褐飞虱和白背飞虱落地后的发生规律及预测预报研究
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摘要
褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)是亚洲地区一种远距离迁飞性水稻害虫,近30年来发生面积扩大,暴发频率增加,给中国的水稻生产带来了严重危害。关于这两种水稻害虫的研究有大量报道,我国的研究主要集在中东部,而西南地区稻飞虱研究相对欠缺。本研究通过2008-2009年在西南稻区秀山县两年的田间调查,结合江口县、秀山县的历史资料,基于昆虫生态学的理论与方法,运用生态学、分类学、统计学、系统论等领域的知识,结合数据处理分析软件EXCEL、SPSS、SURFER、ArcGIS的熟练掌握,对本地区褐飞虱和白背飞虱落地后的发生规律及预测预报进行了研究。主要结果如下：
1.根据秀山县自1990年以来水稻预测圃及灯下褐飞虱和白背飞虱发生的历史资料,较系统研究二者在本地区田间及灯下的发生规律。结果表明,近20年来,褐飞虱在本地区的始见日有延后的趋势,白背飞虱的始见日有提前的趋势；白背飞虱的始见日比褐飞虱的始见日平均约早16.68士17.58天。田间稻飞虱为害呈明显双峰型,前期以白背飞虱为主,后期以褐飞虱为主,前后发生均重,发生面广。1990年代,褐飞虱田间发生高峰期主要在8月上、中旬,近10年高峰期集中在8月下旬；1990年代,褐飞虱长翅型田间发生高峰期主要在8月中旬,近10年高峰期在8月下旬,故褐飞虱田间发生高峰期和迁出期有延迟的趋势。白背飞虱在1990年代田间发生高峰日主要集中在7月中旬,近10年高峰日集中在7月上旬；1990年代,白背飞虱长翅型田间发生高峰期主要在7月中旬和8月上旬,近10年高峰期在7月中、下旬,故白背飞虱田间发生高峰期和迁出期有提前的趋势。在水稻生长期内,褐飞虱灯诱高峰期主要出现在8月下旬；白背飞虱的灯诱高峰期一般出现在7月上、中旬。水稻收获前,70%的年份,灯下白背飞虱的虫量大于褐飞虱；水稻收获后,所有年份灯下褐飞虱的虫量大于白背飞虱。褐飞虱的回迁峰在9月中旬,白背飞虱回迁峰是9月下旬至10月,褐飞虱回迁峰比白背飞虱的早。
2.在900 m2尺度上,研究白背飞虱迁入后,其后代若虫及长翅型成虫在稻田的聚集与扩散的动态过程和空间分布规律,为综合防治提供理论依据。根据2008年在秀山县的系统调查资料,运用地统计学中的半方差函数,建立了秀山县水稻栽插至成熟期间在东西和南北两个方向上白背飞虱若虫及成虫的空间变异曲线模型。模型参数分析表明：白背飞虱若虫种群的空间分布主要呈聚集分布；由随机因数引起的空间变异平均为38.7%,由自相关因数引起的空间变异为61.3%；空间变异的随机程度有随水稻生育期而逐渐增高的趋势；各调查时间东西方向的空间相关范围都小于南北方向,前者平均为18.99 m,后者为25.09 m。白背飞虱长翅型成虫的空间分布也主要呈聚集分布,由随机因数引起的空间变异平均为37.6%,由自相关因数引起的空间变异为62.4%；各调查时间东西方向的空间相关范围都小于南北方向,前者平均为12.86 m,后者为28.85 m；虫口密度越高,空间变量的变化幅度越大。利用Surfer8.0软件对空间分布数据进行插值和模拟,结果表明白背飞虱若虫和长翅型成虫种群在稻田的聚集斑块均为南北方向比东西方向长,即在研究尺度下,南北方向是白背飞虱种群聚集和扩散的主方向。
3.根据2003年以来重庆市秀山县比较完整的大田普查资料,应用地理信息系统(ArcGIS)研究白背飞虱和褐飞虱在全县不同乡镇的空间分布格局及动态。2003-2009年的白背飞虱种群在全县范围呈现明显的聚集分布格局,各年的聚集中心和聚集程度均处于动态变化之中。模拟分布图显示了各年白背飞虱种群聚集分布的具体位置和程度,总的分布格局是秀山县中部平坝地区的官桥、官庄、平凯镇发生较重,7年的调查数据中有4年的聚集中心位于此。而本县东、西、南、北部的三沟两岔地区发生相对较轻,7年的调查数据只有2007年聚集中心位于南部的隘口镇、兰桥镇；2008年的聚集中心位于东部的平马乡；2009年聚集中心位于北部的海洋乡和西部的塘坳乡。从近3年褐飞虱调查的结果可以看出,褐飞虱在全县的分布与白背飞虱有较大的不同,褐飞虱在全县的中西部发生较重,东南部发生较轻,主要集中在溶溪、塘坳、官庄、中和这几个乡镇。
4.对2种不同类型田(常规稻田、杂交稻田)褐飞虱、白背飞虱与其主要天敌(蜘蛛、隐翅虫、黑肩绿盲蝽、稻红瓢虫、螯蜂)的群落结构、时间生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行了研究,分析了天敌对稻飞虱的时间跟随和控制作用、各类群在时间资源序列上分布的数量特征和资源利用状况。研究结果表明,抽穗期以前,褐飞虱种群数量很低,白背飞虱和天敌种群数量都逐渐增加；抽穗期后白背飞虱数量下降,褐飞虱数量迅速增加,天敌数量处于稳定状态,说明害虫与天敌处于高度平衡状态。不同类型稻田稻飞虱和其天敌的时间生态位宽度是不同的,但都是以蜘蛛类群的生态位宽度最大,且个体数量在时间序列上分布较为均匀；而螯蜂、稻红瓢虫、黑肩绿盲蝽在整个资源序列上分布较窄,大部分集中在某些资源序列上,因而生态位宽度指数小。稻飞虱与各天敌的生态位重叠值反映了天敌捕食或寄生稻飞虱在时间上的可能性,杂交稻田稻飞虱与蜘蛛的生态位重叠值最高,其次为隐翅虫；常规稻田中稻飞虱与蜘蛛的生态位重叠值最高,其次为黑肩绿盲蝽。
5.用重庆市秀山县1983-2007年田间褐飞虱和白背飞虱发生程度的时间序列资料和贵州省江口县病虫测报站1977-2007年灯下褐飞虱和白背飞虱发生程度时间序列资料,运用马尔可夫链理论的转移概率预测法,构建了1-5阶转移概率矩阵,根据每一阶概率矩阵单独进行回报的历史符合率计算各阶转移概率矩阵的权重,以预报年前5年褐飞虱和白背飞虱的连续发生状态预测第6年的发生级别,回检秀山县20年田间及江口县26年灯下实际发生程度。结果表明,该模型具有较好的模拟效果,威尔科克森非参数检验实际发生与预测结果在0.05水平不存在显著差异,对2008年和2009年的预测也符合当年实际发生情况。该方法构建的5阶转移概率矩阵及其权重对于秀山县、江口县及其邻近地区褐飞虱和白背飞虱发生程度的长期预报具有重要指导意义,为害虫的长期可预测性提供了一种快速、有效的方法。
6.利用重庆市秀山县1990-2006年的褐飞虱和白背飞虱的田间、灯下虫情及气象资料,以田间发生高峰期的调查数量为因变量,以灯下诱集虫量和气象因子为自变量,用多元逐步回归法组建了褐飞虱和白背飞虱在不同时期的发生量预测模型,对二者落地后成灾机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,二者田间发生高峰期的发生量不仅与气候条件有关,且与前期迁入虫量有关。褐飞虱田间发生高峰期发生量与当月或近期迁入的总虫量成正相关,而与具有繁殖能力的雌成虫无显著相关；白背飞虱田间发生高峰期的发生量与前期迁入虫量成显著正相关,与近期迁入虫量无显著相关,推测褐飞虱主要是落地成灾,白背飞虱主要是靠繁殖代成灾。
7.2008年用标准苗期鉴定法对秀山县田间褐飞虱种群进行生物型测定,种植具有不同抗性基因的5个水稻品种：TN1、Mudgo、ASD_7、Rathu Heerati、Babawee,把采自秀山县清溪镇、平凯镇田间褐飞虱分别接在5个鉴别品种上进行生物型测定。结果表明,除了TN1品种外,具有抗生物型1和3的Mudgo及抗生物型1和2的ASD7的稻苗均死亡,初步推断秀山县褐飞虱已经有生物型2和生物型3出现。
Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) are two important long-distance migration insect pests that cause great losses to rice yield in China. Their occurrence area and the frequency increased in late 30 years. There are many researches about the two pests in China and it is prolific about Middle and East of China but deficient about the southwest of China. The occurrence regularity and forecasting study of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper after their immigration are revealed in this paper by using the two years field investigation, indoor trial from 2008 to 2009 in Xiushan county and historic data of Xiushan and Jiangkou county which locate in the southwest of China. Based on the knowledge of biology ecology, taxonomy, statistics, systematic and the mastery of software of EXCEL、SPSS、SURFER、ArcGIS, the study goes well and the main results are summarized as follows:
1. The occurrence regularity of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper in rice field and light-trapped was analyzed by using 20 years historic data collected in naturally-occurred rice plots and trapped by ordinary incandescent light since 1990 in Xiushan, Chongqing. The results showed that the first appearance date of brown planthopper had the tendency of postponing, while whitebacked planthopper had the tendency of advancing. The first appearance date of whitebacked planthopper was 16.68±17.58 days earlier than brown planthopper's. There were two occurrence peak of rice planthopper in naturally-occurred rice plots. The first one was mainly caused by whitebacked planthopper and the second one was by brown planthopper. The damages caused by the two insects during occurrence peaks were all great and the area was large. The occurrence peak of brown planthopper in rice field was mainly in early or middle August in 1990's but in late August from 2000 to 2009 and the occurrence peak of its macropterous was mainly in middle August in 1990s but in late August in late 10 years. So the occurrence peak of brown planthopper and its macropterous in the field had tendency of postponing.The occurrence peak of whitebacked planthopper in rice field was mainly in middle July in 1990s but in early July in late 10 years and the occurrence peak of its macropterous was in middle July or early August in 1990s but in middle or late July in late 10 years. So the occurrence peak of whitebacked planthopper and its macropterous in the field had tendency of advancing. The peak of light-trap catches of brown planthopper was mainly in late August and whitebacked planthopper was in early or late July. The quantity of whitebacked planthopper trapped by the light was larger than brown planthopper during rice growing stages mainly but smaller than brown planthopper after the rice harvestry in all years. The back immigration peak of brown planthopper was earlier than whitebacked planthopper because the former is in middle Sept. and the later was in late Sept. or Oct..
2. To provide a theoretical basis for its integrated control, dynamic process and spatial pattern of the whitebacked planthopper after their immigration were studied. Models of space variation were constructed at the directions of east-west and south-north based on the geostatistical method by using survey data from the transplanting to ripening of the rice in the scale of 900 m2 in Xiushan, Chongqing in 2008. The variograms showed the higher population density was the greater space variation became for both nymphs and macropterous. Average space variation of nymphs was 38.7% caused by the random factor and 61.3%caused by the autocorrelation, and the random degree of space variation became greater as the rice grew up. Space-related distance of nymphs was 18.99 m in the direction of east-west and 25.09 m in south-north averagely. Average space variation of macropterous was 37.6%caused by the random factor and 62.4%caused by the autocorrelation and space-related distance was 12.86 m in the direction of east-west and 28.85 m in south-north averagely. The application of isoline map based on Surfer8.0 to these data provided more detailed information to the spatial dependence and structure. The result showed the aggregated scope in the south to north was larger than in the east to west for both nymphs and macropterous. That is to say south to north is the main direction for the whitebacked planthopper nymphs and macropterous to aggregate and diffuse.
3. According to the comparatively complete investigation field data in Xiushan, Chongqing from 2003 to 2009, the spatial distribution and dynamics of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper were analyzed in this county. The result showed that the spatial distribution patterns of whitebacked planthopper were mainly aggregated in all years and the centers of aggregation and distribution patterns changed with time. In general, the density grades were higher in the middle area of the county including Guanqiao, Guanzhuang, Pingkai and 4 years aggregation center was in these areas. Its grades were lower in mountain area such as east, west, south and north of the county. The aggregation center in 2007 was in Aikou and Lanqiao, which is the south of the county, and it appeared in Pingma in 2008, which is the east of the county and in the north Haiyang and west Tangao in 2009. The spatial distribution of brown planthopper is different from whitebacked planthopper based the late 3 years'investigation data. The density grades were higher in middle and west, whereas its grades were lower in southeast of the county. The higher density grade appeared in Rongxi, Tangao, Guanzhuang, Zhonghe. The reasons of spatial distribution difference between brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper need more investigation.
4. Community structure and temporal niches of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper and their natural enemies including spider, staphylinid, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Micraspis discolor, Dryinidae in hybrid and conventional rice field were researched. The quantitative characters of the occurrence of each group and the condition of resource utilization were analyzed. The following and control function of the natural enemies to rice planthopper was inquired. The result showed that the quantity of brown planthopper is very small and whitebacked planthopper and natural enemies increased gradually before the rice heading stages. Then whitebacked planthopper decreased and brown planthopper increased and natural enemies kept in stable state which means the insect and the enemies keeps in balance state. The temporal niches breadth of every group was different in 2 paddy fields and the spiders'was greatest in both kinds field, but it was very small for Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Micraspis discolor and Dryinidae. The niche overlap of rice planthopper and natural enemies means the time possibility of predation or parasitism. In hybrid rice field, the greatest niche overlap was rice planthopper and spider and then was rice planthopper and staphylinid. The greatest niche overlap index was rice planthopper and spider and then was rice planthopper and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis in conventional rice field.
5. By using the transition probability method of Markov chain theory, the transition probability matrix of 1 to 5 steps was constructed based on the time series data of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper surveyed in rice paddy from 1983 to 2007 in Xiushan county, Chongqing, and trapped by the light from 1977 to 2007 in Jiangkou county, Guizhou province, China. The weight of every step by the rewarding accuracy of each step in transition probability matrix was calculated and the occurrence degree of the sixth years was predicted based on the occurrence status of the previous 5 consecutive years. Reexamining the 20 years actual occurrence of field in Xiushan and 26 years of light trap catches in Jinagkou.The result showed that the Markov chain theory has great simulation effect and nonparametric Wilcoxon paired sample test showed there were no significant difference between the actual and predicted occurrence in the 0.05 level for both brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper. And the models accurately predicted the light occurrence in 2008 for both pests. The transition probability matrix and the weights constructed in this study have great guiding significance to forecast the occurrence grade of the two planthoppers for Xiushan, Jiangkou and its neighboring areas. It offers a rapid and effective method for the long-term predictability of the pests.
6. The data of weather and rice planthopper investigated in the field and light-trapped was collected in Xiushan, Chongqing from 1990 to 2006. Taking the data of occurrence peak in the field as independent variable and the data of light-trapped and weather as dependent variable, the forecasting model of occurrence peak of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper in the field was constructed based on stepwise regression analysis. And then we investigated the disaster forming reason of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper after their immigration. The result showed that the occurrence peak was not only correlated with the weather condition but with the immigration quantity for the both insects. The occurrence peak of brown planthopper in field was positively correlated with the immigration of the month or the recent month but there was no significant relationship with the immigrated female adult which has the ability of reproduction. The occurrence peak of whitebacked planthopper in the field is positively correlated with the immigration of the previous months but has little relationship with the immigration of recent month. So the conclusion is that the brown planthopper formatted disaster soon after their immigration and whitebacked planthopper formatted disaster with their reproductive generations.
7. Standard seedling stage test was used to identify the biotype of brown planthopper of Xiushan county in 2008. Five rice varieties with different resistance gene such as TN1, Mudgo, ASD7,Rathu Heerati, Babawee were used to study the biotypes of brown planthopper collected from countryside of Qingxi and Pingkai. The result showed that Mudgo and ASD7 which contradict biotype of 3 and 2 were all dead besides the sensitive TN1. It suggested there were biotype 2 and 3 of brown planthopper in Xiushan county.
1.根据秀山县自1990年以来水稻预测圃及灯下褐飞虱和白背飞虱发生的历史资料,较系统研究二者在本地区田间及灯下的发生规律。结果表明,近20年来,褐飞虱在本地区的始见日有延后的趋势,白背飞虱的始见日有提前的趋势；白背飞虱的始见日比褐飞虱的始见日平均约早16.68士17.58天。田间稻飞虱为害呈明显双峰型,前期以白背飞虱为主,后期以褐飞虱为主,前后发生均重,发生面广。1990年代,褐飞虱田间发生高峰期主要在8月上、中旬,近10年高峰期集中在8月下旬；1990年代,褐飞虱长翅型田间发生高峰期主要在8月中旬,近10年高峰期在8月下旬,故褐飞虱田间发生高峰期和迁出期有延迟的趋势。白背飞虱在1990年代田间发生高峰日主要集中在7月中旬,近10年高峰日集中在7月上旬；1990年代,白背飞虱长翅型田间发生高峰期主要在7月中旬和8月上旬,近10年高峰期在7月中、下旬,故白背飞虱田间发生高峰期和迁出期有提前的趋势。在水稻生长期内,褐飞虱灯诱高峰期主要出现在8月下旬；白背飞虱的灯诱高峰期一般出现在7月上、中旬。水稻收获前,70%的年份,灯下白背飞虱的虫量大于褐飞虱；水稻收获后,所有年份灯下褐飞虱的虫量大于白背飞虱。褐飞虱的回迁峰在9月中旬,白背飞虱回迁峰是9月下旬至10月,褐飞虱回迁峰比白背飞虱的早。
2.在900 m2尺度上,研究白背飞虱迁入后,其后代若虫及长翅型成虫在稻田的聚集与扩散的动态过程和空间分布规律,为综合防治提供理论依据。根据2008年在秀山县的系统调查资料,运用地统计学中的半方差函数,建立了秀山县水稻栽插至成熟期间在东西和南北两个方向上白背飞虱若虫及成虫的空间变异曲线模型。模型参数分析表明：白背飞虱若虫种群的空间分布主要呈聚集分布；由随机因数引起的空间变异平均为38.7%,由自相关因数引起的空间变异为61.3%；空间变异的随机程度有随水稻生育期而逐渐增高的趋势；各调查时间东西方向的空间相关范围都小于南北方向,前者平均为18.99 m,后者为25.09 m。白背飞虱长翅型成虫的空间分布也主要呈聚集分布,由随机因数引起的空间变异平均为37.6%,由自相关因数引起的空间变异为62.4%；各调查时间东西方向的空间相关范围都小于南北方向,前者平均为12.86 m,后者为28.85 m；虫口密度越高,空间变量的变化幅度越大。利用Surfer8.0软件对空间分布数据进行插值和模拟,结果表明白背飞虱若虫和长翅型成虫种群在稻田的聚集斑块均为南北方向比东西方向长,即在研究尺度下,南北方向是白背飞虱种群聚集和扩散的主方向。
3.根据2003年以来重庆市秀山县比较完整的大田普查资料,应用地理信息系统(ArcGIS)研究白背飞虱和褐飞虱在全县不同乡镇的空间分布格局及动态。2003-2009年的白背飞虱种群在全县范围呈现明显的聚集分布格局,各年的聚集中心和聚集程度均处于动态变化之中。模拟分布图显示了各年白背飞虱种群聚集分布的具体位置和程度,总的分布格局是秀山县中部平坝地区的官桥、官庄、平凯镇发生较重,7年的调查数据中有4年的聚集中心位于此。而本县东、西、南、北部的三沟两岔地区发生相对较轻,7年的调查数据只有2007年聚集中心位于南部的隘口镇、兰桥镇；2008年的聚集中心位于东部的平马乡；2009年聚集中心位于北部的海洋乡和西部的塘坳乡。从近3年褐飞虱调查的结果可以看出,褐飞虱在全县的分布与白背飞虱有较大的不同,褐飞虱在全县的中西部发生较重,东南部发生较轻,主要集中在溶溪、塘坳、官庄、中和这几个乡镇。
4.对2种不同类型田(常规稻田、杂交稻田)褐飞虱、白背飞虱与其主要天敌(蜘蛛、隐翅虫、黑肩绿盲蝽、稻红瓢虫、螯蜂)的群落结构、时间生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行了研究,分析了天敌对稻飞虱的时间跟随和控制作用、各类群在时间资源序列上分布的数量特征和资源利用状况。研究结果表明,抽穗期以前,褐飞虱种群数量很低,白背飞虱和天敌种群数量都逐渐增加；抽穗期后白背飞虱数量下降,褐飞虱数量迅速增加,天敌数量处于稳定状态,说明害虫与天敌处于高度平衡状态。不同类型稻田稻飞虱和其天敌的时间生态位宽度是不同的,但都是以蜘蛛类群的生态位宽度最大,且个体数量在时间序列上分布较为均匀；而螯蜂、稻红瓢虫、黑肩绿盲蝽在整个资源序列上分布较窄,大部分集中在某些资源序列上,因而生态位宽度指数小。稻飞虱与各天敌的生态位重叠值反映了天敌捕食或寄生稻飞虱在时间上的可能性,杂交稻田稻飞虱与蜘蛛的生态位重叠值最高,其次为隐翅虫；常规稻田中稻飞虱与蜘蛛的生态位重叠值最高,其次为黑肩绿盲蝽。
5.用重庆市秀山县1983-2007年田间褐飞虱和白背飞虱发生程度的时间序列资料和贵州省江口县病虫测报站1977-2007年灯下褐飞虱和白背飞虱发生程度时间序列资料,运用马尔可夫链理论的转移概率预测法,构建了1-5阶转移概率矩阵,根据每一阶概率矩阵单独进行回报的历史符合率计算各阶转移概率矩阵的权重,以预报年前5年褐飞虱和白背飞虱的连续发生状态预测第6年的发生级别,回检秀山县20年田间及江口县26年灯下实际发生程度。结果表明,该模型具有较好的模拟效果,威尔科克森非参数检验实际发生与预测结果在0.05水平不存在显著差异,对2008年和2009年的预测也符合当年实际发生情况。该方法构建的5阶转移概率矩阵及其权重对于秀山县、江口县及其邻近地区褐飞虱和白背飞虱发生程度的长期预报具有重要指导意义,为害虫的长期可预测性提供了一种快速、有效的方法。
6.利用重庆市秀山县1990-2006年的褐飞虱和白背飞虱的田间、灯下虫情及气象资料,以田间发生高峰期的调查数量为因变量,以灯下诱集虫量和气象因子为自变量,用多元逐步回归法组建了褐飞虱和白背飞虱在不同时期的发生量预测模型,对二者落地后成灾机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,二者田间发生高峰期的发生量不仅与气候条件有关,且与前期迁入虫量有关。褐飞虱田间发生高峰期发生量与当月或近期迁入的总虫量成正相关,而与具有繁殖能力的雌成虫无显著相关；白背飞虱田间发生高峰期的发生量与前期迁入虫量成显著正相关,与近期迁入虫量无显著相关,推测褐飞虱主要是落地成灾,白背飞虱主要是靠繁殖代成灾。
7.2008年用标准苗期鉴定法对秀山县田间褐飞虱种群进行生物型测定,种植具有不同抗性基因的5个水稻品种：TN1、Mudgo、ASD_7、Rathu Heerati、Babawee,把采自秀山县清溪镇、平凯镇田间褐飞虱分别接在5个鉴别品种上进行生物型测定。结果表明,除了TN1品种外,具有抗生物型1和3的Mudgo及抗生物型1和2的ASD7的稻苗均死亡,初步推断秀山县褐飞虱已经有生物型2和生物型3出现。
Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) are two important long-distance migration insect pests that cause great losses to rice yield in China. Their occurrence area and the frequency increased in late 30 years. There are many researches about the two pests in China and it is prolific about Middle and East of China but deficient about the southwest of China. The occurrence regularity and forecasting study of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper after their immigration are revealed in this paper by using the two years field investigation, indoor trial from 2008 to 2009 in Xiushan county and historic data of Xiushan and Jiangkou county which locate in the southwest of China. Based on the knowledge of biology ecology, taxonomy, statistics, systematic and the mastery of software of EXCEL、SPSS、SURFER、ArcGIS, the study goes well and the main results are summarized as follows:
1. The occurrence regularity of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper in rice field and light-trapped was analyzed by using 20 years historic data collected in naturally-occurred rice plots and trapped by ordinary incandescent light since 1990 in Xiushan, Chongqing. The results showed that the first appearance date of brown planthopper had the tendency of postponing, while whitebacked planthopper had the tendency of advancing. The first appearance date of whitebacked planthopper was 16.68±17.58 days earlier than brown planthopper's. There were two occurrence peak of rice planthopper in naturally-occurred rice plots. The first one was mainly caused by whitebacked planthopper and the second one was by brown planthopper. The damages caused by the two insects during occurrence peaks were all great and the area was large. The occurrence peak of brown planthopper in rice field was mainly in early or middle August in 1990's but in late August from 2000 to 2009 and the occurrence peak of its macropterous was mainly in middle August in 1990s but in late August in late 10 years. So the occurrence peak of brown planthopper and its macropterous in the field had tendency of postponing.The occurrence peak of whitebacked planthopper in rice field was mainly in middle July in 1990s but in early July in late 10 years and the occurrence peak of its macropterous was in middle July or early August in 1990s but in middle or late July in late 10 years. So the occurrence peak of whitebacked planthopper and its macropterous in the field had tendency of advancing. The peak of light-trap catches of brown planthopper was mainly in late August and whitebacked planthopper was in early or late July. The quantity of whitebacked planthopper trapped by the light was larger than brown planthopper during rice growing stages mainly but smaller than brown planthopper after the rice harvestry in all years. The back immigration peak of brown planthopper was earlier than whitebacked planthopper because the former is in middle Sept. and the later was in late Sept. or Oct..
2. To provide a theoretical basis for its integrated control, dynamic process and spatial pattern of the whitebacked planthopper after their immigration were studied. Models of space variation were constructed at the directions of east-west and south-north based on the geostatistical method by using survey data from the transplanting to ripening of the rice in the scale of 900 m2 in Xiushan, Chongqing in 2008. The variograms showed the higher population density was the greater space variation became for both nymphs and macropterous. Average space variation of nymphs was 38.7% caused by the random factor and 61.3%caused by the autocorrelation, and the random degree of space variation became greater as the rice grew up. Space-related distance of nymphs was 18.99 m in the direction of east-west and 25.09 m in south-north averagely. Average space variation of macropterous was 37.6%caused by the random factor and 62.4%caused by the autocorrelation and space-related distance was 12.86 m in the direction of east-west and 28.85 m in south-north averagely. The application of isoline map based on Surfer8.0 to these data provided more detailed information to the spatial dependence and structure. The result showed the aggregated scope in the south to north was larger than in the east to west for both nymphs and macropterous. That is to say south to north is the main direction for the whitebacked planthopper nymphs and macropterous to aggregate and diffuse.
3. According to the comparatively complete investigation field data in Xiushan, Chongqing from 2003 to 2009, the spatial distribution and dynamics of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper were analyzed in this county. The result showed that the spatial distribution patterns of whitebacked planthopper were mainly aggregated in all years and the centers of aggregation and distribution patterns changed with time. In general, the density grades were higher in the middle area of the county including Guanqiao, Guanzhuang, Pingkai and 4 years aggregation center was in these areas. Its grades were lower in mountain area such as east, west, south and north of the county. The aggregation center in 2007 was in Aikou and Lanqiao, which is the south of the county, and it appeared in Pingma in 2008, which is the east of the county and in the north Haiyang and west Tangao in 2009. The spatial distribution of brown planthopper is different from whitebacked planthopper based the late 3 years'investigation data. The density grades were higher in middle and west, whereas its grades were lower in southeast of the county. The higher density grade appeared in Rongxi, Tangao, Guanzhuang, Zhonghe. The reasons of spatial distribution difference between brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper need more investigation.
4. Community structure and temporal niches of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper and their natural enemies including spider, staphylinid, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Micraspis discolor, Dryinidae in hybrid and conventional rice field were researched. The quantitative characters of the occurrence of each group and the condition of resource utilization were analyzed. The following and control function of the natural enemies to rice planthopper was inquired. The result showed that the quantity of brown planthopper is very small and whitebacked planthopper and natural enemies increased gradually before the rice heading stages. Then whitebacked planthopper decreased and brown planthopper increased and natural enemies kept in stable state which means the insect and the enemies keeps in balance state. The temporal niches breadth of every group was different in 2 paddy fields and the spiders'was greatest in both kinds field, but it was very small for Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Micraspis discolor and Dryinidae. The niche overlap of rice planthopper and natural enemies means the time possibility of predation or parasitism. In hybrid rice field, the greatest niche overlap was rice planthopper and spider and then was rice planthopper and staphylinid. The greatest niche overlap index was rice planthopper and spider and then was rice planthopper and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis in conventional rice field.
5. By using the transition probability method of Markov chain theory, the transition probability matrix of 1 to 5 steps was constructed based on the time series data of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper surveyed in rice paddy from 1983 to 2007 in Xiushan county, Chongqing, and trapped by the light from 1977 to 2007 in Jiangkou county, Guizhou province, China. The weight of every step by the rewarding accuracy of each step in transition probability matrix was calculated and the occurrence degree of the sixth years was predicted based on the occurrence status of the previous 5 consecutive years. Reexamining the 20 years actual occurrence of field in Xiushan and 26 years of light trap catches in Jinagkou.The result showed that the Markov chain theory has great simulation effect and nonparametric Wilcoxon paired sample test showed there were no significant difference between the actual and predicted occurrence in the 0.05 level for both brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper. And the models accurately predicted the light occurrence in 2008 for both pests. The transition probability matrix and the weights constructed in this study have great guiding significance to forecast the occurrence grade of the two planthoppers for Xiushan, Jiangkou and its neighboring areas. It offers a rapid and effective method for the long-term predictability of the pests.
6. The data of weather and rice planthopper investigated in the field and light-trapped was collected in Xiushan, Chongqing from 1990 to 2006. Taking the data of occurrence peak in the field as independent variable and the data of light-trapped and weather as dependent variable, the forecasting model of occurrence peak of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper in the field was constructed based on stepwise regression analysis. And then we investigated the disaster forming reason of brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper after their immigration. The result showed that the occurrence peak was not only correlated with the weather condition but with the immigration quantity for the both insects. The occurrence peak of brown planthopper in field was positively correlated with the immigration of the month or the recent month but there was no significant relationship with the immigrated female adult which has the ability of reproduction. The occurrence peak of whitebacked planthopper in the field is positively correlated with the immigration of the previous months but has little relationship with the immigration of recent month. So the conclusion is that the brown planthopper formatted disaster soon after their immigration and whitebacked planthopper formatted disaster with their reproductive generations.
7. Standard seedling stage test was used to identify the biotype of brown planthopper of Xiushan county in 2008. Five rice varieties with different resistance gene such as TN1, Mudgo, ASD7,Rathu Heerati, Babawee were used to study the biotypes of brown planthopper collected from countryside of Qingxi and Pingkai. The result showed that Mudgo and ASD7 which contradict biotype of 3 and 2 were all dead besides the sensitive TN1. It suggested there were biotype 2 and 3 of brown planthopper in Xiushan county.
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