏观决策服务。目前GIS的空间分析功能偏弱己成为业界的共识,这一弱点也严重地阻碍了GIS作为空间数据分析和研究工具的使用。GIS由空间分析向时空分析领域拓展,GIS与时空分析模型高度融合的时空决策集成平台,是目前人们关注的热点课题。由于时空数据库的复杂性,对它的研究目前仍处于理论阶段,尚无成熟的商品化软件平台问世,故建立在其上的时空分析进展缓慢。另一方面,GIS应用的相关领域都已有了许多具有实用价值的应用分析模型,这些模型为空间辅助管理决策提供了强有力的支持。然而,这些模型一般都缺乏友好的交互界面,模型的分析结果不形象、不直观。相反,GIS在人机交互、可视化等方面则具备强大的功能。鉴于此,将专业应用模型集成到GIS系统中不仅能增强GIS的分析功能,同时也能
Inshore water is the most active contact zone of mutual affecting between the land, the sea and the atmosphere, where environment and ecosystem are influenced by both the land and the sea. It is extremely sensitive to the disturbances caused by nature and human being because of its frail ecosystem.With the economical development, the marine resource is exploited disorderly, the epicontinental sea near bank is utilized without plan, the matter called "the three wastes" is massively plunged to the sea, which result in the deterioration of water quality, the occurrence of polluting disaster and the increasing devastation of marine ecosystem. Therefore, it is very significant to study the water environment in the near bank water.Due to the seawater's character of flowing and the dynamic property of water environment, it is often sensible to take both time and space into consideration when study on the seawater quality. And it becomes an inevitable trend to study the integration of space and time for the dynamic water environment.The spatial-temporal analysis of nearshore water environment could help understand the distribution and change of water pollutants, identify the dynamics of water environment and provide government scientific information for policy making.The geographic information system has powerful capacity to handle space-time information, simulate the real world, and produce the new information, which could be used to serve for the region development and the macroscopic decision-making.The cognition, expression, explanation, and etc. of space-time information, and the excavation of the geographical knowledge are the main research areas for the spatial information science. At present, the weakness of spatial analysis function of the GIS has received the mutual agreements, and it is an obstacle to analyze the space data and to be used as a study tool. The spatial analysis of GIS turns to spatial-temporal analysis is a hot topic in recent year. The research about the space-time database is still at the theory stage because of its complexity, and no
mature commercialized software platform has been published until today, therefore the progress of study the space-time analysis that based on the space-time database is slowly. On the other hand, there are many applied analysis models these have common applied domains with GIS, these models have provided the powerful support for the decision-making. However, most of these models lack of friendly interface, and their analysis results are difficult to present in a vividly way. On the contrary, GIS has powerful function on the aspect of man-machine alternation, visibility and so on. In view of this, to integrate the specialized models with the GIS system not only can strengthen the analysis function of GIS, but also enhance the repetition using rate of specialized model. To realize the seamless integration between the application model and GIS and excavate the application of GIS in various domains have been attented by many scholars and experts.Looked from the present research of temporal-spatial analysis about water environment, the main technology and method includes: mathematical statistic, geographic information system, water quality model, remote sensing; the integration of mathematical statistic and geographic information system, the integration of water quality model and geographic information system, the integration of remote sensing and geographic information system, and so on.At present, the problem in studying as follows: (a) the pattern of temporal-spatial analysis for the nearshore water environment has not been systemically studied; (b) in general, one kind of or two kinds of technologies are used to analyze the temporal-spatial of water environment, but a few of researchers study the temporal-spatial of water environment by establishing an integration system about temporal-spatial analysis, at present, there isn't a complete integration system that combine many kinds of analyses tools.From this, this paper proposed an analysis pattern of temporal-spatial about the nearshore water environment based on the region geography theory, the information analysis theory, the spatial analysis theory, and the characteristic of the nearshore water environment, etc. According to the research characteristic of temporal-spatial analysis of water environment, the author established an integrated system of
temporal-spatial analysis, and applied the temporal-spatial analysis pattern to analyze the space-time distribution of main factors that affect the water environment in the Pearl River estuary and its adjacent areas based on the integrated analysis system.Through "proposing the space-time analysis pattern based on the theory and thepractice------establishing an integration system of temporal-spatial analysis------systematically applied research for study area", the main research results as follows:(1) Proposed the temporal-spatial analysis pattern of water environment in the nearshoreThis article studied the temporal-spatial structure of the water environment, and proposed the temporal-spatial analysis pattern of water environment in the nearshore based on the region geography theory, the spatial analysis theory, the information analysis theory, etc.(2) Established an integration system of temporal-spatial analysis based on GISAccording to the temporal-spatial analysis characteristic of nearshore water environment, and the domestic and foreign research results on integrated system, the author established an integration system of temporal-spatial analysis based on GIS in order to analyze the nearshore water environment. The integration system has integrated ArcGIS with SPSS, ERDAS and 3-D Cohesive Sediment Transport model. ArcObjects are used to develop the integration system. Data are saved in Sqlserver and managed by ArcSDE. The integration system can do statistic, analyze, simulate the data, and create report form or the visible graph. The way of integration between ArcGIS and ERDAS was realized by the data interface, so the data can be exchanged and transmitted between the geographic information system and the image analysis system. This kind of integration is independent and parallel, so it can tansfer the result images to the geographic information system after dealt with in the picture processing software, also can transfer the results to the picture processing software after analyzed in the geographic information system.(3) Based on the temporal-spatial analysis pattern and integration system of space-time analysis, the author analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution of main
factors that affect the water environment in the Pearl River estuary and its adjacent areas, the results are significant and can be used to assist policy-making.The area of the Pearl River estuary and its adjacent areas is broad, and the shape and form of the sea area is dissimilar, the river, the tide and the human activity and so on have great influence on the temporal-spatial distribution of water environment in the nearshore. In addition, the remote sensing image, the water quality monitor data, the water quality model data are the main data sources for water environmental research. In order to make convenient for analysis, the author divided the study areas into three parts according to the shape and form of the sea area, the characteristic of the water environment, data source and so on. The three parts are the Pearl River estuary, Shenzhen bay and Hong Kong waters. The author separately studied the significant distribution of the three parts, and studied the suspend silt in the Pearl River estuary, Dissolved Oxygen, Suspended Solids, 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chlorophyll-a, Total Soluble Kjeldahl Nitrogen & Paniculate, Total Inorganic Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen, Total Soluble Phosphorus & Particulate, Phosphate and Silica in the Hong Kong waters, Suspended Solids, current, the water depth in the Shenzhen bay by the methods of the spatial interpolation, buffer, the curve fitting and some other statistical analysis methods.This research achieved the anticipated goal, to analyze the temporal-spatial distribution of main factors that affect the water environment in the Pearl River estuary and its adjacent areas. This study not only obtained vitally significant results, but demonstrated rationality and feasibility of the temporal-spatial analysis pattern and validity of the temporal-spatial analysis integration system, the main contributions of this research are as follows:(1) Proposed the temporal-spatial analysis pattern of water environment based on GIS(2) Established an integration system of temporal-spatial analysis based on GIS(3) Analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution of main factors that affect the waterenvironment in the study areas.(4) The research route that" proposing the temporal-spatial analysis pattern based on
the theory and the practice------establishing an integration system of temporal-spatialanalysis------systematically applied research for study area", has an importantmethodology significance. It broke through the routine research procedure that study temporal-spatial distribution of water environment because it has the concrete analysis pattern, the operable analysis system and the persuasive research cases
引文
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