华北地区空中昆虫群落及昆虫季节性迁移的雷达观测
|
摘要
由于昆虫具翅，可以扩展到几百米或几千米的高空。许多农业害虫都被发现是风载的而且在繁殖地或越冬地外几百公里暴发。为了更好地理解空中昆虫群落的结构及其如何与近地昆虫群落相互作用的，尤其是风载迁飞的效应，2002年在渤海海峡中间的长岛县一小岛(38 23.200’N，120 54.500’E)上使用探照灯诱虫器进行了观测；2001和2002年我们使用数字昆虫雷达和姊妹灯(同时使用的探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器)在北京附近的廊坊(39°30′42″N，116°36′07″E，28m asl)进行了观测。
本研究初步阐明了我国华北地区空中昆虫群落结构，首次使用我国自行研制的扫描昆虫雷达的数字化数据采集及分析系统，及价廉、高效的姊妹灯诱虫法对华北地区甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua、草地螟Loxostege sticticalis和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的迁飞进行了长期系统地观测，得到了甜菜夜蛾在我国北方迁飞的直接证据，三种害虫迁飞行为的若干参数，认识了昆虫迁飞行为与风温场的关系，丰富了昆虫迁飞理论，为我国害虫的治理提供了科学依据。
在长岛县的小岛上诱到的昆虫种群只有少数几种是当地繁殖的，大多数是由风从大陆携带而来。甜菜夜蛾，东方粘虫Pseudaletia(=Mythimna)separata，棉铃虫和小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon是迁入岛上的主要种类，但由于没有作物它们随即又迁出。龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica&异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis,步甲Pseudoophonus griseus和草蛉是伴随害虫迁飞的主要天敌。发现其它一些昆虫也具迁飞性，有可能形成显著的迁飞。性比(雌：雄)随日期和时间的变化表明甜菜夜蛾、东方粘虫、棉铃虫和小地老虎的雌虫比雄虫有更强的迁飞能力。
探照灯诱虫器能有效地诱集迁飞昆虫，与地面灯诱虫器同时使用可以将迁飞昆虫从当地繁殖的昆虫种类中区分出来。草地螟迁入后第二晚地面灯诱虫器诱到大量蛾子，故探照灯诱虫器诱虫高峰早于地面灯诱虫器一天可作为草地螟迁入的一个良好的指示。
研究发现9月和10月在华北地区甜菜夜蛾和一些其它种类是夜间在高空迁飞的风载昆虫。最大蛾类密度通常出现在500m以下，强的昆虫层出现在地上200m左右高度的气流中，这里气流可将昆虫带到南方。9月底降落在雷达观测场附近的甜菜夜蛾经常与降雨相伴。
2001和2002年观测到了草地螟高空远距离的风载迁飞和短距离扩散。诱虫结果表明这段时间草地螟共有5次飞行期。卵巢发育进度法和雷达观测表明草地螟在6月初向东北迁飞，在8月和9月向西南迁飞，当地繁殖的蛾子在7、8月份进行短距离扩散。草地螟的共同定向在春秋季节迁飞中很常见，春季向东北定向但秋季向西南
中国农业科学院博士学位论文 摘要
定向。在春夏秋季的观测中草地螟的多层现象都有出现。昆虫的成层与最大风速和最
优风向有关而与逆温无关。
200和 2002年观测到 6代棉铃虫的高空风载迁飞和短距离扩散。200年春观测
到一次强的顺风向东北的迁飞，昆虫具有很强的向东北定向的特点。昆虫在檬影时刻
起飞，大约30分种后形成第一个面积密度高峰，然后，在没有过境迁飞的情况下密
度下降到一个低水平并保持一夜，在有过境迁飞或迁入时在接下来的夜晚会出现几个
高峰，这几个密度高峰甚至高于第一个起飞高峰。棉铃虫一般在 1500 m以下迁飞，
成层常出现在300、500或1000 m高度，并且多层现象也经常出现。春季昆虫趋于
在温暖的气流中迁飞，但更多的证据表明良好的成层与风切变有关，而且强的J型风
能抑制昆虫的迁飞。尽管风可以把棉铃虫带到多个不同的方向，但它有利用合适的风
向进行迁飞的能力，即春季顺西南风向东北迁，秋季顺东北风向西南迁。暴雨使大量
棉铃虫降落，局部小雨也可使大量昆虫降落但并不能使整个迁飞种群停止迁飞。
Insects can spread up to hundreds or thousands of meters above ground due to the power of wings. Many agricultural insect pests were found wind-borne and outbreaks were recorded in regions hundreds or thousands of kilometers away from where these insects bred or overwintered. For better understanding the structure of insect community aloft and how it interacted with the insect community near the ground, especially the effects of the wind-borne migration, observations were conducted with a searchlight trap on an island (38 23.200' N, 120 54.500' E) in Changdao, at the center of Baohai channel, in 2002, and with a digital entomological radar and a twin light-trap (simultaneously operated searchlight trap and ground light-trap) at a site in Langfang (39 30'42" N, 116 36'07" E, 28 m asl) , in the vicinity of Beijing, in 2001 and 2002.
The present study described the structure of insect community aloft in northern China. It was the first trial to employ the newly equipped migration data acquisition and analysis system for the scanning entomological radar and, a twin light-trap developed in China for, systematic long-term observations of migration of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua, beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis and cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera in northern China The study provided direct evidence for the migration of 5". exigua in China, many parameters of migratory behaviour of the three species of insects, a better understanding of the relationship between migratory behaviour and wind or temperature field. The results enriched the theory of migration and provided new scientific knowledge for pest management in China.
The majority of insect populations trapped on the island were brought from the mainland by winds with several species locally bred. The beet armyworm S. exigua, oriental armyworm Pseudaletia (=Mythimna) separata, cotton bollworm H. armigera and black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon were dominant pest species immigrated into the island, however they emigrated without finding crops. Ladybird Propylaeajaponica & Harmonia axyridis, ground beetle Pseudoophonus griseus and ant lion Chrysopidae were dominant natural enemies migrating with insect pests. Many other species of insect were found to be wind-borne migrants and might produce significant migration. The variation of sex ratio (female to male) with day and time suggested the female moth more powerful in migrating than male S. exigua, P. separata, H. armigera and A. ipsilon.
The searchlight trap was found to be an efficient tool for trapping migrants and, operated alongside a ground light-trap, could distinguish migrant from locally-flying species. The ground based light-trap caught large numbers of L. sticticalis on the next evening, after an immigration event, so priority of catching peaks in searchlight trap to ground based light-trap was a good indication of migration.
It was confirmed that S. exigua and some other species were high-altitude nocturnal wind-borne migrants in September and October in northern China. Maximum density of moths typically occurred below 500 m, and strong layers were often observed at about 200 m above ground level in airflows which would carry the moths towards the south. Spodoptera exigua descent in the vicinity of the radar site in later September was often associated with rain.
The long distance high-altitude wind-borne migration of the beet webworm moths L. sticticalis and short distance dispersal were observed in 2001 and 2002. Catches in both light traps suggested there were five flight periods during our study. Ovary development stage of females in catches and radar observation indicated that L. sticticalis migrated to northeast in early June, to southwest in August and September, and locally-bred moths dispersed over shorter distances in July and August. Collective orientation by the moths was often present in the spring and autumn migration, and the direction of orientation was towards the northeast in spring but to the southwest in autumn.Multi-level layering of migrants was seen every
本研究初步阐明了我国华北地区空中昆虫群落结构，首次使用我国自行研制的扫描昆虫雷达的数字化数据采集及分析系统，及价廉、高效的姊妹灯诱虫法对华北地区甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua、草地螟Loxostege sticticalis和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的迁飞进行了长期系统地观测，得到了甜菜夜蛾在我国北方迁飞的直接证据，三种害虫迁飞行为的若干参数，认识了昆虫迁飞行为与风温场的关系，丰富了昆虫迁飞理论，为我国害虫的治理提供了科学依据。
在长岛县的小岛上诱到的昆虫种群只有少数几种是当地繁殖的，大多数是由风从大陆携带而来。甜菜夜蛾，东方粘虫Pseudaletia(=Mythimna)separata，棉铃虫和小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon是迁入岛上的主要种类，但由于没有作物它们随即又迁出。龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica&异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis,步甲Pseudoophonus griseus和草蛉是伴随害虫迁飞的主要天敌。发现其它一些昆虫也具迁飞性，有可能形成显著的迁飞。性比(雌：雄)随日期和时间的变化表明甜菜夜蛾、东方粘虫、棉铃虫和小地老虎的雌虫比雄虫有更强的迁飞能力。
探照灯诱虫器能有效地诱集迁飞昆虫，与地面灯诱虫器同时使用可以将迁飞昆虫从当地繁殖的昆虫种类中区分出来。草地螟迁入后第二晚地面灯诱虫器诱到大量蛾子，故探照灯诱虫器诱虫高峰早于地面灯诱虫器一天可作为草地螟迁入的一个良好的指示。
研究发现9月和10月在华北地区甜菜夜蛾和一些其它种类是夜间在高空迁飞的风载昆虫。最大蛾类密度通常出现在500m以下，强的昆虫层出现在地上200m左右高度的气流中，这里气流可将昆虫带到南方。9月底降落在雷达观测场附近的甜菜夜蛾经常与降雨相伴。
2001和2002年观测到了草地螟高空远距离的风载迁飞和短距离扩散。诱虫结果表明这段时间草地螟共有5次飞行期。卵巢发育进度法和雷达观测表明草地螟在6月初向东北迁飞，在8月和9月向西南迁飞，当地繁殖的蛾子在7、8月份进行短距离扩散。草地螟的共同定向在春秋季节迁飞中很常见，春季向东北定向但秋季向西南
中国农业科学院博士学位论文 摘要
定向。在春夏秋季的观测中草地螟的多层现象都有出现。昆虫的成层与最大风速和最
优风向有关而与逆温无关。
200和 2002年观测到 6代棉铃虫的高空风载迁飞和短距离扩散。200年春观测
到一次强的顺风向东北的迁飞，昆虫具有很强的向东北定向的特点。昆虫在檬影时刻
起飞，大约30分种后形成第一个面积密度高峰，然后，在没有过境迁飞的情况下密
度下降到一个低水平并保持一夜，在有过境迁飞或迁入时在接下来的夜晚会出现几个
高峰，这几个密度高峰甚至高于第一个起飞高峰。棉铃虫一般在 1500 m以下迁飞，
成层常出现在300、500或1000 m高度，并且多层现象也经常出现。春季昆虫趋于
在温暖的气流中迁飞，但更多的证据表明良好的成层与风切变有关，而且强的J型风
能抑制昆虫的迁飞。尽管风可以把棉铃虫带到多个不同的方向，但它有利用合适的风
向进行迁飞的能力，即春季顺西南风向东北迁，秋季顺东北风向西南迁。暴雨使大量
棉铃虫降落，局部小雨也可使大量昆虫降落但并不能使整个迁飞种群停止迁飞。
Insects can spread up to hundreds or thousands of meters above ground due to the power of wings. Many agricultural insect pests were found wind-borne and outbreaks were recorded in regions hundreds or thousands of kilometers away from where these insects bred or overwintered. For better understanding the structure of insect community aloft and how it interacted with the insect community near the ground, especially the effects of the wind-borne migration, observations were conducted with a searchlight trap on an island (38 23.200' N, 120 54.500' E) in Changdao, at the center of Baohai channel, in 2002, and with a digital entomological radar and a twin light-trap (simultaneously operated searchlight trap and ground light-trap) at a site in Langfang (39 30'42" N, 116 36'07" E, 28 m asl) , in the vicinity of Beijing, in 2001 and 2002.
The present study described the structure of insect community aloft in northern China. It was the first trial to employ the newly equipped migration data acquisition and analysis system for the scanning entomological radar and, a twin light-trap developed in China for, systematic long-term observations of migration of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua, beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis and cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera in northern China The study provided direct evidence for the migration of 5". exigua in China, many parameters of migratory behaviour of the three species of insects, a better understanding of the relationship between migratory behaviour and wind or temperature field. The results enriched the theory of migration and provided new scientific knowledge for pest management in China.
The majority of insect populations trapped on the island were brought from the mainland by winds with several species locally bred. The beet armyworm S. exigua, oriental armyworm Pseudaletia (=Mythimna) separata, cotton bollworm H. armigera and black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon were dominant pest species immigrated into the island, however they emigrated without finding crops. Ladybird Propylaeajaponica & Harmonia axyridis, ground beetle Pseudoophonus griseus and ant lion Chrysopidae were dominant natural enemies migrating with insect pests. Many other species of insect were found to be wind-borne migrants and might produce significant migration. The variation of sex ratio (female to male) with day and time suggested the female moth more powerful in migrating than male S. exigua, P. separata, H. armigera and A. ipsilon.
The searchlight trap was found to be an efficient tool for trapping migrants and, operated alongside a ground light-trap, could distinguish migrant from locally-flying species. The ground based light-trap caught large numbers of L. sticticalis on the next evening, after an immigration event, so priority of catching peaks in searchlight trap to ground based light-trap was a good indication of migration.
It was confirmed that S. exigua and some other species were high-altitude nocturnal wind-borne migrants in September and October in northern China. Maximum density of moths typically occurred below 500 m, and strong layers were often observed at about 200 m above ground level in airflows which would carry the moths towards the south. Spodoptera exigua descent in the vicinity of the radar site in later September was often associated with rain.
The long distance high-altitude wind-borne migration of the beet webworm moths L. sticticalis and short distance dispersal were observed in 2001 and 2002. Catches in both light traps suggested there were five flight periods during our study. Ovary development stage of females in catches and radar observation indicated that L. sticticalis migrated to northeast in early June, to southwest in August and September, and locally-bred moths dispersed over shorter distances in July and August. Collective orientation by the moths was often present in the spring and autumn migration, and the direction of orientation was towards the northeast in spring but to the southwest in autumn.Multi-level layering of migrants was seen every
引文
1．柏立新．棉铃虫迁飞扩散规律及其虫源分析预警研究进展．2002．http://service.ptt.js.cn:3333/agriculture2/erjiyemian/dangqiannongshi/zeng ce_luntan/zjlt/ltl.htm
2．北京农业大学．华北灯下蛾类图志(中)．北京农业大学．1978．北京
3．蔡邦华．昆虫分类学(中册)．科学出版社。1973．北京
4．曹雅忠，罗礼智，李光博，胡毅．粘虫飞翔能源物质及其消耗．昆虫学报，1995，38(3)：190-195
5．陈瑞鹿，暴祥致，王素云，孙亚杰，李立群，刘继荣．草地螟迁飞活动的雷达观测．植物保护学报．1992，19(2)：171-174
6．陈瑞鹿，暴祥致，王素云，孙亚杰，李立群，刘继荣．应用昆虫雷达检测昆虫的研究．生态学报．1988，8(2)：176-182
7．陈若篪，丁锦华，谈涵秋，胡国文．迁飞昆虫学．农业出版社．1989，北京
8．陈一心，王保海，林大武，西藏夜蛾志．河南科学技术出版社．1991，河南
9．陈永林，宋绍宗，邓小山．中国渤海及黄海海面迁飞昆虫的初步观察．昆虫学报．1963，12(2)：137-148
10．程登发．扫描昆虫雷达数据采集、分析系统及初步应用．中国农业大学博士学位论文．2001．北京
11．邓望喜，许克进，荣秀兰，许甲柱．飞机网捕褐稻虱及白背飞虱的研究初报．昆虫知识．1980，17(3)：97-102
12．桂承明．吉林省亚洲玉米螟种下问题的讨论．病虫测报．1991，(1)：28-31
13．郭予元．棉铃虫的研究．中国农业出版社。1998，北京
14．湖北省农业科学院植物保护研究所．棉花害虫及其天敌图册．湖北人民出版社．1980，湖北
15．华北农业大学．华北灯下蛾类图志(上)．华北农业大学．1977，北京
16．贾宗谊．黑龙江省草地螟发生规律与防治策略的探讨．黑龙江农业科学．1983，2：17-21
17．江幸福，罗礼智，胡毅．甜菜夜蛾飞行能力及其与蛾龄的关系．植物保护二十一世纪展望．1998，568-574
18．江幸福，罗礼智，李克斌，赵廷昌，胡毅．甜菜夜蛾抗寒与越冬能力研究．2001，21(10)：1575-1582
19．江幸福，罗礼智．甜菜夜蛾暴发原因及防治对策．植物保护．1999，25(3)：32-34
20．李汝铎，王金其，苏德明。昆虫卵巢发育与害虫预测预报．复旦大学出版社．1978，上海
21．梁革梅，谭维嘉，郭予元．棉铃虫Bt抗性种群的RAPD-PCR初步分析．植物保护．2000，26(3)：4-6
22．梁革梅，谭维嘉，郭予元．棉铃虫对Bt的抗性筛选及交互抗性研究．中国农业科学．2000，33(4)：46-53
23．刘浩官，刘振杰，王乾超，江智才．东海网捕褐稻虱研究初报．昆虫知识．1980，17(5)：193，196
24．刘浩光，刘振杰，祝为华．我国海上网捕褐稻虱的结果．昆虫学报．1983，26(1)：109-113
25．罗礼智，李光博，曹雅忠．草地螟第3个猖獗为害周期已经来临．植物保护．1996，22(5)：50-51
26．慕卫．甜菜夜蛾抗药性及其机理研究．中国农业大学博士学位论文．2002，北京
27．南京农业大学主编．全国高等农业院校教材：田间试验和统计方法(第二版)．农业出版社．1987，北京
28．全国褐稻虱科研协作组．高山捕虫网在研究稻飞虱迁飞规律和预测中的应用．昆虫知识．1981，18(6)：241-247
29．宋焕增．海捕稻纵卷叶螟—发生与回迁．植物保护．1981，7(6)：8-9
30．苏建亚．甜菜夜蛾的抗药性及其抗性治理．植保技术与推广．1996，16(6)：37-38
31．苏建亚．甜菜夜蛾的迁飞及在我国的发生．昆虫知识．1998，35(1)：55-57
32．孙金如．粘虫蛾卵巢发育交配状况与迁飞关系的初步分析．北京农业科学．1990，8(4)：8-10
33．孙雅杰，陈瑞鹿，王素云，暴祥致．草地螟雌蛾生殖系统发育的形态变化．昆虫学报．1991，34(2)：248-249
34．孙雅杰，陈瑞鹿．草地螟迁飞、发生区与生活史的研究．华北农业科学．1995，10(4)：86-91
35．王益民．关于玉米螟有无远距离迁飞的商榷．昆虫知识．1983，20(5)：195
36．王玉正，张孝羲．粘虫(Mythimna separata)迁飞行为研究．生态学报．2001，21(5)：772-779
37．王振营，周大荣，宋彦英，李璧铣，张广义，高书兰，刘勇，郑礼，王蕴生，
谢为民，李文德，潘永成。亚洲玉米螟越冬代成虫扩散行为与迁飞可能性研究。植物保护学报．1994，21(1)：25-31
38．王振营，周大荣，宋彦英，王忠跃，何康来，张广义，刘勇．亚洲玉米螟一、二代成虫扩散规律研究．植物保护学报．1995，22(1)：7-11
39．吴孔明，程登发，徐广，翟保平，郭予元．华北地区昆虫秋季迁飞的雷达观测．生态学报．2001，21：1833-1138
40．吴孔明，郭予元，吴燕．环渤海湾地区棉铃虫成虫的卵巢发育特点及与迁飞行为的关系．生态学报．2002，22(7)：1075-1078
41．吴孔明，郭予元．营养和幼期密度对棉铃虫飞翔能力的影响．昆虫学报．1997，40(1)：51-57
42．萧采瑜，任树芝，郑乐怡，经希立，邹环光，刘胜利．中国蝽类昆虫鉴定手册(半翅目异翅亚目)第二册．科学出版社．1981，北京
43．萧采瑜．中国蝽类昆虫鉴定手册(半翅目异翅亚目)第一册．科学出版社．1977，北京
44．岳宗岱，袁艺．吉林省草地螟虫源和发生条件的初步分析．吉林农业科学．1983，(3)：78-81
45．翟保平，张孝羲．迁飞过程中昆虫的行为：对风温场的适应与选择．生态学报．1993，13：356-363
46．翟保平．国外对棉铃虫迁飞的研究．昆虫知识．1990，27(3)：185-188
47．翟保平．迁飞过程中昆虫的行为与轨迹分析．南京农业大学博士论文．1993，南京
48．翟保平．天敌伴迁与生物多样性。生物多样性．2001，9(2)：176-180
49．张红杰，刘广雷，郭明，刘立文，沈成，李胜旺，牛贵滨．草地螟的发生与防治．(全国农业技术推广服务中心主编)农作物有害生物可持续治理研究进展．中国农业出版社．1999，北京．482-484
50．张汝霖，李庭乐，马拖寨，韩玉桂，于锁英，徐艳霞。玉米螟与粘虫发蛾期同步现象的探讨．昆虫知识．1992，29(6)：331-333
51．张孝羲，程遐年，耿济国．害虫测报原理和方法．农业出版社．1979，北京
52．郑祖强，张孝羲，谢俊英，密秀云．棉铃虫飞行能力和兼性迁飞的初步研究．应用生态学报．2000，11(4)：603-608
53．中国科学院动物研究所，浙江农业大学等．中国科学院动物研究所昆虫图册第三号：天敌昆虫图册．科学出版社．1978，北京
54．中国科学院动物研究所．中国蛾类图鉴Ⅰ．科学出版社．1983，北京
55．中国科学院动物研究所．中国蛾类图鉴Ⅲ．科学出版社．1982，北京
56．中国玉米网．2003，http://www.maize.com.cn/common/jbl.shtml
57．中国植保资讯网．2002年一代棉铃虫发生概况及二代棉铃虫发生态势分析．2003，http://www.zhibao.net/newview.asp?id=2146
58．朱弘复等．中国科学院动物研究所昆虫图册第二号蛾类图册．科学出版社．1973，北京
59. Beerwinkle, K. R., Lopez, J. D., Schleider, P. G., Lingren, P. D. Annual patterns of aerial insect densities at altitude from 500 to 2400 meters in east-central Texas indicated by continuously-operating vertically-oriented radar. Southwestern Entomologist. 1995, No. Suppl8:63-79.
60. Beerwinkle, K. R., Lopez, J. D., Witz, J. A., Schleider, P. G., Eyster, R. S. and Lingren, P. D. Seasonal Radar and Meteorological Observations Associated with Nocturnal Insect Flight at Altitudes to 900 Meters. Environmental Entomology. 1994,23(3): 676-683.
61. Capaldi, E. A., Smith, A. D., Osborne, J. L., Fahrbach, S. E., Farris, S. M., Reynolds, D. R., Edwards, A. S., Martin, A., Robinson, G. E., Poppy, G. M., and Riley, J. R. Ontogeny of orientation flight in the honeybee revealed by harmonic radar. Nature.2000, 403(6769): 537-540.
62. Chapman, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Smith, A. D., Riley, J. R., Pedgley, D. E., and Woiwod, I. P. High-altitude migration of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella to the U. K.: a study using radar, aerial netting, and ground trapping. Ecological Entomology, 2002, 27: 641-650.
63. Charlet, L. D. The international network of sunflower entomology. Number 2. 1996 http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/newslt2.htm.
64. Chen, R. L., Bao, X. Z., Drake, V. A., Farrow, R. A., Wang, S. Y., Sun, Y. J. and Zhai,B. P. Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern China of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata, and other insects. Ecological Entomology, 1989, 14: 149-162.
65. Cheng, D. F., Wu, K. M., Tian, Z., Wen, L. P. and Shen, Z. R. Acquisition and analysis of migration data from the digitised display of a scanning entomological radar. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2002, 35: 63-75.
66. de Vos, D. R. (2002) Dutch migratory Lepidoptera registration.http://www-zma. bio. uva. nl/departments/entomol/migrating, html.
67. Del Socorro, A. P. and Gregg, P. C. Pollen as a marker for long-distance migration
and local movement of Helicoverpa moths in Australia. The International Congress of Entomology at Iguassu Falls, in August 2000, Brazil.
68. Dickison, R. B. B., Haggis, M. J. and Rainey, R. C. Spruce budworm moth flight and storms: case study of a cold front system. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology,1983, 22(2): 278-286.
69. Domino, R. P., Showers, W. P., Taylor, S. E. and Shaw, R. H. Spring weather pattern associated with suspected black cutworm moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) introduction to Iowa. Environmental Entomology, 1983, 12:1863-1871.
70. Drake, V. A. and Farrow, R. A. A radar and aerial trapping study of an early spring migration of moths (Lepidoptera) in inland New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology,1985,10: 223-235.
71. Drake, V. A. and Farrow, R. A. The influence of atmosphere structure and motions on insect migration. Annual review of Entomology, 1988, 33:183-210.
72. Drake, V. A. and Farrow, R. A. The nocturnal migration of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae): quantitative radar observations of a series of northward flights. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1983, 73: 567-585.
73. Drake, V. A. and Wang, H. K. Insect migration and population processes in inland Australia observed with monitoring radars. The International Congress ofEntomology at Iguassu Falls, in August 2000, Brazil. Drake, V. A. Collective orientation by nocturnally migrating Australian plague locusts, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acridiclae): a radar study. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1983, 73: 679-692.
75. Drake, V. A. Insect-monitoring radar a new source of information for migration research and operational pest forecasting.In:Corey, S.A., Dall D.J. & Milne, W. M. (eds).Pest control and sustainable agriculture. CSIRO. 1993. Melbourne: 452-455.
76. Drake, V. A. Insects in the sea-breeze front at Canberra: a radar study. Weather, 1982,37:134-143.
77. Drake, V. A. Quantitative observation and analysis procedures for a manually operated entomological radar. Technical Paper, Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. 1981, No. 19,Australia.
78. Drake, V. A. Radar observations of moths migrating in a nocturnal low-level jet.
Ecological Entomology, 1985, 10(3): 259-265.
79. Drake, V. A. Target density estimation in radar biology. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1981, 71(3): 449-466.
80. Drake, V. A. The vertical distribution of macro insects migrating in the nocturnal boundary layer: a radar study. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 1984, 28: 353-374.
81. Drake, V. A., Gregg, P. C., Harman, I. T., Wang, H. K., Deveson, E. D., Hunter, D. M. and Rochester, W. A. Characterizing insect migration systems in inland Australia with novel and traditional methodologies.In: Woiwod, I. P., Reynolds, D. R., Thomas, C. D. (ed.). Insect Movement: Mechanisms and Consequences. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society's 20th Symposium. CABI Publishing. 2001,Wallingford, UK. 207-233.
82. Drake, V. A., Helm, K. F., Readshaw, J. L. and Reid, D. G. Insect migration across Bass Strait during spring: a radar study. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1981,71(3): 449-466.
83. Drake. http://www.ph.adfa, oz. au/a-drake/ice/ic00_im_ab.htm#woiwod-p. 2003.
84. Farrow, R. A. and Dowse, J. E. Method of using kites to carry tow nets in the upper air for sampling migrating insects and its application to radar entomology. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1984, 74(1): 87-95.
85. Fauske, G. M. Moths of North Dakota. 2003. http:#www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/ndmoths/names/5004.htm
86. Feng, H. Q., Wu, K. M., Cheng, D. E and Guo Y. Y. Radar observations of the autumn migration of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and other moths in northern China. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2003, 93:115-124.
87. Fitt, G. P. and Daly, J. C. Abundance of overwintering pupae and the spring generation of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in northern New South Wales, Australia: implications for pest management. Journal of Economic Entomology,1990, 83:1827-1836.
88. Fitt, G. P. The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology,1989, 34:17-52.
89. Gage, S. H. Flow of Biota in the Atmosphere. 1996. http://atlantic.evsc.virginia.edu/regionalization/kbs/docs/long_range_tran.htm
90. Greenbank, D. O., Schaefer, G. W. and Rainey, R. C. Spruce budworm (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae) moth flight and dispersal: new understanding from canopy observations,radar, and aircraft. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 1980, 110:1-49.
91. Gregg, P. C., Fitt, G. P., Commbs, M., and Henderson, G. S. Migration moths (Lepidoptera) collected in towernounted light traps in northern New South Wales,Australia: species composition and seasonal abundance. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1993, 83: 563-578.
92. Haggis, M. J. Spatial and temporal changes in the distribution of eggs by HeIiothis armigera ((Hbner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) on cotton in the Sudan Gezira. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1981, 71: 183-193.
93. Hendrix, W. H., Mueller, T. H., Phillips, J. R. and Davis, O. K. Pollen as an indicator of long-distance movement of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Environmental Entomology, 1987, 61:1148-1151.
94. Herbison-Evans, D & Stella Crossley, S. 2001,http://www-staff.mcs.uts.edu.au/～don/larvae/noct/exigua/exigua, html.
95. Hipperson, D. Immigrant Moths for Norfolk in 2001. 2002.http://website.lineone.net/～david.hipperson/migrants.htm
96. Hobbs, S. E. and Wolf, W. W. An airborne radar technique for studying insect migration. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1989, 79: 693-704.
97. James, S. B. and Chen, T. J. Synoptic aspects of the wintertime east Asian monsoon. In: Chang C. P. & Krishnamurt T. N. (eds.) Monsoon meteorology. Oxford University Press.1987. New York. 125-160.
98. John B. and David G. G. Light-trap and suction-trap catches of insects in the northern Gezira, Sudan, in the season of southward movement of the Inter Tropical Front. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1973, 62: 571-596.
99. Johnson C. G. Migration and dispersal of insects by flight. Methuen & Co Ltd. 1969.London.
100. Kaminski, L.-A. Insects of Canola Fields in Western Canada. 2003,http://www.canola-council.org/production/insects wcan.html.
101. Kimber, I. 2002, http://cgi.ukmoths.force9.co.uk.
102. Lingren, P. D., Bryant, V. M., Raulston, J. R., Pendleton, M., Westbrook, J. and Jones G. D. Adult feeding host range and migratory activities of com earworm, cabbage looper, and celery looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths as evidenced by
attached pollen. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1993, 86(5): 1429-1439.
103. Lingren, P. D., Raulston, J. R., Henneberry, T. J. and Sparks, A. N. Night-vision equipment, reproductive biology, and nocturnal behavior:importance to studies of insect flight, dispersal, and migration. In: Danthanarayana, W. (eds.). Insect flight: dispersal and migration. Springer-Verlag.1986, Berlin. 253-264.
104. Lingren, P. D., Raulston, J. R., Popham, T. W., Wolf W. W., Lingren, P. S. and Esquivel, J. F. Flight behavior of corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths under low wind speed conditions. Population Ecology, 1995, 24:851-860.
105. Mardia, K. V. and Jupp, P. E., Directional Statistics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd,2000. West Sussex, PO19 IUD England.
106. McWilliams, S. (2002) Migrant Moths List. http://www. consult-e co. ndirect, co. uk/entomol/c hmmoths/migrants.htm
107. Moulton, J. K., Pepper, D. A. & Dennehy, T. J. (2002) Studies of resistance of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) to spinosad in field populations from the southern USA and southeast Asia. University of Arizona College of Agriculture 1999 Vegetable Report, index at http://ag.arizona, edu/pubs/crops/az1143/
108. Nash, S and Hill L.Immigration of Lepidoptera. 2003,http://www.migrantmoth.com/.
109. NRI. Migrant Pests. 2002, Http://www. nri.org/research/migrantpests.htm.
110. Osborne, J. L., Clark, S. J., Morris, R. J., Williams, I. H., Riley, J. R., Smith, A. D, Reynolds, D. R. and Edwards, A. S. A landscape-scale study of bumble bee foraging range and constancy, using harmonic radar. Journal of Applied Ecology.1999, 36(4): 519-533.
111. Osborne, J. L., Williams, I. H., Carreck, N. L. Poppy, G. M., Riley, J. R., Smith,A. D., Reynolds, D. R., Edwards, A. S. and Richards, K. W. Harmonic radar: a new technique for investigating bumblebee and honey bee foraging flight. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996. 1997, 159-163.
112. Pedgley, D. E. Concentration of flying insects by the wind. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series-B, Biological Sciences. 1990,328: 631-653.
113. Pedgley, D. E. Windborne migration of Heliothis armigera (Hbner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) to the British. Entomologist's Gazete, 1985, 36:15-20.
114. Pedgley, D. E., Tuker, M. R. and Pawar, C. S. Windborne migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Hǖbner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Ecological Entomology,1987,11: 467-470.
115. Prichard T. Suffolk Moth Group Newsletter. 2001.http://www.btinternet.com/～Tony.Prichard/smg/newsletters/24/SuffolkMothGroupNewsletter24.html.
116. Reynolds, D. R. and Riley, J. R. The flight behaviour and migration of insect pests: radar studies in developing countries. Bulletin Natural Resources Institute, No.71.1997. Chatham,UK.
117. Reynolds, D. R., Riley, J. R. and Johnson, C. G. A migration of grasshoppers,particularly Diabolocatantops axillaris (Thunberg) (Orthoptera; Acrididae), in the West African Sahel. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1988, 78(2): 251-271.
118. Richter, J. H., Jensen, D. R., Noonkester, V. R., Kreasky, J. B., Stimmann, M. W. and Wolf, W. W. Remote radar sensing: atmospheric structure and insects. Science,1973, 180: 4091, 1176-1178.
119. Riley, J. R. A millimetric radar to study the flight of small insects. Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, 1992, 4(1): 43-48.
120. Riley, J. R. and Osborne, J. L Flight Trajectories of Foraging Insects:Observations Using Harmonic Radar. In: Woiwod, I.P., Reynolds, D. R. and Thomas, C. D. (eds.). Insect Movement: Mechanisms and Consequence. CABI Publishing.2001. U.K. 129-157.
121. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. A long-range migration of grasshoppers observed in the Sahelian zone of Mali by two radars. Journal of Animal Ecology,1983, 52: 167-183.
122. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. Nocturnal grasshopper migration in West Africa:transport and concentration by the wind, and the implications for air-to-air control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series-B, Biological Sciences. 1990, 328(1251): 655-672.
123. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. Orientation at night by high-flying insects. In:Danthanarayana, W. (eds.). Insect flight: dispersal and migration. Springer Verlag.1986, Berlin. 71-87.
124. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. Orientation at night by high-flying insects. In:Danthanarayana, W. (eds.). Insect flight: dispersal and migration. Springer-Verlag.
1986, Berlin. 71-87.
125. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. Radar-based studies of the migratory flight of grasshoppers in the middle Niger area of Mali. Proceedings of Royal Society of London, B. 1979, 204, 67-82.
126. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. Radar-based studies on the migratory flight of grasshoppers in the middle Niger area of Mali. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. 1979, 204: 67-82.
127. Riley, J. R. Angular and temporal variations in the radar cross-sections of insects. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 1973, 120:10, 1229-1232.
128. Riley, J. R. Collective orientation in night-flying insects. Nature, 1975,253(5487): 113-114.
129. Riley, J. R. Orientation by high-flying insects at night: observations and theories. Orientation and Navigation-Birds, Humans and other animals. Conference of the Royal Institute of Navigation, Cardiff, 6-8 April 1989. The Royal Institute of Navigation, London.
130. Riley, J. R. Quantitative analysis of radar returns from insects. In: Vaughn, C. R.,Wolf, W., Klassen, W. (eds.). Radar, insect population ecology and pest management (Proceedings of a Workshop held at NASA Wallops Flight Center, Wallops Island,Virginia, May 2-4, 1978).1979. 131-158.
131. Riley, J. R. Radar as an aid to the study of insect flight. In: Amlaner, C. J. Jr. & Macdonald, D. W. (eds.). A handbook on biotelemetry and radio tracking. 1979,131-140.
132. Riley, J. R. Radar cross-sections of insects. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 1985, 73(2): 228-232.
133. Riley, J. R. Radar observations of individual desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera,Locustidae)). Bulletin of Entomological Research.1974, 64(1): 19-32.
134. Riley, J. R. Remote sensing in entomology. Annual Review of Entomology.1989, 34: 247-271.
135. Riley, J. R., Armes, N. J., Reynolds, D. R. and Smith, A. D. Nocturnal observations on the emergence and flight behaviour ofHelicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the post-rainy season in central India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1992, 82(2): 243-256.
136. Riley, J. R., Cheng, X. N., Zhang, X. X., Reynolds, D. R., Xu, G. M., Smith, A.D., Cheng, J. Y., Bao, A. D. and Zhai, B. P. The long-distance migration of Nilaparvata Iugens (Stal) (Delphacidae) in China: radar observations of mass return flight in the autumn. Ecological Entomology, 1991, 16(4): 471-489.
137. Riley, J. R., Holt, J. and Reynolds, D. R. The role of migration in the pest status of brown plant hopper in temperate and tropical areas. In: Grayson, B.T.; Green, M.B.; Copping, L.G. (eds.). Pest management in rice (conference held by the Society of Chemical Industry, London, UK, 4-7 June 1990). Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd. 1990. Barking, UK. 166.
138. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R. and Farmey, M. J. Radar observations of Spodoptera exernpta, Kenya, March-April 1979. Miscellaneous Report No. 54.Centre for Overseas Pest Research. 1981, London.
139. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R. and Farrow, R. A. The migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stl) (Delphacidae) and other Hemiptera associated with rice during the dry season in the Philippines: a study using radar, visual observations, aerial netting and ground trapping. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1987, 77(1): 145-169.
140. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Mukhopadhyay, S., Ghosh, M. R. and Sarkar, T. K. Long-distance migration of aphids and other small insects in northeast India, European Journal of Entomology, 1995, 92(4): 639-653.
141. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Smith, A. D., Cheng, X. N., Zhang, X. X., Xu, G.M., Cheng, J. Y., Bao, A. D. and Zhai, B. P. Using radar to observe brown planthopper (BPH) migration in China. International Rice Research Newsletter.1990a, 15(2): 29-30.
142. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Smith, A. D., Edwards, A. S., Zhang, X. X., Cheng,X. N., Wang, H. K., Cheng, J. Y., and Zhai, B. P. Observations of the autumn migration of the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and other moths in eastern China. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1995, 85,397-414.
143. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Smith, A. D., Rosenberg, L. J., Cheng, X. N.,Zhang, X. X., Xu, G. M., Cheng, J. Y., Bao, A. D., Zhai, B. P. and Wang, H. K.Observations on the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and other pests in east central China. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1994, 84(3), 389-402.
144. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R.and Farmery, M. J. Observations of the flight behaviour of the armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta, at an emergence site using radar and infra-red optical techniques. Ecological Entomology, 1983, 8(4): 395-418.
145. Riley, J. R., Schaefer, G. W. and Wolf, W. W. Radar program at Western Cotton Research Laboratory. In: Vaughn, C. R., Wolf, W., Klassen, W. (eds.). Radar, insect population ecology and pest management (Proceedings of a Workshop held at NASA Wallops Flight Center, Wallops Island, Virginia, May 2-4, 1978). 1979. 159-160.
146. Riley, J. R., Smith, A. D. and Bettany, B. W. The use of video equipment to record in three dimensions the flight trajectories of Heliothis armigera and other moths at night. Physiological Entomology, 1990,15: 73-80.
147. Riley, J. R., Smith, A. D., Reynolds, D. R., Edwards, A. S., Osborne, J. L.,Williams, I. H., Carreck, N. L. and Poppy, G. M. Tracking bees with harmonic radar.Nature, 1996, 379,29-30
148. Riley, J. R., Valeur, P., Smith, A. D., Reynolds, D. R., Poppy, G. M. and Lfstedt,C. Harmonic radar as a means of tracking the pheromone-finding and pheromone-following flight of male moths. Journal of Insect Behavior, 1998, 11 (2):287-296.
149. Riley, J. Riding on the wind: a radar perspective of insect flight. Inaugural Lecture Series, University of Greenwich. 1999. UK.
150. Riley, J.R. Radar observations of individual desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) (Forsk.). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1974, 64, 19-32.
151. Ryrholm, N. (2002) Migrating moths in Sweden 1998.http://www.fcom.se/butter/migr96, htm.
152. Ryrholm, N. Remarkable records of Microlepidoptera in Sweden during 1995.1996, 117 (1-2): 49-57. Uppsala, Sweden. (http://www.fcom.se/butter/micro96.htm)
153. Schaefer, G. W. Radar observations of insect flight.In: Rainey, R.C.(eds.).Insect Flight (Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London. No. 7, July 1976). Blackwell. 1976, Oxford. 157-197.
154. Tao, S. Y. & Chen, L. G. A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China. In: Chang C. P. & Krishnamurt T. N. (eds.) Monsoon meteorology. Oxford University Press. 1987, New York. 60-92.
155. Westbrook, J. K., Wolf, W. W. and Ward, J. D. NEXRAD Doppler weather radar network: potential for areawide surveillance of pest insect migrations, proceedings
Beltwide cotton conferences, Jan. 5-9, 1998. San Diego, CA. 2:875-1744.
156. White,D. Analysing agricultural and other natural resource systems. 2002,http://www.acslink.aone.net.au/asit/aiasnet.htm
157. Wilson, J., Carbone, R., Baynton, H. and Serafin, S. Operational applications of meteorology Doppler radar. Bulletin of American Meteorologist Society. 1980,61:1154-1168.
158. Woiwod, I. P., Reynolds, D. R., Thomas C. D. Insect Movement: Mechanisms and Consequences. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society's 20th Symposium. CABI Publishing. 2001, Wallingford, UK.
159. Wolf, W. W, Westbrook, J. K., Raulston, J. R., Pair, S. D. and Lingren, P. D.Radar detection of ascent of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths from com in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Proc. 13th Inter. Cong. of Biometeorology. 1994. Calgary, Canada.
160. Wolf, W. W. and Schleider, P. G. Entomological Radar Studies. 2002,http://scrl.usda.gov/scrl/apmru/imms/radar/radar-applications.htm.
161. Wolf, W. W. Entomological radar studies in the United States.In: Rabb, R. L. & Kennedy, G. G. (eds). Movement of highly mobile insects: concepts and methodology in research. Raleigh: North Carolina State University. 1979. 263-266.
162. Wolf, W. W., Pair, S. D.and Westbrook, J. Radar tracks insect migrations.Agricultural Research, 1982, 31(4): 14-15.
163. Wolf, W. W., Sparks, A. N., Pair, S. D., Westbrook, J. K. and Truesdale, F. M.Radar observations and collections of insects in the Gulf of Mexico. In: Danthanarayana, W. (eds.). Insect flight: dispersal and migration. Springer-Verlag.1986, Berlin. 221-234.
164. Wolf, W. W., Westbrook, J. K. and Spark, A. N. Relationship between radar entomological measurements and atmospheric structure in South Texas during March and April 1982, In: Sparks A. N. (eds.). Long-range migration of moths of agronomic importance to the United States and Canada: specific examples of occurrence and synoptic weather patterns conducive to migration. 1986, USDA-ARS-43.84-97.
165. Wu, K. M., Feng, H. Q. and Guo, Y. Y. Evaluation of corn as a refuge for resistance management of Helicoverpa arrnigera (Hrler) to Bt cotton in the Yellow River Cotton Farming Region of China. Journal of Economic Entomology (in
review). 2003
166. Wu, K. M., Guo, Y. Y. and Gao S. S. Evaluation of the natural refuge function for Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) within Bacillus thuringiensis Transgenic cotton growing areas in north China. Journal of Economic Entomology,2002, 95(4): 832-837.
167. Wu, K.-M. & Gu, Y.-Y. (2000) The coordinated development and analysis of contributing factors of cotton bollworm resistance to insecticides in Round-Bohai Bay- Region [in Chinese with English summary]. Acta Phytophylacica sinica, 27,173-178.
168. Zhai, B. P. and Wu, X. W. Pied Piper effect on oriental armyworm in northeastern China: implications for forecasting summer sutbreaks. The 2002 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition Fort Lauderdale, FL.2002. http://esa.confex.com/esa/2002/techprogram/paper_6393.htm
169. Zhou, X., Applebaum, S. W. and Coll, M. Overwintering and spring migration in the bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Israel.Enviromental Entomology, 2000, 29: 1289-1294.
2．北京农业大学．华北灯下蛾类图志(中)．北京农业大学．1978．北京
3．蔡邦华．昆虫分类学(中册)．科学出版社。1973．北京
4．曹雅忠，罗礼智，李光博，胡毅．粘虫飞翔能源物质及其消耗．昆虫学报，1995，38(3)：190-195
5．陈瑞鹿，暴祥致，王素云，孙亚杰，李立群，刘继荣．草地螟迁飞活动的雷达观测．植物保护学报．1992，19(2)：171-174
6．陈瑞鹿，暴祥致，王素云，孙亚杰，李立群，刘继荣．应用昆虫雷达检测昆虫的研究．生态学报．1988，8(2)：176-182
7．陈若篪，丁锦华，谈涵秋，胡国文．迁飞昆虫学．农业出版社．1989，北京
8．陈一心，王保海，林大武，西藏夜蛾志．河南科学技术出版社．1991，河南
9．陈永林，宋绍宗，邓小山．中国渤海及黄海海面迁飞昆虫的初步观察．昆虫学报．1963，12(2)：137-148
10．程登发．扫描昆虫雷达数据采集、分析系统及初步应用．中国农业大学博士学位论文．2001．北京
11．邓望喜，许克进，荣秀兰，许甲柱．飞机网捕褐稻虱及白背飞虱的研究初报．昆虫知识．1980，17(3)：97-102
12．桂承明．吉林省亚洲玉米螟种下问题的讨论．病虫测报．1991，(1)：28-31
13．郭予元．棉铃虫的研究．中国农业出版社。1998，北京
14．湖北省农业科学院植物保护研究所．棉花害虫及其天敌图册．湖北人民出版社．1980，湖北
15．华北农业大学．华北灯下蛾类图志(上)．华北农业大学．1977，北京
16．贾宗谊．黑龙江省草地螟发生规律与防治策略的探讨．黑龙江农业科学．1983，2：17-21
17．江幸福，罗礼智，胡毅．甜菜夜蛾飞行能力及其与蛾龄的关系．植物保护二十一世纪展望．1998，568-574
18．江幸福，罗礼智，李克斌，赵廷昌，胡毅．甜菜夜蛾抗寒与越冬能力研究．2001，21(10)：1575-1582
19．江幸福，罗礼智．甜菜夜蛾暴发原因及防治对策．植物保护．1999，25(3)：32-34
20．李汝铎，王金其，苏德明。昆虫卵巢发育与害虫预测预报．复旦大学出版社．1978，上海
21．梁革梅，谭维嘉，郭予元．棉铃虫Bt抗性种群的RAPD-PCR初步分析．植物保护．2000，26(3)：4-6
22．梁革梅，谭维嘉，郭予元．棉铃虫对Bt的抗性筛选及交互抗性研究．中国农业科学．2000，33(4)：46-53
23．刘浩官，刘振杰，王乾超，江智才．东海网捕褐稻虱研究初报．昆虫知识．1980，17(5)：193，196
24．刘浩光，刘振杰，祝为华．我国海上网捕褐稻虱的结果．昆虫学报．1983，26(1)：109-113
25．罗礼智，李光博，曹雅忠．草地螟第3个猖獗为害周期已经来临．植物保护．1996，22(5)：50-51
26．慕卫．甜菜夜蛾抗药性及其机理研究．中国农业大学博士学位论文．2002，北京
27．南京农业大学主编．全国高等农业院校教材：田间试验和统计方法(第二版)．农业出版社．1987，北京
28．全国褐稻虱科研协作组．高山捕虫网在研究稻飞虱迁飞规律和预测中的应用．昆虫知识．1981，18(6)：241-247
29．宋焕增．海捕稻纵卷叶螟—发生与回迁．植物保护．1981，7(6)：8-9
30．苏建亚．甜菜夜蛾的抗药性及其抗性治理．植保技术与推广．1996，16(6)：37-38
31．苏建亚．甜菜夜蛾的迁飞及在我国的发生．昆虫知识．1998，35(1)：55-57
32．孙金如．粘虫蛾卵巢发育交配状况与迁飞关系的初步分析．北京农业科学．1990，8(4)：8-10
33．孙雅杰，陈瑞鹿，王素云，暴祥致．草地螟雌蛾生殖系统发育的形态变化．昆虫学报．1991，34(2)：248-249
34．孙雅杰，陈瑞鹿．草地螟迁飞、发生区与生活史的研究．华北农业科学．1995，10(4)：86-91
35．王益民．关于玉米螟有无远距离迁飞的商榷．昆虫知识．1983，20(5)：195
36．王玉正，张孝羲．粘虫(Mythimna separata)迁飞行为研究．生态学报．2001，21(5)：772-779
37．王振营，周大荣，宋彦英，李璧铣，张广义，高书兰，刘勇，郑礼，王蕴生，
谢为民，李文德，潘永成。亚洲玉米螟越冬代成虫扩散行为与迁飞可能性研究。植物保护学报．1994，21(1)：25-31
38．王振营，周大荣，宋彦英，王忠跃，何康来，张广义，刘勇．亚洲玉米螟一、二代成虫扩散规律研究．植物保护学报．1995，22(1)：7-11
39．吴孔明，程登发，徐广，翟保平，郭予元．华北地区昆虫秋季迁飞的雷达观测．生态学报．2001，21：1833-1138
40．吴孔明，郭予元，吴燕．环渤海湾地区棉铃虫成虫的卵巢发育特点及与迁飞行为的关系．生态学报．2002，22(7)：1075-1078
41．吴孔明，郭予元．营养和幼期密度对棉铃虫飞翔能力的影响．昆虫学报．1997，40(1)：51-57
42．萧采瑜，任树芝，郑乐怡，经希立，邹环光，刘胜利．中国蝽类昆虫鉴定手册(半翅目异翅亚目)第二册．科学出版社．1981，北京
43．萧采瑜．中国蝽类昆虫鉴定手册(半翅目异翅亚目)第一册．科学出版社．1977，北京
44．岳宗岱，袁艺．吉林省草地螟虫源和发生条件的初步分析．吉林农业科学．1983，(3)：78-81
45．翟保平，张孝羲．迁飞过程中昆虫的行为：对风温场的适应与选择．生态学报．1993，13：356-363
46．翟保平．国外对棉铃虫迁飞的研究．昆虫知识．1990，27(3)：185-188
47．翟保平．迁飞过程中昆虫的行为与轨迹分析．南京农业大学博士论文．1993，南京
48．翟保平．天敌伴迁与生物多样性。生物多样性．2001，9(2)：176-180
49．张红杰，刘广雷，郭明，刘立文，沈成，李胜旺，牛贵滨．草地螟的发生与防治．(全国农业技术推广服务中心主编)农作物有害生物可持续治理研究进展．中国农业出版社．1999，北京．482-484
50．张汝霖，李庭乐，马拖寨，韩玉桂，于锁英，徐艳霞。玉米螟与粘虫发蛾期同步现象的探讨．昆虫知识．1992，29(6)：331-333
51．张孝羲，程遐年，耿济国．害虫测报原理和方法．农业出版社．1979，北京
52．郑祖强，张孝羲，谢俊英，密秀云．棉铃虫飞行能力和兼性迁飞的初步研究．应用生态学报．2000，11(4)：603-608
53．中国科学院动物研究所，浙江农业大学等．中国科学院动物研究所昆虫图册第三号：天敌昆虫图册．科学出版社．1978，北京
54．中国科学院动物研究所．中国蛾类图鉴Ⅰ．科学出版社．1983，北京
55．中国科学院动物研究所．中国蛾类图鉴Ⅲ．科学出版社．1982，北京
56．中国玉米网．2003，http://www.maize.com.cn/common/jbl.shtml
57．中国植保资讯网．2002年一代棉铃虫发生概况及二代棉铃虫发生态势分析．2003，http://www.zhibao.net/newview.asp?id=2146
58．朱弘复等．中国科学院动物研究所昆虫图册第二号蛾类图册．科学出版社．1973，北京
59. Beerwinkle, K. R., Lopez, J. D., Schleider, P. G., Lingren, P. D. Annual patterns of aerial insect densities at altitude from 500 to 2400 meters in east-central Texas indicated by continuously-operating vertically-oriented radar. Southwestern Entomologist. 1995, No. Suppl8:63-79.
60. Beerwinkle, K. R., Lopez, J. D., Witz, J. A., Schleider, P. G., Eyster, R. S. and Lingren, P. D. Seasonal Radar and Meteorological Observations Associated with Nocturnal Insect Flight at Altitudes to 900 Meters. Environmental Entomology. 1994,23(3): 676-683.
61. Capaldi, E. A., Smith, A. D., Osborne, J. L., Fahrbach, S. E., Farris, S. M., Reynolds, D. R., Edwards, A. S., Martin, A., Robinson, G. E., Poppy, G. M., and Riley, J. R. Ontogeny of orientation flight in the honeybee revealed by harmonic radar. Nature.2000, 403(6769): 537-540.
62. Chapman, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Smith, A. D., Riley, J. R., Pedgley, D. E., and Woiwod, I. P. High-altitude migration of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella to the U. K.: a study using radar, aerial netting, and ground trapping. Ecological Entomology, 2002, 27: 641-650.
63. Charlet, L. D. The international network of sunflower entomology. Number 2. 1996 http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/newslt2.htm.
64. Chen, R. L., Bao, X. Z., Drake, V. A., Farrow, R. A., Wang, S. Y., Sun, Y. J. and Zhai,B. P. Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern China of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata, and other insects. Ecological Entomology, 1989, 14: 149-162.
65. Cheng, D. F., Wu, K. M., Tian, Z., Wen, L. P. and Shen, Z. R. Acquisition and analysis of migration data from the digitised display of a scanning entomological radar. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2002, 35: 63-75.
66. de Vos, D. R. (2002) Dutch migratory Lepidoptera registration.http://www-zma. bio. uva. nl/departments/entomol/migrating, html.
67. Del Socorro, A. P. and Gregg, P. C. Pollen as a marker for long-distance migration
and local movement of Helicoverpa moths in Australia. The International Congress of Entomology at Iguassu Falls, in August 2000, Brazil.
68. Dickison, R. B. B., Haggis, M. J. and Rainey, R. C. Spruce budworm moth flight and storms: case study of a cold front system. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology,1983, 22(2): 278-286.
69. Domino, R. P., Showers, W. P., Taylor, S. E. and Shaw, R. H. Spring weather pattern associated with suspected black cutworm moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) introduction to Iowa. Environmental Entomology, 1983, 12:1863-1871.
70. Drake, V. A. and Farrow, R. A. A radar and aerial trapping study of an early spring migration of moths (Lepidoptera) in inland New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology,1985,10: 223-235.
71. Drake, V. A. and Farrow, R. A. The influence of atmosphere structure and motions on insect migration. Annual review of Entomology, 1988, 33:183-210.
72. Drake, V. A. and Farrow, R. A. The nocturnal migration of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae): quantitative radar observations of a series of northward flights. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1983, 73: 567-585.
73. Drake, V. A. and Wang, H. K. Insect migration and population processes in inland Australia observed with monitoring radars. The International Congress ofEntomology at Iguassu Falls, in August 2000, Brazil. Drake, V. A. Collective orientation by nocturnally migrating Australian plague locusts, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acridiclae): a radar study. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1983, 73: 679-692.
75. Drake, V. A. Insect-monitoring radar a new source of information for migration research and operational pest forecasting.In:Corey, S.A., Dall D.J. & Milne, W. M. (eds).Pest control and sustainable agriculture. CSIRO. 1993. Melbourne: 452-455.
76. Drake, V. A. Insects in the sea-breeze front at Canberra: a radar study. Weather, 1982,37:134-143.
77. Drake, V. A. Quantitative observation and analysis procedures for a manually operated entomological radar. Technical Paper, Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. 1981, No. 19,Australia.
78. Drake, V. A. Radar observations of moths migrating in a nocturnal low-level jet.
Ecological Entomology, 1985, 10(3): 259-265.
79. Drake, V. A. Target density estimation in radar biology. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1981, 71(3): 449-466.
80. Drake, V. A. The vertical distribution of macro insects migrating in the nocturnal boundary layer: a radar study. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 1984, 28: 353-374.
81. Drake, V. A., Gregg, P. C., Harman, I. T., Wang, H. K., Deveson, E. D., Hunter, D. M. and Rochester, W. A. Characterizing insect migration systems in inland Australia with novel and traditional methodologies.In: Woiwod, I. P., Reynolds, D. R., Thomas, C. D. (ed.). Insect Movement: Mechanisms and Consequences. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society's 20th Symposium. CABI Publishing. 2001,Wallingford, UK. 207-233.
82. Drake, V. A., Helm, K. F., Readshaw, J. L. and Reid, D. G. Insect migration across Bass Strait during spring: a radar study. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1981,71(3): 449-466.
83. Drake. http://www.ph.adfa, oz. au/a-drake/ice/ic00_im_ab.htm#woiwod-p. 2003.
84. Farrow, R. A. and Dowse, J. E. Method of using kites to carry tow nets in the upper air for sampling migrating insects and its application to radar entomology. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1984, 74(1): 87-95.
85. Fauske, G. M. Moths of North Dakota. 2003. http:#www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/ndmoths/names/5004.htm
86. Feng, H. Q., Wu, K. M., Cheng, D. E and Guo Y. Y. Radar observations of the autumn migration of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and other moths in northern China. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2003, 93:115-124.
87. Fitt, G. P. and Daly, J. C. Abundance of overwintering pupae and the spring generation of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in northern New South Wales, Australia: implications for pest management. Journal of Economic Entomology,1990, 83:1827-1836.
88. Fitt, G. P. The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology,1989, 34:17-52.
89. Gage, S. H. Flow of Biota in the Atmosphere. 1996. http://atlantic.evsc.virginia.edu/regionalization/kbs/docs/long_range_tran.htm
90. Greenbank, D. O., Schaefer, G. W. and Rainey, R. C. Spruce budworm (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae) moth flight and dispersal: new understanding from canopy observations,radar, and aircraft. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 1980, 110:1-49.
91. Gregg, P. C., Fitt, G. P., Commbs, M., and Henderson, G. S. Migration moths (Lepidoptera) collected in towernounted light traps in northern New South Wales,Australia: species composition and seasonal abundance. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1993, 83: 563-578.
92. Haggis, M. J. Spatial and temporal changes in the distribution of eggs by HeIiothis armigera ((Hbner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) on cotton in the Sudan Gezira. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1981, 71: 183-193.
93. Hendrix, W. H., Mueller, T. H., Phillips, J. R. and Davis, O. K. Pollen as an indicator of long-distance movement of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Environmental Entomology, 1987, 61:1148-1151.
94. Herbison-Evans, D & Stella Crossley, S. 2001,http://www-staff.mcs.uts.edu.au/～don/larvae/noct/exigua/exigua, html.
95. Hipperson, D. Immigrant Moths for Norfolk in 2001. 2002.http://website.lineone.net/～david.hipperson/migrants.htm
96. Hobbs, S. E. and Wolf, W. W. An airborne radar technique for studying insect migration. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1989, 79: 693-704.
97. James, S. B. and Chen, T. J. Synoptic aspects of the wintertime east Asian monsoon. In: Chang C. P. & Krishnamurt T. N. (eds.) Monsoon meteorology. Oxford University Press.1987. New York. 125-160.
98. John B. and David G. G. Light-trap and suction-trap catches of insects in the northern Gezira, Sudan, in the season of southward movement of the Inter Tropical Front. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1973, 62: 571-596.
99. Johnson C. G. Migration and dispersal of insects by flight. Methuen & Co Ltd. 1969.London.
100. Kaminski, L.-A. Insects of Canola Fields in Western Canada. 2003,http://www.canola-council.org/production/insects wcan.html.
101. Kimber, I. 2002, http://cgi.ukmoths.force9.co.uk.
102. Lingren, P. D., Bryant, V. M., Raulston, J. R., Pendleton, M., Westbrook, J. and Jones G. D. Adult feeding host range and migratory activities of com earworm, cabbage looper, and celery looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths as evidenced by
attached pollen. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1993, 86(5): 1429-1439.
103. Lingren, P. D., Raulston, J. R., Henneberry, T. J. and Sparks, A. N. Night-vision equipment, reproductive biology, and nocturnal behavior:importance to studies of insect flight, dispersal, and migration. In: Danthanarayana, W. (eds.). Insect flight: dispersal and migration. Springer-Verlag.1986, Berlin. 253-264.
104. Lingren, P. D., Raulston, J. R., Popham, T. W., Wolf W. W., Lingren, P. S. and Esquivel, J. F. Flight behavior of corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths under low wind speed conditions. Population Ecology, 1995, 24:851-860.
105. Mardia, K. V. and Jupp, P. E., Directional Statistics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd,2000. West Sussex, PO19 IUD England.
106. McWilliams, S. (2002) Migrant Moths List. http://www. consult-e co. ndirect, co. uk/entomol/c hmmoths/migrants.htm
107. Moulton, J. K., Pepper, D. A. & Dennehy, T. J. (2002) Studies of resistance of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) to spinosad in field populations from the southern USA and southeast Asia. University of Arizona College of Agriculture 1999 Vegetable Report, index at http://ag.arizona, edu/pubs/crops/az1143/
108. Nash, S and Hill L.Immigration of Lepidoptera. 2003,http://www.migrantmoth.com/.
109. NRI. Migrant Pests. 2002, Http://www. nri.org/research/migrantpests.htm.
110. Osborne, J. L., Clark, S. J., Morris, R. J., Williams, I. H., Riley, J. R., Smith, A. D, Reynolds, D. R. and Edwards, A. S. A landscape-scale study of bumble bee foraging range and constancy, using harmonic radar. Journal of Applied Ecology.1999, 36(4): 519-533.
111. Osborne, J. L., Williams, I. H., Carreck, N. L. Poppy, G. M., Riley, J. R., Smith,A. D., Reynolds, D. R., Edwards, A. S. and Richards, K. W. Harmonic radar: a new technique for investigating bumblebee and honey bee foraging flight. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996. 1997, 159-163.
112. Pedgley, D. E. Concentration of flying insects by the wind. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series-B, Biological Sciences. 1990,328: 631-653.
113. Pedgley, D. E. Windborne migration of Heliothis armigera (Hbner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) to the British. Entomologist's Gazete, 1985, 36:15-20.
114. Pedgley, D. E., Tuker, M. R. and Pawar, C. S. Windborne migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Hǖbner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Ecological Entomology,1987,11: 467-470.
115. Prichard T. Suffolk Moth Group Newsletter. 2001.http://www.btinternet.com/～Tony.Prichard/smg/newsletters/24/SuffolkMothGroupNewsletter24.html.
116. Reynolds, D. R. and Riley, J. R. The flight behaviour and migration of insect pests: radar studies in developing countries. Bulletin Natural Resources Institute, No.71.1997. Chatham,UK.
117. Reynolds, D. R., Riley, J. R. and Johnson, C. G. A migration of grasshoppers,particularly Diabolocatantops axillaris (Thunberg) (Orthoptera; Acrididae), in the West African Sahel. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1988, 78(2): 251-271.
118. Richter, J. H., Jensen, D. R., Noonkester, V. R., Kreasky, J. B., Stimmann, M. W. and Wolf, W. W. Remote radar sensing: atmospheric structure and insects. Science,1973, 180: 4091, 1176-1178.
119. Riley, J. R. A millimetric radar to study the flight of small insects. Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, 1992, 4(1): 43-48.
120. Riley, J. R. and Osborne, J. L Flight Trajectories of Foraging Insects:Observations Using Harmonic Radar. In: Woiwod, I.P., Reynolds, D. R. and Thomas, C. D. (eds.). Insect Movement: Mechanisms and Consequence. CABI Publishing.2001. U.K. 129-157.
121. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. A long-range migration of grasshoppers observed in the Sahelian zone of Mali by two radars. Journal of Animal Ecology,1983, 52: 167-183.
122. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. Nocturnal grasshopper migration in West Africa:transport and concentration by the wind, and the implications for air-to-air control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series-B, Biological Sciences. 1990, 328(1251): 655-672.
123. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. Orientation at night by high-flying insects. In:Danthanarayana, W. (eds.). Insect flight: dispersal and migration. Springer Verlag.1986, Berlin. 71-87.
124. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. Orientation at night by high-flying insects. In:Danthanarayana, W. (eds.). Insect flight: dispersal and migration. Springer-Verlag.
1986, Berlin. 71-87.
125. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. Radar-based studies of the migratory flight of grasshoppers in the middle Niger area of Mali. Proceedings of Royal Society of London, B. 1979, 204, 67-82.
126. Riley, J. R. and Reynolds, D. R. Radar-based studies on the migratory flight of grasshoppers in the middle Niger area of Mali. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. 1979, 204: 67-82.
127. Riley, J. R. Angular and temporal variations in the radar cross-sections of insects. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 1973, 120:10, 1229-1232.
128. Riley, J. R. Collective orientation in night-flying insects. Nature, 1975,253(5487): 113-114.
129. Riley, J. R. Orientation by high-flying insects at night: observations and theories. Orientation and Navigation-Birds, Humans and other animals. Conference of the Royal Institute of Navigation, Cardiff, 6-8 April 1989. The Royal Institute of Navigation, London.
130. Riley, J. R. Quantitative analysis of radar returns from insects. In: Vaughn, C. R.,Wolf, W., Klassen, W. (eds.). Radar, insect population ecology and pest management (Proceedings of a Workshop held at NASA Wallops Flight Center, Wallops Island,Virginia, May 2-4, 1978).1979. 131-158.
131. Riley, J. R. Radar as an aid to the study of insect flight. In: Amlaner, C. J. Jr. & Macdonald, D. W. (eds.). A handbook on biotelemetry and radio tracking. 1979,131-140.
132. Riley, J. R. Radar cross-sections of insects. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 1985, 73(2): 228-232.
133. Riley, J. R. Radar observations of individual desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera,Locustidae)). Bulletin of Entomological Research.1974, 64(1): 19-32.
134. Riley, J. R. Remote sensing in entomology. Annual Review of Entomology.1989, 34: 247-271.
135. Riley, J. R., Armes, N. J., Reynolds, D. R. and Smith, A. D. Nocturnal observations on the emergence and flight behaviour ofHelicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the post-rainy season in central India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1992, 82(2): 243-256.
136. Riley, J. R., Cheng, X. N., Zhang, X. X., Reynolds, D. R., Xu, G. M., Smith, A.D., Cheng, J. Y., Bao, A. D. and Zhai, B. P. The long-distance migration of Nilaparvata Iugens (Stal) (Delphacidae) in China: radar observations of mass return flight in the autumn. Ecological Entomology, 1991, 16(4): 471-489.
137. Riley, J. R., Holt, J. and Reynolds, D. R. The role of migration in the pest status of brown plant hopper in temperate and tropical areas. In: Grayson, B.T.; Green, M.B.; Copping, L.G. (eds.). Pest management in rice (conference held by the Society of Chemical Industry, London, UK, 4-7 June 1990). Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd. 1990. Barking, UK. 166.
138. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R. and Farmey, M. J. Radar observations of Spodoptera exernpta, Kenya, March-April 1979. Miscellaneous Report No. 54.Centre for Overseas Pest Research. 1981, London.
139. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R. and Farrow, R. A. The migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stl) (Delphacidae) and other Hemiptera associated with rice during the dry season in the Philippines: a study using radar, visual observations, aerial netting and ground trapping. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1987, 77(1): 145-169.
140. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Mukhopadhyay, S., Ghosh, M. R. and Sarkar, T. K. Long-distance migration of aphids and other small insects in northeast India, European Journal of Entomology, 1995, 92(4): 639-653.
141. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Smith, A. D., Cheng, X. N., Zhang, X. X., Xu, G.M., Cheng, J. Y., Bao, A. D. and Zhai, B. P. Using radar to observe brown planthopper (BPH) migration in China. International Rice Research Newsletter.1990a, 15(2): 29-30.
142. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Smith, A. D., Edwards, A. S., Zhang, X. X., Cheng,X. N., Wang, H. K., Cheng, J. Y., and Zhai, B. P. Observations of the autumn migration of the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and other moths in eastern China. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1995, 85,397-414.
143. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Smith, A. D., Rosenberg, L. J., Cheng, X. N.,Zhang, X. X., Xu, G. M., Cheng, J. Y., Bao, A. D., Zhai, B. P. and Wang, H. K.Observations on the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and other pests in east central China. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1994, 84(3), 389-402.
144. Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R.and Farmery, M. J. Observations of the flight behaviour of the armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta, at an emergence site using radar and infra-red optical techniques. Ecological Entomology, 1983, 8(4): 395-418.
145. Riley, J. R., Schaefer, G. W. and Wolf, W. W. Radar program at Western Cotton Research Laboratory. In: Vaughn, C. R., Wolf, W., Klassen, W. (eds.). Radar, insect population ecology and pest management (Proceedings of a Workshop held at NASA Wallops Flight Center, Wallops Island, Virginia, May 2-4, 1978). 1979. 159-160.
146. Riley, J. R., Smith, A. D. and Bettany, B. W. The use of video equipment to record in three dimensions the flight trajectories of Heliothis armigera and other moths at night. Physiological Entomology, 1990,15: 73-80.
147. Riley, J. R., Smith, A. D., Reynolds, D. R., Edwards, A. S., Osborne, J. L.,Williams, I. H., Carreck, N. L. and Poppy, G. M. Tracking bees with harmonic radar.Nature, 1996, 379,29-30
148. Riley, J. R., Valeur, P., Smith, A. D., Reynolds, D. R., Poppy, G. M. and Lfstedt,C. Harmonic radar as a means of tracking the pheromone-finding and pheromone-following flight of male moths. Journal of Insect Behavior, 1998, 11 (2):287-296.
149. Riley, J. Riding on the wind: a radar perspective of insect flight. Inaugural Lecture Series, University of Greenwich. 1999. UK.
150. Riley, J.R. Radar observations of individual desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) (Forsk.). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1974, 64, 19-32.
151. Ryrholm, N. (2002) Migrating moths in Sweden 1998.http://www.fcom.se/butter/migr96, htm.
152. Ryrholm, N. Remarkable records of Microlepidoptera in Sweden during 1995.1996, 117 (1-2): 49-57. Uppsala, Sweden. (http://www.fcom.se/butter/micro96.htm)
153. Schaefer, G. W. Radar observations of insect flight.In: Rainey, R.C.(eds.).Insect Flight (Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London. No. 7, July 1976). Blackwell. 1976, Oxford. 157-197.
154. Tao, S. Y. & Chen, L. G. A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China. In: Chang C. P. & Krishnamurt T. N. (eds.) Monsoon meteorology. Oxford University Press. 1987, New York. 60-92.
155. Westbrook, J. K., Wolf, W. W. and Ward, J. D. NEXRAD Doppler weather radar network: potential for areawide surveillance of pest insect migrations, proceedings
Beltwide cotton conferences, Jan. 5-9, 1998. San Diego, CA. 2:875-1744.
156. White,D. Analysing agricultural and other natural resource systems. 2002,http://www.acslink.aone.net.au/asit/aiasnet.htm
157. Wilson, J., Carbone, R., Baynton, H. and Serafin, S. Operational applications of meteorology Doppler radar. Bulletin of American Meteorologist Society. 1980,61:1154-1168.
158. Woiwod, I. P., Reynolds, D. R., Thomas C. D. Insect Movement: Mechanisms and Consequences. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society's 20th Symposium. CABI Publishing. 2001, Wallingford, UK.
159. Wolf, W. W, Westbrook, J. K., Raulston, J. R., Pair, S. D. and Lingren, P. D.Radar detection of ascent of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths from com in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Proc. 13th Inter. Cong. of Biometeorology. 1994. Calgary, Canada.
160. Wolf, W. W. and Schleider, P. G. Entomological Radar Studies. 2002,http://scrl.usda.gov/scrl/apmru/imms/radar/radar-applications.htm.
161. Wolf, W. W. Entomological radar studies in the United States.In: Rabb, R. L. & Kennedy, G. G. (eds). Movement of highly mobile insects: concepts and methodology in research. Raleigh: North Carolina State University. 1979. 263-266.
162. Wolf, W. W., Pair, S. D.and Westbrook, J. Radar tracks insect migrations.Agricultural Research, 1982, 31(4): 14-15.
163. Wolf, W. W., Sparks, A. N., Pair, S. D., Westbrook, J. K. and Truesdale, F. M.Radar observations and collections of insects in the Gulf of Mexico. In: Danthanarayana, W. (eds.). Insect flight: dispersal and migration. Springer-Verlag.1986, Berlin. 221-234.
164. Wolf, W. W., Westbrook, J. K. and Spark, A. N. Relationship between radar entomological measurements and atmospheric structure in South Texas during March and April 1982, In: Sparks A. N. (eds.). Long-range migration of moths of agronomic importance to the United States and Canada: specific examples of occurrence and synoptic weather patterns conducive to migration. 1986, USDA-ARS-43.84-97.
165. Wu, K. M., Feng, H. Q. and Guo, Y. Y. Evaluation of corn as a refuge for resistance management of Helicoverpa arrnigera (Hrler) to Bt cotton in the Yellow River Cotton Farming Region of China. Journal of Economic Entomology (in
review). 2003
166. Wu, K. M., Guo, Y. Y. and Gao S. S. Evaluation of the natural refuge function for Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) within Bacillus thuringiensis Transgenic cotton growing areas in north China. Journal of Economic Entomology,2002, 95(4): 832-837.
167. Wu, K.-M. & Gu, Y.-Y. (2000) The coordinated development and analysis of contributing factors of cotton bollworm resistance to insecticides in Round-Bohai Bay- Region [in Chinese with English summary]. Acta Phytophylacica sinica, 27,173-178.
168. Zhai, B. P. and Wu, X. W. Pied Piper effect on oriental armyworm in northeastern China: implications for forecasting summer sutbreaks. The 2002 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition Fort Lauderdale, FL.2002. http://esa.confex.com/esa/2002/techprogram/paper_6393.htm
169. Zhou, X., Applebaum, S. W. and Coll, M. Overwintering and spring migration in the bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Israel.Enviromental Entomology, 2000, 29: 1289-1294.