汉语篇章的时间推进系统及相关影响因素研究
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摘要
本文基于真实的汉语篇章语料,运用时体理论探讨了现代汉语的篇章时间推进现象。全文建构了时间推进的系统模型,并采用概率统计和理论解释整合的思路对影响时间推进的四个相关因素进行了分析,具体定位了每个因素的影响层面、影响程度和影响机制,从而沟通了句法、语义和篇章的交叉研究。全文除结语外,共有六章：
第一章阐述时间推进的篇章属性。本章通过参照时间的概念来界定时间推进,明确时间推进研究的理论价值和应用价值,并从四个角度对已有相关文献展开细致梳理,在总结研究成果和存在问题的基础上,阐明本文要解决的问题、研究思路以及技术路线。
第二章重点论述时间推进系统的3M模型。本章首先根据篇章的层级本质提出时间推进的分层假设：时间推进可以区分出宏观、中观和微观三个不同的层面,不同层面上影响时间推进的因素并不相同。然后分层展开论述：具体讨论了宏观层面的不同推进模式以及时间参考的篇章功能；运用修辞结构理论分析了中观层面上修辞关系的作用；对于影响因素众多的微观层面,本章初步建立起分析框架,接下来的四章则分别以四个相关因素为切入点,详细探讨它们对微观层面时间推进的影响。
第三章探讨动词情状与时间推进的关系。本章首先探讨汉语的五类动词情状(状态、活动、瞬间活动、指向结果和包含结果)及其表现,并运用凸显特征分析找出每类动词的不同凸显特征；然后据此提出动词情状对时间推进的影响假设,采用语料库统计来验证；最终得出每类动词情状对时间推进的影响度等级,并结合凸显特征作理论解释。
第四章具体探讨补语类型与时间推进的关系。本章首先讨论汉语的结果、趋向、数量和处所四类补语的语义差别,得出不同补语的凸显特征：然后依据凸显特征提出补语类型对时间推进的影响假设,结合语料库数据进行实证；最后得到每类补语对时间推进的影响度等级,并尝试从补语分层等角度进行理论解释。
第五章讨论体标记与时间推进的关系。本章采用个案分析和综合考察相结合的思路,首先选择“了”和“着”做详细的个案分析,不仅提供新的语义分析,而且分层考察了它们对时间推进的影响；然后综合其他几个体标记(过、在、起来、动词重叠),同样做凸显特征分析,提出体标记对时间推进的影响假设；最后根据语料库实证检验假设并合理解释影响度等级。
第六章论证时间状语与时间推进的关系。本章将时间副词和时间词语合并为时间状语,首先针对时间副词,从情状的外部时间定位角度重新分为三类：位置类、距离类和频率类,根据凸显特征分析提出假设并做语料库实证;其次针对时间词语,同样结合语料库统计实证来讨论其时间推进功能；最后同样得出影响度等级并作理论解释。
本文的主要结论是：篇章时间推进是一个三层系统,相关因素所体现出的动态性、后时性和有界性是影响时间推进的最重要因素。
Based on the corpus of contemporary Chinese discourse, this dissertation discusses the temporal progression (TP) phenomena from the perspective of tense-aspect theory. It constructs the TP system model and analyzes four related factors by integrating probability statistics and theoretical explanation. It also confirms the level, degree and mechanism of the influence from these factors, and further bridges syntax, semantics and discourse. The main body is divided into6chapters.
Chapter1elaborates on the discourse nature of TP. First, it defines TP via the concept of reference time and introduces its theoretical value and application value, then it reviews the literature from four angles and states the research questions, ideas, method and technical details.
Chapter2discusses the3M system model of TP. It proposes the TP layering hypothesis:TP can be divided into macro-level, meso-level and micro-level with different influencing factors on each level. On the basis of this hypothesis, it firstly elaborates the different modes of macro-level TP and the discourse function of temporal reference. Secondly, it analyzes the effect of rhetoric relation on meso-level TP by RST. Finally, it also establishes the framework of micro-level TP and outlines the main affecting factors. The following chapters will discuss the effect of four factors on micro-level TP respectively.
Chapter3focuses on the relation between verb situations and TP. It examines the five types of verb situations in Chinese (states, activities, semelfactives, leading to result, encoding result) and further demonstrates the prominent features of different types. Then it proposes the effectiveness hypothesis and tests it by corpus demonstration. The last part of this chapter finds an effect rank and illuminates it from prominent features.
Chapter4deals with the relation between complement and TP. With the analysis of types of four complement, it points out that prominent feature determines its influence on TP. It also discusses the role of complement in forming TP phenomena by corpus demonstration and explains the effect rank from the perspective of complement layering.
Chapter5examines the relation between aspect markers and TP. In this chapter it follows the research method of combining case analysis and comprehensive investigation. First, it finds a new way to analyze the semantics of LE and ZHE which determines the effects on different level. Second, it analyzes the prominent features of aspect markers while comparing their semantic differences with other aspect markers like GUO, ZAI, QILAI and verb reduplication. It also argues the effectiveness hypothesis by corpus demonstration.
Chapter6discusses the relation between temporal adverbials and TP. It integates temporal adverbs and temporal expressions into temporal adverbials. As for the former, it is divided into three types (position type, distance type and frequency type) from the exterior time-location of situation. It also tests related effectiveness hypothesis by corpus demonstration. As for the later, it demonstrates their discourse function from corpus statistics. The last part of this chapter develops an effect rank and illuminates it from prominent features.
The main conclusion of this dissertation is that TP in discourse is a three-level system and the properties of dynamism, posteriority and boundedness from related elements is the key factor in determining TP in contemporary Chinese.
第一章阐述时间推进的篇章属性。本章通过参照时间的概念来界定时间推进,明确时间推进研究的理论价值和应用价值,并从四个角度对已有相关文献展开细致梳理,在总结研究成果和存在问题的基础上,阐明本文要解决的问题、研究思路以及技术路线。
第二章重点论述时间推进系统的3M模型。本章首先根据篇章的层级本质提出时间推进的分层假设：时间推进可以区分出宏观、中观和微观三个不同的层面,不同层面上影响时间推进的因素并不相同。然后分层展开论述：具体讨论了宏观层面的不同推进模式以及时间参考的篇章功能；运用修辞结构理论分析了中观层面上修辞关系的作用；对于影响因素众多的微观层面,本章初步建立起分析框架,接下来的四章则分别以四个相关因素为切入点,详细探讨它们对微观层面时间推进的影响。
第三章探讨动词情状与时间推进的关系。本章首先探讨汉语的五类动词情状(状态、活动、瞬间活动、指向结果和包含结果)及其表现,并运用凸显特征分析找出每类动词的不同凸显特征；然后据此提出动词情状对时间推进的影响假设,采用语料库统计来验证；最终得出每类动词情状对时间推进的影响度等级,并结合凸显特征作理论解释。
第四章具体探讨补语类型与时间推进的关系。本章首先讨论汉语的结果、趋向、数量和处所四类补语的语义差别,得出不同补语的凸显特征：然后依据凸显特征提出补语类型对时间推进的影响假设,结合语料库数据进行实证；最后得到每类补语对时间推进的影响度等级,并尝试从补语分层等角度进行理论解释。
第五章讨论体标记与时间推进的关系。本章采用个案分析和综合考察相结合的思路,首先选择“了”和“着”做详细的个案分析,不仅提供新的语义分析,而且分层考察了它们对时间推进的影响；然后综合其他几个体标记(过、在、起来、动词重叠),同样做凸显特征分析,提出体标记对时间推进的影响假设；最后根据语料库实证检验假设并合理解释影响度等级。
第六章论证时间状语与时间推进的关系。本章将时间副词和时间词语合并为时间状语,首先针对时间副词,从情状的外部时间定位角度重新分为三类：位置类、距离类和频率类,根据凸显特征分析提出假设并做语料库实证;其次针对时间词语,同样结合语料库统计实证来讨论其时间推进功能；最后同样得出影响度等级并作理论解释。
本文的主要结论是：篇章时间推进是一个三层系统,相关因素所体现出的动态性、后时性和有界性是影响时间推进的最重要因素。
Based on the corpus of contemporary Chinese discourse, this dissertation discusses the temporal progression (TP) phenomena from the perspective of tense-aspect theory. It constructs the TP system model and analyzes four related factors by integrating probability statistics and theoretical explanation. It also confirms the level, degree and mechanism of the influence from these factors, and further bridges syntax, semantics and discourse. The main body is divided into6chapters.
Chapter1elaborates on the discourse nature of TP. First, it defines TP via the concept of reference time and introduces its theoretical value and application value, then it reviews the literature from four angles and states the research questions, ideas, method and technical details.
Chapter2discusses the3M system model of TP. It proposes the TP layering hypothesis:TP can be divided into macro-level, meso-level and micro-level with different influencing factors on each level. On the basis of this hypothesis, it firstly elaborates the different modes of macro-level TP and the discourse function of temporal reference. Secondly, it analyzes the effect of rhetoric relation on meso-level TP by RST. Finally, it also establishes the framework of micro-level TP and outlines the main affecting factors. The following chapters will discuss the effect of four factors on micro-level TP respectively.
Chapter3focuses on the relation between verb situations and TP. It examines the five types of verb situations in Chinese (states, activities, semelfactives, leading to result, encoding result) and further demonstrates the prominent features of different types. Then it proposes the effectiveness hypothesis and tests it by corpus demonstration. The last part of this chapter finds an effect rank and illuminates it from prominent features.
Chapter4deals with the relation between complement and TP. With the analysis of types of four complement, it points out that prominent feature determines its influence on TP. It also discusses the role of complement in forming TP phenomena by corpus demonstration and explains the effect rank from the perspective of complement layering.
Chapter5examines the relation between aspect markers and TP. In this chapter it follows the research method of combining case analysis and comprehensive investigation. First, it finds a new way to analyze the semantics of LE and ZHE which determines the effects on different level. Second, it analyzes the prominent features of aspect markers while comparing their semantic differences with other aspect markers like GUO, ZAI, QILAI and verb reduplication. It also argues the effectiveness hypothesis by corpus demonstration.
Chapter6discusses the relation between temporal adverbials and TP. It integates temporal adverbs and temporal expressions into temporal adverbials. As for the former, it is divided into three types (position type, distance type and frequency type) from the exterior time-location of situation. It also tests related effectiveness hypothesis by corpus demonstration. As for the later, it demonstrates their discourse function from corpus statistics. The last part of this chapter develops an effect rank and illuminates it from prominent features.
The main conclusion of this dissertation is that TP in discourse is a three-level system and the properties of dynamism, posteriority and boundedness from related elements is the key factor in determining TP in contemporary Chinese.
引文
① 段落的划分标准参照徐赳赳(1996)。
① 下文所谈的时间词、时间结构以及本体时间和代体时间的分析均依据李向农(2003)。
① RST的分析显示无标记是常见的。其网站上的数据也显示,有72%的关系是无标记的。尽管如此,学者们还是尝试从不同角度寻找标志来辅助确定修辞关系(Scott & de Souza1990、Marcu2000、Den Ouden2004、Cassell et al.2001等)。
① 标注时,有些动词不在杨素英、黄月圆、王勇(2009)的“附录：动词情状类型表”中,我们就按照他们的操作标准,结合与该动词意义相关动词的情状来做判断。
① 见百度百科‘'logistic回归”介绍：http://baike.baidu.com/view/2294104.htm。
① 关于表相补语的范围尚有争论。赵元任(1968)提到“见、着、到、过”等；Xiao & McEnery (2004)认为只有“完、好、过”才是真正的表相补语；也有称之为虚化补语的,杨国文(2011)。王红旗(1996)、吴福祥(1998)、刘子瑜(2004)认为“见”也是表相(虚化)补语,而玄玥(2010)则认为“见”不是。Li & Thompson (1981)、刘月华(1998)认为“到”是趋向补语,朱德熙(1982)并未将“到”放在趋向补语中处理。Smith(1990)则认为“到”是表相补语：“他去到香港”。杨杏红、齐沪杨(2010)认为,“到”带上处所宾语时是处所补语。刘丹青(1994)称“着、到、住、掉”等为“唯补词”,而“完、好”等则处于谓词和唯补词的中间状态。
① verbs of posture,如：站、坐、躺、蹲、住、走、睡、趴、跪、倚(戴耀晶1997; Li&Thompson1981:401).
② 如：戴、拿、挂、吊、抱,戴耀晶1997。
① 这两个术语见Li & Thompson(1981:409)。
① 吕叔湘(1980/2001：540)指出,“突然”有形容词和副词用法,作副词用时,表示急促而且出人意料.
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① 下文所谈的时间词、时间结构以及本体时间和代体时间的分析均依据李向农(2003)。
① RST的分析显示无标记是常见的。其网站上的数据也显示,有72%的关系是无标记的。尽管如此,学者们还是尝试从不同角度寻找标志来辅助确定修辞关系(Scott & de Souza1990、Marcu2000、Den Ouden2004、Cassell et al.2001等)。
① 标注时,有些动词不在杨素英、黄月圆、王勇(2009)的“附录：动词情状类型表”中,我们就按照他们的操作标准,结合与该动词意义相关动词的情状来做判断。
① 见百度百科‘'logistic回归”介绍：http://baike.baidu.com/view/2294104.htm。
① 关于表相补语的范围尚有争论。赵元任(1968)提到“见、着、到、过”等；Xiao & McEnery (2004)认为只有“完、好、过”才是真正的表相补语；也有称之为虚化补语的,杨国文(2011)。王红旗(1996)、吴福祥(1998)、刘子瑜(2004)认为“见”也是表相(虚化)补语,而玄玥(2010)则认为“见”不是。Li & Thompson (1981)、刘月华(1998)认为“到”是趋向补语,朱德熙(1982)并未将“到”放在趋向补语中处理。Smith(1990)则认为“到”是表相补语：“他去到香港”。杨杏红、齐沪杨(2010)认为,“到”带上处所宾语时是处所补语。刘丹青(1994)称“着、到、住、掉”等为“唯补词”,而“完、好”等则处于谓词和唯补词的中间状态。
① verbs of posture,如：站、坐、躺、蹲、住、走、睡、趴、跪、倚(戴耀晶1997; Li&Thompson1981:401).
② 如：戴、拿、挂、吊、抱,戴耀晶1997。
① 这两个术语见Li & Thompson(1981:409)。
① 吕叔湘(1980/2001：540)指出,“突然”有形容词和副词用法,作副词用时,表示急促而且出人意料.
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