南海夏季风爆发的年际变化及其机制
|
摘要
由于南海夏季风爆发的迟早对于中国东部和东亚地区夏季季风降水的年际变化有很大影响,故本文利用NCEP/NCAR-2再分析资料和NOAA的OLR资料,通过资料分析和数值诊断模式的模拟,研究南海夏季风爆发的年际变化及其机理。本文不仅揭示南海夏季风爆发前大气环流和大气热源及水汽汇的变化特征;而且还从前期北半球中高纬地区大气环流异常,低纬地区大气热源异常,局地经向环流的变异和30~60低频振荡等来揭示影响南海夏季风爆发迟早的大气的动力和热力条件,并从经向垂直环流异常的角度探讨了南海夏季风爆发迟早的物理机制。主要结论有:
1.就气候平均而言,南海夏季风爆发前,中南半岛地区和南海地区的大气热源及水汽汇有明显的变化。中南半岛地区的大气热源和水汽汇快速增强,这是与苏门达腊大气热源和水汽汇的加强北移密切相关;分析结果还表明,在南海季风爆发前,南海地区大气热源和水汽汇受到加里曼丹附近大气热源和水汽汇的加强北移以及我国东南部大气热源和水汽汇的发展南移的影响,故南海地区的大气热源和水汽汇则增强较缓。并且,从分析的结果可以看到,亚洲地区对流层中上层经向温度梯度逆转的东西向差异与这些地区的大气热源和水汽汇变动密切相关。
2.在南海夏季风爆发迟年和早年的前期,对流层高中低层的位势高度和水平环流的异常分布存在明显的差异:在爆发早年,存在乌拉尔山及其以西地区为高度场负距平(距平气旋),中纬度大陆地区为位势高度正异常(距平反气旋),东亚沿岸为位势高度显著负异常(距平气旋),鄂霍次克海上空为高度场正距平区(距平反气旋)的距平波列;而在爆发迟年的情况正好相反。进一步分析还发现,从4月初开始,对流层高、中、低层50~60oN平均的位势高度距平的东西向差异就十分明显,这种差异对预测南海夏季风爆发的迟早有较好的参考意义。
3.引起南海夏季风爆发迟早的大气热源和水汽汇的分布特征有明显的不同。分析表明,前期中南半岛和西太平洋上空的大气热源和积云对流的强度及位置变动、我国江南东部的大气热源和积云对流的向南扩展以及苏门答腊和“大陆桥”一带的大气热源和积云对流的强弱及其向北的移动都与南海夏季风爆发迟早有密切的联系。当5月1~15日期间中南半岛周围和菲律宾周围上空对流异常偏强时,会导致孟加拉湾、南海中北部和副热带西太平洋一带的850hPa位势高度
The NCEP/NCAR-2 reanalysis data and NOAA OLR data are employed to composite and numerical diagnostic studies on the interannual variations and related physical mechanisms of the onset of South China Sea Summer Monsoon (SCSSM). The study reveals that the onset of the SCSSM has a close connection with the preceding anomalous circulation over mid and high latitude areas in northern hemisphere, the variation of local meridional vertical circulation over eastern Asia and the activities of 30-60d low-frequency oscillation. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. Before the onset of SCSSM, as for climatological normals, there exist distinct differences in the variation of atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks between over Indo-China Peninsula (ICP) and over South China Sea (SCS). The atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks enhanced rapidly over the ICP, and increased slowly over SCS. The rapid development of the atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks over ICP is closely related to the northward movement of heat sources and moisture sinks in Sumatran. While the slow increase of heat sources and moisture sinks over SCS is also associated with northward (southward) movement of atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks in Kalimantan (in southeastern part of China). Further analysis also reveals that the zonal differences of meridional temperature gradient reversion in mid-upper troposphere over ICP and SCS are closely related to the variations of atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks over the corresponding places.
2. During the first half month of May, anomalies of goepotential height and horizontal circulation in troposphere are quite different in early and late monsoon years. In early monsoon years, there exists a anomalous wave train with negative anomalies of geopotential height field (anomalous cyclone) over Ural-mountain and its western region and along the seacoast of eastern Asia, the positive anomaly (anomalous anticyclone) over middle latitude continent and Okhotsk Sea. However, the phases of anomalous wave train is opposite in late monsoon year. What’s more, the zonal differences of meridional averaged (over 50-60oN) geopotential height anomalies are very obvious from the beginning of April. This signal may play an important role in prediction of the onset of SCSSM.
3. The early onset and late onset of SCSSM are affected by the strength and position alteration of heat source and cumulus convection over ICP and west Pacific, the southward movement of those in southeastern part of South China and the northward propagation and intensity of those in Sumatra and“land bridge”region. In the first half month of May, if the convection activities over ICP and Philippine sea strengthen, which will result in a negative anomaly of geopotential height and a anomalous cyclone at 850hPa over Bay of Bengal, central and northern part of SCS and subtropical western Pacific, then the onset of SCSSM will happen earlier. Whereas reverse. 4. The local meridional circulation anomaly located in eastern Asia is very important for the establishment of SCSSM. The physical mechanism of meridional circulation variation is
1.就气候平均而言,南海夏季风爆发前,中南半岛地区和南海地区的大气热源及水汽汇有明显的变化。中南半岛地区的大气热源和水汽汇快速增强,这是与苏门达腊大气热源和水汽汇的加强北移密切相关;分析结果还表明,在南海季风爆发前,南海地区大气热源和水汽汇受到加里曼丹附近大气热源和水汽汇的加强北移以及我国东南部大气热源和水汽汇的发展南移的影响,故南海地区的大气热源和水汽汇则增强较缓。并且,从分析的结果可以看到,亚洲地区对流层中上层经向温度梯度逆转的东西向差异与这些地区的大气热源和水汽汇变动密切相关。
2.在南海夏季风爆发迟年和早年的前期,对流层高中低层的位势高度和水平环流的异常分布存在明显的差异:在爆发早年,存在乌拉尔山及其以西地区为高度场负距平(距平气旋),中纬度大陆地区为位势高度正异常(距平反气旋),东亚沿岸为位势高度显著负异常(距平气旋),鄂霍次克海上空为高度场正距平区(距平反气旋)的距平波列;而在爆发迟年的情况正好相反。进一步分析还发现,从4月初开始,对流层高、中、低层50~60oN平均的位势高度距平的东西向差异就十分明显,这种差异对预测南海夏季风爆发的迟早有较好的参考意义。
3.引起南海夏季风爆发迟早的大气热源和水汽汇的分布特征有明显的不同。分析表明,前期中南半岛和西太平洋上空的大气热源和积云对流的强度及位置变动、我国江南东部的大气热源和积云对流的向南扩展以及苏门答腊和“大陆桥”一带的大气热源和积云对流的强弱及其向北的移动都与南海夏季风爆发迟早有密切的联系。当5月1~15日期间中南半岛周围和菲律宾周围上空对流异常偏强时,会导致孟加拉湾、南海中北部和副热带西太平洋一带的850hPa位势高度
The NCEP/NCAR-2 reanalysis data and NOAA OLR data are employed to composite and numerical diagnostic studies on the interannual variations and related physical mechanisms of the onset of South China Sea Summer Monsoon (SCSSM). The study reveals that the onset of the SCSSM has a close connection with the preceding anomalous circulation over mid and high latitude areas in northern hemisphere, the variation of local meridional vertical circulation over eastern Asia and the activities of 30-60d low-frequency oscillation. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. Before the onset of SCSSM, as for climatological normals, there exist distinct differences in the variation of atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks between over Indo-China Peninsula (ICP) and over South China Sea (SCS). The atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks enhanced rapidly over the ICP, and increased slowly over SCS. The rapid development of the atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks over ICP is closely related to the northward movement of heat sources and moisture sinks in Sumatran. While the slow increase of heat sources and moisture sinks over SCS is also associated with northward (southward) movement of atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks in Kalimantan (in southeastern part of China). Further analysis also reveals that the zonal differences of meridional temperature gradient reversion in mid-upper troposphere over ICP and SCS are closely related to the variations of atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks over the corresponding places.
2. During the first half month of May, anomalies of goepotential height and horizontal circulation in troposphere are quite different in early and late monsoon years. In early monsoon years, there exists a anomalous wave train with negative anomalies of geopotential height field (anomalous cyclone) over Ural-mountain and its western region and along the seacoast of eastern Asia, the positive anomaly (anomalous anticyclone) over middle latitude continent and Okhotsk Sea. However, the phases of anomalous wave train is opposite in late monsoon year. What’s more, the zonal differences of meridional averaged (over 50-60oN) geopotential height anomalies are very obvious from the beginning of April. This signal may play an important role in prediction of the onset of SCSSM.
3. The early onset and late onset of SCSSM are affected by the strength and position alteration of heat source and cumulus convection over ICP and west Pacific, the southward movement of those in southeastern part of South China and the northward propagation and intensity of those in Sumatra and“land bridge”region. In the first half month of May, if the convection activities over ICP and Philippine sea strengthen, which will result in a negative anomaly of geopotential height and a anomalous cyclone at 850hPa over Bay of Bengal, central and northern part of SCS and subtropical western Pacific, then the onset of SCSSM will happen earlier. Whereas reverse. 4. The local meridional circulation anomaly located in eastern Asia is very important for the establishment of SCSSM. The physical mechanism of meridional circulation variation is
引文
1. 陈桂兴,袁卓建等,2004:南海夏季风经向环流的 20 年平均 4~6 月演变机制.,气候与环境研究,9(4),605-617
2. 陈隽,1999:东亚冬季风异常在环流隔季相关及 ENSO 发展中的作用. [学位论文]. 北京,中国科学院大气物理研究所
3. 陈际龙,2004:关于亚澳夏季风各子系统特征异同及联系的研究. [学位论文]. 北京,中国科学院大气物理研究所
4. 陈隆勋,朱乾根,罗会邦等,1991:东亚季风,气象出版社,36
5. 陈隆勋,刘洪庆,王文等,1999:南海及其邻近地区夏季风爆发的特征及其机制的初步研究,气象学报,57(1),16-29
6. 陈烈庭,1977:东太平洋赤道地区海水温度异常对热带大气环流及我国汛期降水的影响,大气科学,1,1-12
7. 陈烈庭,1988:热带印度洋-太平洋海温纬向异常及其对亚洲夏季风的影响,大气科学,12,142-148
8. 陈秋士,缪金海,李维亮,1964:1958 年 7 月亚洲东南部西南季风区和太平洋信风区平均流场和平均经圈环流,气象学报,34(1),53-63
9. 丁一汇,马鹤年,1996:东亚季风的研究现状,亚洲季风研究的新进展-中日亚洲季风机制合作研究论文集主,北京,气象出版社,1-12
10. 丁一汇,罗勇,2000:亚洲季风的中长期预报,21 世纪初大气科学回顾与展望-第三次全国大气科学前沿学科研讨会论文集,北京,气象出版社,98-100
11. 冯瑞权等,2001:南海夏季风建立的气候特征 I-40 年平均,热带气象学报,2001,17(4):345-354
12. 符淙斌等,1977:热带海洋对副热带高压长期变化的影响,科学通报,21,313-317
13. 高辉,何金海,柳俊杰,2001:40 年南海夏季风建立日期的确定,南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数,北京,气象出版社,42-48
14. 高由禧、徐淑英,1962:东亚季风进退与雨季的起讫,东亚季风的若干问题,科学出版社
15. 郭其蕴,王继琴,1981:近三十年我国夏季风盛行期降水的分析,地理学报,36,187-195
16. 黄刚,严中伟,1999:东亚夏季风环流异常指数及其年际变化,科学通报,44,421-424
17. 黄嘉佑,2000:气象统计分析与预报方法,北京,气象出版社
18. 黄荣辉,李维京,1988:夏季西太平洋热源异常的作用,大气科学(特刊),107-117
19. 黄荣辉,张振洲,黄刚等,1998:夏季东亚季风区水汽输送特征及其与南亚季风区水汽输送的差别,大气科学,22(4),460-469
20. 黄荣辉,顾雷等,2005:东亚夏季风爆发和北进的年际变化特征及其与热带西太平洋热状态的关系,大气科学,29(1),20-36
21. 贺海晏,温之平等,2000:1982-1996 年亚洲热带夏季风建立迟早的探讨:(1)热带季风环流的主要特征和季风建立指数,《中山大学学报》(自然科学版),Vol.39, No.3, 91-96
22. 何金海,谭言科,2000:1990-1998 年南海夏季风建立日期,SCSMEX 研讨会文集,北京
23. 何金海,丁一汇等,2001:南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数,北京:气象出版社
24. 何有海,彭楚明等,2000:南海夏季风爆发与大气对流低频振荡的年际变化,大气科学,24(6),785-794
25. 简茂球,罗会邦,2001:1998 年青藏高原东部及其邻近地区大气热源与南海夏季风建立的关系,高原气象,20(4),181-187
26. 简茂球,贺海晏,2000:亚洲夏季风建立前后对流层温度场演变及其热力机制,热带气象学报,16(2),97-105
27. 金祖辉,1999:TBB 资料揭示的南海夏季风巴方的气候特征,南海季风爆发和演变及其与海洋的相互作用,北京:气象出版社,57-65
28. 江静等,2000:南海地区降水的时空特征,气象学报,58(1),60-69
29. 琚建华,罗会邦,1986:一九八一年初夏东南亚地区大气热源结构及其对经向环流的影响,热带气象,2(2)99-107
30. 蓝光东,温之平,贺海晏,2004:南海夏季风爆发的大气热源特征及其爆发迟早原因的探讨,热带气象学报,20(3),271-280
31. 梁必骐等,1991:热带气象学,北京,气象出版社,276
32. 梁建茵,吴尚森,游积平,1999:南海夏季风的建立及强度变化,热带气象学报,15,97-105
33. 梁肇宁,温之平,袁卓建等,2004:影响 1991 年和 1994 年南海夏季风爆发迟早的物理因子探讨,大气科学,28(2),216-230
34. 李崇银,张利平,1999:南海夏季风活动及其影响,大气科学,23,257-266
35. 李崇银,张利平,1999:南海夏季风特征及其指数,自然科学进展,6,536-541
36. 李崇银,屈昕,2000:伴随南海夏季风爆发的大尺度大气环流演变,大气科学,24(1),1-14
37. 李崇银,龙振夏,2001:一种南海季风的指数及其年际变化,南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数,气象出版社,78-82
38. 李崇银,吴静波,2002:索马里跨赤道气流对南海夏季风爆发的重要作用,大气科学,26(2),185-192
39. 李崇银,2004:大气季节内振荡研究的进展,自然科学进展,14(7),734-741
40. 李崇银,王作台等,2004:东亚夏季风活动与东亚高空西风急流位置北跳关系的研究,大气科学,28(5),641-658
41. 李维亮,陈隆勋,金祖辉,1983:亚洲上空夏季平均环流的结构及其热源分析,气象学报,41(1),45-57
42. 刘霞,谢安等,1998:南海夏季风爆发的气候特征,热带气象学报,14(1),29-37
43. 罗会邦,1999:南海夏季风爆发用相关雨带演变特征,南海季风爆发和演变及其与海洋的相互作用,气象出版社,25-29
44. 毛江玉,谢安等,2000:海温及其变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响,气象学报,58(5),556-569
45. 彭楚明,何有海等,1999:南海夏季风爆发与海温和大气对流的低频变化,高原气象,18(4),603-612
46. 覃慧玲,简茂球,袁卓建等,2004:1984 年南海夏季风经向环流强迫因子的诊断分析,热带气象学报,20(1),39-50
47. 宋焱云,谢安等,2000:.南海夏季风爆发的低频特征,海洋学报,22(2),35-40
48. 孙淑清,马淑杰,1999:南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其与大尺度环流的关系,南海季风爆发和演变及其与海洋的相互作用,气象出版社,89-93
49. 陶诗言,陈隆勋,1957:夏季亚洲大陆上空大气环流结构,气象学报. 28,234-247
50. 涂长望,黄士松,1944:中国夏季风之进退,气象学报,18,81-92
51. 王黎娟,何金海等,1999:1998 年南海夏季风建立前后的突变特征及爆发过程,南京气象学院学报,22
52. 王启玮,丁一汇,1997:南海夏季风演变的气候学特征,气象学报,55(5),466-483
53. 王世玉,钱永甫,1999:1998年地面加热场的基本特征及其与南海夏季风爆发的可能联系,气象学报,59(1),31-40
54. 魏凤英,1999:现代气候统计诊断与预测技术,北京,气象出版社
55. 温敏,何金海,肖子牛,2004:中南半岛对流对南海夏季风建立过程的影响,大气科学,28(6),864-875
56. 吴池胜,王安宇,冯瑞权等,2001:1994年南海夏季风爆发的数值模拟和分析研究,大气科学,25(4),455-464
57. 吴国雄,Tibaldi S., 1988:平均经圈环流在大气角动量和感热收支中的作用,大气科学,12(1),8-17
58. 吴国雄,蔡雅萍,1994:大气热力强迫和动力强迫的调配及平均经圈环流的仿真模拟,气象学报,52(2),138-148
59. 吴国雄,刘屹岷,刘平,1999:空间非均匀加热对副热带高压形成和变异的影响,I: 尺度分析,气象学报,57(3),257-263
60. 谢安,刘霞,1997:赤道涡旋与南海夏季风爆发,气象学报,55(5),611-619
61. 谢安,毛江玉,叶谦,1998:海温纬向梯度与南海夏季风爆发,南海夏季风爆发和演变及其与海洋的相互作用,北京:气象出版社,48-51
62. 谢安,2001:关于南海夏季风爆发日期和季风强度定义的初步意见,南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数,北京:气象出版社,,67-70
63. 徐祥德,赵天良等,1993:澳洲大陆热力强迫对南北半球环流异常的影响效应,大气科学,17,641-650
64. 阎敬岳,1997:南海西南季风爆发的气候特征,气象学报,55(2),174-186
65. 叶笃正,杨大升,1955:北半球大气中角动量的年变化和它的输送机构,气象学报,26,281-294
66. 叶笃正,陶诗言,李麦村,1958:六月和十月大气环流的突变现象,气象学报. 29,249-263
67. 叶笃正,朱抱真,1958:大气环流的若干基本问题,科学出版社,156
68. 叶笃正,杨广基,王兴东,1979:东亚和太平洋上空平均垂直环流(一)夏季,大气科学,3(1),3-13
69. 余志豪,2002:南海季风研究的近况,海洋地质动态,18(4),23-24
70. 姚永红,钱永甫,2000:南海地区西南季风爆发及季风指数的时间演变特征,SCSMEX 研讨会文集, P14-21,北京
71. 袁卓建,王同美,1998:局地经向环流的诊断方程,东亚季风和中国暴雨,北京:气象出版社,496-505
72. 袁卓建, 王同美, 郭裕福,2000:东亚季风经向环流数值模拟及结果分析:Ⅰ算法设计,中山大学学报(自然科学版),39(6),112-116
73. 阎俊岳,1997:南海夏季西南季风爆发的气候特征,气象学报,55,174-186
74. 张秀芝,李江龙等,2002:南海夏季风爆发的环流特征及指标研究,气候与环境研究,7,321-331
75. 张秀芝,李江龙等,2002:热带次表层海温与南海夏季风的关系研究,气象学报,60(2),156-163
76. 张秀芝,李江龙等,2002:南海夏季风爆发的环流特征及指标研究,气候与环境研究,7(3),321-331
77. 张勇,谢安等,2004;南海夏季风异常活动的前期特征,热带气象学报,20(5),460-471
78. 张永生,吴国雄,1999:关于亚洲夏季风爆发及北半球季节突变的物理机理的诊断分析: 青藏高原及邻近地区地表感热加热的作用,气象学报,57(1),56-72
79. 曾庆存,梁信忠,张明华,1988:季风和大气环流季节突变的数值模拟,大气科学(特刊),22-42
80. 曾庆存,李建平,2002:南北两半球大气的相互作用和季风的本质,大气科学,26,433-448
81. 朱亚芬等,2001:不同资料揭示南海夏季风爆发特征的比较,热带气象学报,17(1),34-44
82. 竺可桢,1934:东南季风与中国之雨量,地理学报,1(1)
83. Angell J.K., 1981: Comparison of variations in atmospheric quantities with sea surface temperature variations in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 230-243
84. Chan J. C. L., W. Ai, and J. Xu, 2002: Mechanism responsible for the maintenance of the 1998 South China Sea summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 1103-1113
85. Chang C. P. and G. T. Chen, 1994: Development of low-level southwesterlies over the south China Sea: A comparison between May and June. Mon. Wea. Rev. 123, 3254-3267
86. Chen T. C., 1987: 30~50 day oscillation of 200mb temperature and 850mb height during the 1979 northern summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1983-2002
87. Chen T. C., and J. M. Chen, 1995: An observational study of the South China Sea monsoon during the 1979 summer: Onset and life cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2295-2318
88. Chen T. C. and M. C. Yen, 2000: Interaction between the summer monsoons in east Asia and the South China Sea: Intra-seasonal monsoon modes. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 57, 1373-1392
89. Chen L. X., Zhu C. W. and W. Wang, 2001: Analysis of the characteristics of 30-60 day low-frequency oscillation near Asia during 1998 SCSMEX. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18(4), 623-638
90. Eady E T, 1950: The cause of the general circulation of atmosphere. Roy Meteor. Soc. Cent. Proc., 76, 156-172
91. Flohn H., 1957: Large-scale aspects of the “summer monsoon” in South and East Asia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75th Ann. Vol., 180-186
92. Hahn D. G. and S. Manabe, 1975: The role of mountain in the south Asia monsoon. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1515-1541
93. Hahn D. J. and J. Shukla, 1976: An apparent relationship between Eurasian snow cover and Indian monsoon rainfall. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2461-2472
94. He H., J. W. McGinnis, Z. Song, and M. Yanai, 1987: Onset of the Asian monsoonin 1979 and the effect of the Tibetan Plateau. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1966-1995
95. He H., C. –H. Sui, M. Q. Jian., Z. P. Wen and G. D. Lan., 2003: The Evolution of tropospheric temperature field and its relationship with the onset of Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 81(5), 1201-1223
96. He J. H. and L. Z. Chen, 1988: The Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude quasi-40 day periodic oscillation with its effect on the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon circulation. Acta Meteor. Sini., 2, 331-339
97. Hoshins B J, Hsu H H, Janes I N, et al, 1989: Diagnostics of the global atmospheric circulateon based on ECMWF analyses 1979-1989. Reading: Reading University, 217
98. Huang R. H. and S. S. Wu, 2001: Impact of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacificon the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Asian Monsoon System, Okinawa, Japan, 18-21
99. Ioana M, Dima and John M.wallace, 2002: On the seasonality of the Hadley cell. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1522-1527
100. Johnson D. R., M. Yanai and T. K. Schoak, 1987: Global and regional distributions of atmospheric heat soutces and sinks during the GWE, Monsoon Meteorology, Oxford University Press, 271-297
101. Ju , J. H. and J. Slingo, 1995: The Asian summer monsoon and ENSO. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 121, 1133-1168
102. Kanamitsu M., W. Ebisuzaki, and J. Woollen et al, 2002: NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2), Bull. Amer. Meteor.Soc., 83, 1631-1643
103. Krishnamurti T. N., 1971: Tropical east-west circulations during the northern summer. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1342-1347
104. Krishnamurti T. N. and D. Subrahmanyam, 1982: The 30~50 day mode at 850mb during MONEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2088-2095
105. Krishnamurti T. N., 1985: Summer monsoon experiment-A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1590-1626
106. Kueh M. T., and S.-C. Lin, 2001: South China Sea summer monsoon onset definition and characteristics. Atmos. Sci., 29, 141-170
107. Kuo H. L. and Y. F. Qian, 1981: Influence of the Tibetan Plateau on cumulative and diurnal changes of weather and climate in the summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 2337-2356
108. Kuo H. L. and Y. F. Qian, 1982: Numerical simulation of the development of mean monsoon circulation in July. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1889-1897
109. Latif M. et al, 1994: Climate variability in a coupled GCM, Part II: The Indian monsoon. J. Climate, 7, 1449-1462
110. Lau K. M., and L. Peng, 1992: Dynamics of atmospheric tele-connection during northern summer. J. Atmos. Sci, 5, 140-158
111. Lau K. M. and P. H., Chan, 1986: Aspects of the 40~50 day oscillation during the northern summer as inferred from outgoing long-wave radiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1354-1367
112. Lau K. M. and S. Yang, 1997: Climatology and inter-annual variability of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 141-162
113. Lau K. M. H. T. Wu, and S. Yang, 1998: Hydrologic processes associated with the first transition of the Asian summer monsoon: A polot satellite study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 1871-1882
114. Lau K. M., K. –M. Kim and S. Yang, 1999: Dynamical and boundary forcing characteristics regional components of the Asian Summer Monsoon. J. Climate, 13, 2461-2482
115. Li C., Y. and J. B. Wu, 2000: On the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon in 1998. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 17, 193-204
116. Li C., Y., Z. X. Long and Q. Y. Zhang, 2001: Strong/ weak summer monsoon activity over the South China Sea and atmospheric intra-seasonal oscillation. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 1146-1160
117. Liebmanna B., and C. A. Smith, 1996: Description of a complete (Interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 1275-1277
118. Lin A., L., 1998: The characteristics of low frequency oscillations over the South China Sea. J. Tropical Meteor., 4, 141-147
119. Lin Ho., and B. Wang, 2002: The time-space structure of the Asian-Pacific summer monsoon: A fast annual cycle view. J. Climate. 15, 2001-2019
120. Lorenc A C, 1984: The evolution of planetary scale 200mb divergence flow during the FGGE year. Quar J Roy Meteor Soc., 110, 427-441
121. Lu E., and J. C. L. Chan, 1999: A unified monsoon index for South China. J. Climate, 12, 2375-2385
122. Luo H., and M. Yanai, 1983: The Large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979. Part I. Precipitation and Kinematic analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 922-944
123. Luo H., and M. Yanai, 1984: The Large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979. Part II. Heat and moisture budgets. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 966-989
124. Mao J. Y. and J. C. L. Chan, 2005: Intra-seasonal variability of the South China Sea summer monsoon. J. Climate, 18(13), 2388-2402
125. Madden R A, and P R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40~50day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 28, 702-708
126. Madden R A, and P R. Julian, 1972: Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40~50 day periods. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 29, 1109-1123
127. Meehl G. A., 1987: The annual cycle and interannual variability in the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean regions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 27-50
128. Murakami M., 1979: Large-scale aspects of deep convective activity over the Gate area. Monthly Weather Review, 107, 994-1013
129. Murakami T. and Y. Ding, 1982: Wind and temperature changes over Eurasia during the early summer of 1979. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 183-196
130. Murakami T. and J. Matsumoto, 1994: Summer monsoon over the Asian continent and North Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 719-745
131. Murakami T., and L. X. Chen et al., 1986: Relationship among seasonal cycles, low-frequency oscillations and transient disturbances as revealed from outgoing long wave radiation data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1456-1465
132. Murakam, T. and T. Nakazawa, 1985: Transition from the southern to northern hemisphere summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1470-1486
133. Murakam, T., T. Nakazawa and J. He, 1984: On the 40~50 day phase propagation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 440~468
134. Nakazawa T., 1992: Seasonal phase lock of intraseasonal variation during the Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 587-611
135. Nitta T., 1983: observational study of heat sources over the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 61, 590-605
136. Nitta T. 1987: Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the Northern Hemi-sphere summer circulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 41, 373-390
137. Qian, W., and S. Yang, 2000: Onset of the regional monsoon over Southeast Asia. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75, 29–38
138. Rasmusson E. M. and T. H. Carpenter, 1983: The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 517-528
139. Ruddiman W. F. and J. E. Kutzbach, 1989: Force of late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climate by plateau.uplift in southern Asia and the American west. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18409-18427
140. Shukla J. and D. A. Paolino, 1983: The Southern Oscillation and long-range forecasting of the summer monsoon rainfall over India. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1830-1837
141. So C.H. and J.C.L. Chen, 1997: An observational study on the onset of the summer monsoon over South China around Hong Kong. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75, 43-57
142. Soman M. K. and J. M. Slingo, 1997: A study of SST-forced variability and predictability using the JMA global model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75, 717-736
143. Sperber K. R. et al, 1994: Simulation of the northern summer monsoon in the ECMWF model: Sensitivity to horizontal resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2461-2481
144. Sumathipala W. L. and T. Murakami, 1988: Intraseasonal fluctuations in low-level meridianal winds over the South China Sea and the western Pacific and monsoonal convection over Indonesia and northern Australia. Tellus, 40A, 205-219
145. Tanaka, M., 1992: Intraseasonal oscillation and the onset and retreat dates of the summer monsoon over East, Southeast Asia and the western Pacific region using GMS high cloud amount data. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 613-629
146. Tao S. Y. and L. X. Chen, 1987: A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China. Monson Meteorology. Chang C. P. and Krishnamurti T. N., Eds. Oxford University Press, 60-92
147. Ueda H., and T. Yasunari, 1998: Role of warming over the Tibetan Plateau in early onset of the summer monsoon over the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 76, 1-12
148. Wang B., H. Lin, Y. Zhang, and M.–M. Lu, 2004: Definition of South China Sea monsoon onset and commencement of the East Asia summer monsoon. J. Climate, 17, 699-710
149. Wang B., and R. Wu, 1997: Peculiar temporal structure of the South China Sea Summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 177-194
150. Wu C., S. and S. Yong et al, 2005: Effect of condensational heating over the Bay of Bengal on the onset of the South China Sea monsoon in 1998. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 90, 37-47
151. Wu G., X. and Y. S. Zhang et al, 1998: Tibetan plateau forcing and the timing of the Monsoon onset over south Asia and the South China sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 913-927.
152. Wu M. L. C., S. Schubert, and N. E. Huang, 1999: The development of the south Asian summer monsoon and the intra-seasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 12, 2054-2075.
153. Xie P., and P. A. Arkin, 1997: Globe precipitateon: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,,78, 2539-2558
154. Xie A., Y.-S. Chung, X. Liu, and Q. Ye, 1998: The inter-annual variations of the summer monsoon onset over the South China Sea. Theor. Appl.Climatol., 59, 201-213
155. Yanai M., S. Esbensen, and J.-H. Chu, 1973: Determination of bulk Properties of tropical cloud cluster from large scale heat and moisture budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 611-627
156. Yanai M., C Li, and Song Z-S,1992:Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon .J Meteor Soc Japan, 70 1B, 319-351
157. Yasunari T. 1980: A quasi-stationary appearance of 30-40day period in the cloudiness fluctuations during the summer monsoon over India, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. 58, 225-229
158. Yasunari T. 1981: Structure of an Indian summer monsoon system with a period around 40 days, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. 59, 336-354
159. Yuan Z. J., T. M. Wang and H. Y. He, 2000: A comparison between numerical simulation of forced local Hadley (Anti-Hadley) circulation in East Asia and Indian monsoon regions. Adv.Atmos. Sci., 17(4), 538-554
160. Zhang, R. H., A. Sumi, and M. Kimoto, 1996: Impact of El Nino on the east Asian monsoon: A diagnostic study of the ’86/87 and ’91/92 events. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 74, 49-62
161. Zhang, X., J. Li, Y. Ding, and J. Yan, 2001: A study of circulation characteristics and index of South China Sea summer monsoon. Acta. Meteor. Sini., 15, 450-464
162. Zhang Y. S. and T. M. Li et al, 2002: Onset of the summer monsoon over the Indochina Peninsula: Climataology and interannual variations. J. Climate, 15, 3206-3222
163. Zhu Q. G.., J. H. He and P. X. Wang, 1986: A study of the circulation differences between East Asian and Indian summer monsoons with their interaction. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 3, 466-477
164. Ye T. Z., 1981: Some characteristics of the summer circulation over the Qinghai-Zizang (Tibet) Plateau and its neighborhood. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 62, 14-19
2. 陈隽,1999:东亚冬季风异常在环流隔季相关及 ENSO 发展中的作用. [学位论文]. 北京,中国科学院大气物理研究所
3. 陈际龙,2004:关于亚澳夏季风各子系统特征异同及联系的研究. [学位论文]. 北京,中国科学院大气物理研究所
4. 陈隆勋,朱乾根,罗会邦等,1991:东亚季风,气象出版社,36
5. 陈隆勋,刘洪庆,王文等,1999:南海及其邻近地区夏季风爆发的特征及其机制的初步研究,气象学报,57(1),16-29
6. 陈烈庭,1977:东太平洋赤道地区海水温度异常对热带大气环流及我国汛期降水的影响,大气科学,1,1-12
7. 陈烈庭,1988:热带印度洋-太平洋海温纬向异常及其对亚洲夏季风的影响,大气科学,12,142-148
8. 陈秋士,缪金海,李维亮,1964:1958 年 7 月亚洲东南部西南季风区和太平洋信风区平均流场和平均经圈环流,气象学报,34(1),53-63
9. 丁一汇,马鹤年,1996:东亚季风的研究现状,亚洲季风研究的新进展-中日亚洲季风机制合作研究论文集主,北京,气象出版社,1-12
10. 丁一汇,罗勇,2000:亚洲季风的中长期预报,21 世纪初大气科学回顾与展望-第三次全国大气科学前沿学科研讨会论文集,北京,气象出版社,98-100
11. 冯瑞权等,2001:南海夏季风建立的气候特征 I-40 年平均,热带气象学报,2001,17(4):345-354
12. 符淙斌等,1977:热带海洋对副热带高压长期变化的影响,科学通报,21,313-317
13. 高辉,何金海,柳俊杰,2001:40 年南海夏季风建立日期的确定,南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数,北京,气象出版社,42-48
14. 高由禧、徐淑英,1962:东亚季风进退与雨季的起讫,东亚季风的若干问题,科学出版社
15. 郭其蕴,王继琴,1981:近三十年我国夏季风盛行期降水的分析,地理学报,36,187-195
16. 黄刚,严中伟,1999:东亚夏季风环流异常指数及其年际变化,科学通报,44,421-424
17. 黄嘉佑,2000:气象统计分析与预报方法,北京,气象出版社
18. 黄荣辉,李维京,1988:夏季西太平洋热源异常的作用,大气科学(特刊),107-117
19. 黄荣辉,张振洲,黄刚等,1998:夏季东亚季风区水汽输送特征及其与南亚季风区水汽输送的差别,大气科学,22(4),460-469
20. 黄荣辉,顾雷等,2005:东亚夏季风爆发和北进的年际变化特征及其与热带西太平洋热状态的关系,大气科学,29(1),20-36
21. 贺海晏,温之平等,2000:1982-1996 年亚洲热带夏季风建立迟早的探讨:(1)热带季风环流的主要特征和季风建立指数,《中山大学学报》(自然科学版),Vol.39, No.3, 91-96
22. 何金海,谭言科,2000:1990-1998 年南海夏季风建立日期,SCSMEX 研讨会文集,北京
23. 何金海,丁一汇等,2001:南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数,北京:气象出版社
24. 何有海,彭楚明等,2000:南海夏季风爆发与大气对流低频振荡的年际变化,大气科学,24(6),785-794
25. 简茂球,罗会邦,2001:1998 年青藏高原东部及其邻近地区大气热源与南海夏季风建立的关系,高原气象,20(4),181-187
26. 简茂球,贺海晏,2000:亚洲夏季风建立前后对流层温度场演变及其热力机制,热带气象学报,16(2),97-105
27. 金祖辉,1999:TBB 资料揭示的南海夏季风巴方的气候特征,南海季风爆发和演变及其与海洋的相互作用,北京:气象出版社,57-65
28. 江静等,2000:南海地区降水的时空特征,气象学报,58(1),60-69
29. 琚建华,罗会邦,1986:一九八一年初夏东南亚地区大气热源结构及其对经向环流的影响,热带气象,2(2)99-107
30. 蓝光东,温之平,贺海晏,2004:南海夏季风爆发的大气热源特征及其爆发迟早原因的探讨,热带气象学报,20(3),271-280
31. 梁必骐等,1991:热带气象学,北京,气象出版社,276
32. 梁建茵,吴尚森,游积平,1999:南海夏季风的建立及强度变化,热带气象学报,15,97-105
33. 梁肇宁,温之平,袁卓建等,2004:影响 1991 年和 1994 年南海夏季风爆发迟早的物理因子探讨,大气科学,28(2),216-230
34. 李崇银,张利平,1999:南海夏季风活动及其影响,大气科学,23,257-266
35. 李崇银,张利平,1999:南海夏季风特征及其指数,自然科学进展,6,536-541
36. 李崇银,屈昕,2000:伴随南海夏季风爆发的大尺度大气环流演变,大气科学,24(1),1-14
37. 李崇银,龙振夏,2001:一种南海季风的指数及其年际变化,南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数,气象出版社,78-82
38. 李崇银,吴静波,2002:索马里跨赤道气流对南海夏季风爆发的重要作用,大气科学,26(2),185-192
39. 李崇银,2004:大气季节内振荡研究的进展,自然科学进展,14(7),734-741
40. 李崇银,王作台等,2004:东亚夏季风活动与东亚高空西风急流位置北跳关系的研究,大气科学,28(5),641-658
41. 李维亮,陈隆勋,金祖辉,1983:亚洲上空夏季平均环流的结构及其热源分析,气象学报,41(1),45-57
42. 刘霞,谢安等,1998:南海夏季风爆发的气候特征,热带气象学报,14(1),29-37
43. 罗会邦,1999:南海夏季风爆发用相关雨带演变特征,南海季风爆发和演变及其与海洋的相互作用,气象出版社,25-29
44. 毛江玉,谢安等,2000:海温及其变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响,气象学报,58(5),556-569
45. 彭楚明,何有海等,1999:南海夏季风爆发与海温和大气对流的低频变化,高原气象,18(4),603-612
46. 覃慧玲,简茂球,袁卓建等,2004:1984 年南海夏季风经向环流强迫因子的诊断分析,热带气象学报,20(1),39-50
47. 宋焱云,谢安等,2000:.南海夏季风爆发的低频特征,海洋学报,22(2),35-40
48. 孙淑清,马淑杰,1999:南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其与大尺度环流的关系,南海季风爆发和演变及其与海洋的相互作用,气象出版社,89-93
49. 陶诗言,陈隆勋,1957:夏季亚洲大陆上空大气环流结构,气象学报. 28,234-247
50. 涂长望,黄士松,1944:中国夏季风之进退,气象学报,18,81-92
51. 王黎娟,何金海等,1999:1998 年南海夏季风建立前后的突变特征及爆发过程,南京气象学院学报,22
52. 王启玮,丁一汇,1997:南海夏季风演变的气候学特征,气象学报,55(5),466-483
53. 王世玉,钱永甫,1999:1998年地面加热场的基本特征及其与南海夏季风爆发的可能联系,气象学报,59(1),31-40
54. 魏凤英,1999:现代气候统计诊断与预测技术,北京,气象出版社
55. 温敏,何金海,肖子牛,2004:中南半岛对流对南海夏季风建立过程的影响,大气科学,28(6),864-875
56. 吴池胜,王安宇,冯瑞权等,2001:1994年南海夏季风爆发的数值模拟和分析研究,大气科学,25(4),455-464
57. 吴国雄,Tibaldi S., 1988:平均经圈环流在大气角动量和感热收支中的作用,大气科学,12(1),8-17
58. 吴国雄,蔡雅萍,1994:大气热力强迫和动力强迫的调配及平均经圈环流的仿真模拟,气象学报,52(2),138-148
59. 吴国雄,刘屹岷,刘平,1999:空间非均匀加热对副热带高压形成和变异的影响,I: 尺度分析,气象学报,57(3),257-263
60. 谢安,刘霞,1997:赤道涡旋与南海夏季风爆发,气象学报,55(5),611-619
61. 谢安,毛江玉,叶谦,1998:海温纬向梯度与南海夏季风爆发,南海夏季风爆发和演变及其与海洋的相互作用,北京:气象出版社,48-51
62. 谢安,2001:关于南海夏季风爆发日期和季风强度定义的初步意见,南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数,北京:气象出版社,,67-70
63. 徐祥德,赵天良等,1993:澳洲大陆热力强迫对南北半球环流异常的影响效应,大气科学,17,641-650
64. 阎敬岳,1997:南海西南季风爆发的气候特征,气象学报,55(2),174-186
65. 叶笃正,杨大升,1955:北半球大气中角动量的年变化和它的输送机构,气象学报,26,281-294
66. 叶笃正,陶诗言,李麦村,1958:六月和十月大气环流的突变现象,气象学报. 29,249-263
67. 叶笃正,朱抱真,1958:大气环流的若干基本问题,科学出版社,156
68. 叶笃正,杨广基,王兴东,1979:东亚和太平洋上空平均垂直环流(一)夏季,大气科学,3(1),3-13
69. 余志豪,2002:南海季风研究的近况,海洋地质动态,18(4),23-24
70. 姚永红,钱永甫,2000:南海地区西南季风爆发及季风指数的时间演变特征,SCSMEX 研讨会文集, P14-21,北京
71. 袁卓建,王同美,1998:局地经向环流的诊断方程,东亚季风和中国暴雨,北京:气象出版社,496-505
72. 袁卓建, 王同美, 郭裕福,2000:东亚季风经向环流数值模拟及结果分析:Ⅰ算法设计,中山大学学报(自然科学版),39(6),112-116
73. 阎俊岳,1997:南海夏季西南季风爆发的气候特征,气象学报,55,174-186
74. 张秀芝,李江龙等,2002:南海夏季风爆发的环流特征及指标研究,气候与环境研究,7,321-331
75. 张秀芝,李江龙等,2002:热带次表层海温与南海夏季风的关系研究,气象学报,60(2),156-163
76. 张秀芝,李江龙等,2002:南海夏季风爆发的环流特征及指标研究,气候与环境研究,7(3),321-331
77. 张勇,谢安等,2004;南海夏季风异常活动的前期特征,热带气象学报,20(5),460-471
78. 张永生,吴国雄,1999:关于亚洲夏季风爆发及北半球季节突变的物理机理的诊断分析: 青藏高原及邻近地区地表感热加热的作用,气象学报,57(1),56-72
79. 曾庆存,梁信忠,张明华,1988:季风和大气环流季节突变的数值模拟,大气科学(特刊),22-42
80. 曾庆存,李建平,2002:南北两半球大气的相互作用和季风的本质,大气科学,26,433-448
81. 朱亚芬等,2001:不同资料揭示南海夏季风爆发特征的比较,热带气象学报,17(1),34-44
82. 竺可桢,1934:东南季风与中国之雨量,地理学报,1(1)
83. Angell J.K., 1981: Comparison of variations in atmospheric quantities with sea surface temperature variations in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 230-243
84. Chan J. C. L., W. Ai, and J. Xu, 2002: Mechanism responsible for the maintenance of the 1998 South China Sea summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 1103-1113
85. Chang C. P. and G. T. Chen, 1994: Development of low-level southwesterlies over the south China Sea: A comparison between May and June. Mon. Wea. Rev. 123, 3254-3267
86. Chen T. C., 1987: 30~50 day oscillation of 200mb temperature and 850mb height during the 1979 northern summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1983-2002
87. Chen T. C., and J. M. Chen, 1995: An observational study of the South China Sea monsoon during the 1979 summer: Onset and life cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2295-2318
88. Chen T. C. and M. C. Yen, 2000: Interaction between the summer monsoons in east Asia and the South China Sea: Intra-seasonal monsoon modes. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 57, 1373-1392
89. Chen L. X., Zhu C. W. and W. Wang, 2001: Analysis of the characteristics of 30-60 day low-frequency oscillation near Asia during 1998 SCSMEX. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18(4), 623-638
90. Eady E T, 1950: The cause of the general circulation of atmosphere. Roy Meteor. Soc. Cent. Proc., 76, 156-172
91. Flohn H., 1957: Large-scale aspects of the “summer monsoon” in South and East Asia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75th Ann. Vol., 180-186
92. Hahn D. G. and S. Manabe, 1975: The role of mountain in the south Asia monsoon. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1515-1541
93. Hahn D. J. and J. Shukla, 1976: An apparent relationship between Eurasian snow cover and Indian monsoon rainfall. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2461-2472
94. He H., J. W. McGinnis, Z. Song, and M. Yanai, 1987: Onset of the Asian monsoonin 1979 and the effect of the Tibetan Plateau. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1966-1995
95. He H., C. –H. Sui, M. Q. Jian., Z. P. Wen and G. D. Lan., 2003: The Evolution of tropospheric temperature field and its relationship with the onset of Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 81(5), 1201-1223
96. He J. H. and L. Z. Chen, 1988: The Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude quasi-40 day periodic oscillation with its effect on the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon circulation. Acta Meteor. Sini., 2, 331-339
97. Hoshins B J, Hsu H H, Janes I N, et al, 1989: Diagnostics of the global atmospheric circulateon based on ECMWF analyses 1979-1989. Reading: Reading University, 217
98. Huang R. H. and S. S. Wu, 2001: Impact of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacificon the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Asian Monsoon System, Okinawa, Japan, 18-21
99. Ioana M, Dima and John M.wallace, 2002: On the seasonality of the Hadley cell. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1522-1527
100. Johnson D. R., M. Yanai and T. K. Schoak, 1987: Global and regional distributions of atmospheric heat soutces and sinks during the GWE, Monsoon Meteorology, Oxford University Press, 271-297
101. Ju , J. H. and J. Slingo, 1995: The Asian summer monsoon and ENSO. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 121, 1133-1168
102. Kanamitsu M., W. Ebisuzaki, and J. Woollen et al, 2002: NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2), Bull. Amer. Meteor.Soc., 83, 1631-1643
103. Krishnamurti T. N., 1971: Tropical east-west circulations during the northern summer. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1342-1347
104. Krishnamurti T. N. and D. Subrahmanyam, 1982: The 30~50 day mode at 850mb during MONEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2088-2095
105. Krishnamurti T. N., 1985: Summer monsoon experiment-A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1590-1626
106. Kueh M. T., and S.-C. Lin, 2001: South China Sea summer monsoon onset definition and characteristics. Atmos. Sci., 29, 141-170
107. Kuo H. L. and Y. F. Qian, 1981: Influence of the Tibetan Plateau on cumulative and diurnal changes of weather and climate in the summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 2337-2356
108. Kuo H. L. and Y. F. Qian, 1982: Numerical simulation of the development of mean monsoon circulation in July. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1889-1897
109. Latif M. et al, 1994: Climate variability in a coupled GCM, Part II: The Indian monsoon. J. Climate, 7, 1449-1462
110. Lau K. M., and L. Peng, 1992: Dynamics of atmospheric tele-connection during northern summer. J. Atmos. Sci, 5, 140-158
111. Lau K. M. and P. H., Chan, 1986: Aspects of the 40~50 day oscillation during the northern summer as inferred from outgoing long-wave radiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1354-1367
112. Lau K. M. and S. Yang, 1997: Climatology and inter-annual variability of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 141-162
113. Lau K. M. H. T. Wu, and S. Yang, 1998: Hydrologic processes associated with the first transition of the Asian summer monsoon: A polot satellite study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 1871-1882
114. Lau K. M., K. –M. Kim and S. Yang, 1999: Dynamical and boundary forcing characteristics regional components of the Asian Summer Monsoon. J. Climate, 13, 2461-2482
115. Li C., Y. and J. B. Wu, 2000: On the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon in 1998. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 17, 193-204
116. Li C., Y., Z. X. Long and Q. Y. Zhang, 2001: Strong/ weak summer monsoon activity over the South China Sea and atmospheric intra-seasonal oscillation. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 1146-1160
117. Liebmanna B., and C. A. Smith, 1996: Description of a complete (Interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 1275-1277
118. Lin A., L., 1998: The characteristics of low frequency oscillations over the South China Sea. J. Tropical Meteor., 4, 141-147
119. Lin Ho., and B. Wang, 2002: The time-space structure of the Asian-Pacific summer monsoon: A fast annual cycle view. J. Climate. 15, 2001-2019
120. Lorenc A C, 1984: The evolution of planetary scale 200mb divergence flow during the FGGE year. Quar J Roy Meteor Soc., 110, 427-441
121. Lu E., and J. C. L. Chan, 1999: A unified monsoon index for South China. J. Climate, 12, 2375-2385
122. Luo H., and M. Yanai, 1983: The Large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979. Part I. Precipitation and Kinematic analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 922-944
123. Luo H., and M. Yanai, 1984: The Large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979. Part II. Heat and moisture budgets. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 966-989
124. Mao J. Y. and J. C. L. Chan, 2005: Intra-seasonal variability of the South China Sea summer monsoon. J. Climate, 18(13), 2388-2402
125. Madden R A, and P R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40~50day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 28, 702-708
126. Madden R A, and P R. Julian, 1972: Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40~50 day periods. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 29, 1109-1123
127. Meehl G. A., 1987: The annual cycle and interannual variability in the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean regions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 27-50
128. Murakami M., 1979: Large-scale aspects of deep convective activity over the Gate area. Monthly Weather Review, 107, 994-1013
129. Murakami T. and Y. Ding, 1982: Wind and temperature changes over Eurasia during the early summer of 1979. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 183-196
130. Murakami T. and J. Matsumoto, 1994: Summer monsoon over the Asian continent and North Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 719-745
131. Murakami T., and L. X. Chen et al., 1986: Relationship among seasonal cycles, low-frequency oscillations and transient disturbances as revealed from outgoing long wave radiation data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1456-1465
132. Murakam, T. and T. Nakazawa, 1985: Transition from the southern to northern hemisphere summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1470-1486
133. Murakam, T., T. Nakazawa and J. He, 1984: On the 40~50 day phase propagation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 440~468
134. Nakazawa T., 1992: Seasonal phase lock of intraseasonal variation during the Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 587-611
135. Nitta T., 1983: observational study of heat sources over the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 61, 590-605
136. Nitta T. 1987: Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the Northern Hemi-sphere summer circulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 41, 373-390
137. Qian, W., and S. Yang, 2000: Onset of the regional monsoon over Southeast Asia. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75, 29–38
138. Rasmusson E. M. and T. H. Carpenter, 1983: The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 517-528
139. Ruddiman W. F. and J. E. Kutzbach, 1989: Force of late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climate by plateau.uplift in southern Asia and the American west. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18409-18427
140. Shukla J. and D. A. Paolino, 1983: The Southern Oscillation and long-range forecasting of the summer monsoon rainfall over India. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1830-1837
141. So C.H. and J.C.L. Chen, 1997: An observational study on the onset of the summer monsoon over South China around Hong Kong. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75, 43-57
142. Soman M. K. and J. M. Slingo, 1997: A study of SST-forced variability and predictability using the JMA global model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75, 717-736
143. Sperber K. R. et al, 1994: Simulation of the northern summer monsoon in the ECMWF model: Sensitivity to horizontal resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2461-2481
144. Sumathipala W. L. and T. Murakami, 1988: Intraseasonal fluctuations in low-level meridianal winds over the South China Sea and the western Pacific and monsoonal convection over Indonesia and northern Australia. Tellus, 40A, 205-219
145. Tanaka, M., 1992: Intraseasonal oscillation and the onset and retreat dates of the summer monsoon over East, Southeast Asia and the western Pacific region using GMS high cloud amount data. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 613-629
146. Tao S. Y. and L. X. Chen, 1987: A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China. Monson Meteorology. Chang C. P. and Krishnamurti T. N., Eds. Oxford University Press, 60-92
147. Ueda H., and T. Yasunari, 1998: Role of warming over the Tibetan Plateau in early onset of the summer monsoon over the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 76, 1-12
148. Wang B., H. Lin, Y. Zhang, and M.–M. Lu, 2004: Definition of South China Sea monsoon onset and commencement of the East Asia summer monsoon. J. Climate, 17, 699-710
149. Wang B., and R. Wu, 1997: Peculiar temporal structure of the South China Sea Summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 177-194
150. Wu C., S. and S. Yong et al, 2005: Effect of condensational heating over the Bay of Bengal on the onset of the South China Sea monsoon in 1998. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 90, 37-47
151. Wu G., X. and Y. S. Zhang et al, 1998: Tibetan plateau forcing and the timing of the Monsoon onset over south Asia and the South China sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 913-927.
152. Wu M. L. C., S. Schubert, and N. E. Huang, 1999: The development of the south Asian summer monsoon and the intra-seasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 12, 2054-2075.
153. Xie P., and P. A. Arkin, 1997: Globe precipitateon: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,,78, 2539-2558
154. Xie A., Y.-S. Chung, X. Liu, and Q. Ye, 1998: The inter-annual variations of the summer monsoon onset over the South China Sea. Theor. Appl.Climatol., 59, 201-213
155. Yanai M., S. Esbensen, and J.-H. Chu, 1973: Determination of bulk Properties of tropical cloud cluster from large scale heat and moisture budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 611-627
156. Yanai M., C Li, and Song Z-S,1992:Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon .J Meteor Soc Japan, 70 1B, 319-351
157. Yasunari T. 1980: A quasi-stationary appearance of 30-40day period in the cloudiness fluctuations during the summer monsoon over India, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. 58, 225-229
158. Yasunari T. 1981: Structure of an Indian summer monsoon system with a period around 40 days, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. 59, 336-354
159. Yuan Z. J., T. M. Wang and H. Y. He, 2000: A comparison between numerical simulation of forced local Hadley (Anti-Hadley) circulation in East Asia and Indian monsoon regions. Adv.Atmos. Sci., 17(4), 538-554
160. Zhang, R. H., A. Sumi, and M. Kimoto, 1996: Impact of El Nino on the east Asian monsoon: A diagnostic study of the ’86/87 and ’91/92 events. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 74, 49-62
161. Zhang, X., J. Li, Y. Ding, and J. Yan, 2001: A study of circulation characteristics and index of South China Sea summer monsoon. Acta. Meteor. Sini., 15, 450-464
162. Zhang Y. S. and T. M. Li et al, 2002: Onset of the summer monsoon over the Indochina Peninsula: Climataology and interannual variations. J. Climate, 15, 3206-3222
163. Zhu Q. G.., J. H. He and P. X. Wang, 1986: A study of the circulation differences between East Asian and Indian summer monsoons with their interaction. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 3, 466-477
164. Ye T. Z., 1981: Some characteristics of the summer circulation over the Qinghai-Zizang (Tibet) Plateau and its neighborhood. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 62, 14-19