我国技术进步的路径选择研究
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摘要
本文从技术进步的后发优势理论研究出发,探讨了我国技术进步的路径选择问题。首先,本文从理论和实践两个层面对我国技术进步的路径选择研究现状进行了述评。在理论上,对比较优势理论下的“要素禀赋说”与竞争优势理论下的“技术赶超说”的争议进行了梳理;在实践上,对模仿性创新与自主创新的技术进步路径的争议进行了梳理。接下来,针对已有研究中存在的不足,以“中心—外围”理论和“南北技术扩散”理论框架下的分析范式,设定了技术后发国家如何从技术后发优势到技术赶超的技术进步路径的理论模型。最后,基于我国“创新型国家建设”、“区域创新要素禀赋不均衡性”以及“产业结构二元特征”的基本现状,本文采用多种实证计量分析工具,从区域和产业两个层面实证分析了我国技术进步的路径选择战略。本文的理论和实证研究结论如下:
     理论研究结论表明:(1)南方国家(技术后发国家)在技术引进和自主创新上的资源分配比例取决于两者对技术进步的产出弹性;(2)当南方国家与北方国家(技术先发国家)技术差距较小时,选择自主创新为主导的技术进步方式会有利于提升南方国家的技术进步水平;而当技术差距较大时,选择技术引进以及在此基础上的模仿性创新为主导的技术进步方式会有利于提升南方国家的技术进步水平;(3)随着南北方国家技术差距的逐步缩小,南方国家会自动选择以自主创新为主的技术进步模式;(4)技术后发国家如果要实现由模仿性创新向自主创新驱动技术进步的路径转变,实现技术赶超,就必须越过一定的人力资本水平“门槛”、经济发展水平“门槛”以及市场化水平“门槛”;(5)随着“三个门槛”的逐步跨越,技术后发国家可以按照完全模仿性创新→模仿性创新为主→自主创新为主→完全自主创新的技术进步路径开展人力资本积累战略和市场化推进战略。
     区域层面的实证结论表明:(1)当一个地区人均GDP接近6.5万元(TFP衡量技术进步时的门槛值)或者接近7万元(专利数量衡量技术进步水平时的门槛值)时,自主创新投入对技术进步的贡献要明显较高,而在低于人均GDP门槛值时,技术引进对技术进步的贡献要高;(2)当一个地区人均受教育年限达到8.6年(TFP衡量技术进步时的门槛值)或者10.1年(专利数量衡量技术进步水平时的门槛值)时,自主创新投入对技术进步的贡献要明显较高,技术引进则在人力资本水平较低的地区才发挥了较大的作用;(3)当一个地区的市场化程度超过9.6(TFP衡量技术进步时的门槛值)或者9.8(专利数量衡量技术进步水平时的门槛值)时,自主创新投入会显著的改善该地区的技术进步水平;(4)综合以上结果,无论从经济发展水平、人力资本水平还是市场化程度来看,适合于以自主创新为主的地区主要有:北京、上海、天津和发达省份的发达城市,这些地区无论在经济发展阶段、人力资本的积累还是市场化环境都符合走自主创新为主的技术进步路径。而其他地区并没有完全越过自主创新为主的技术进步路径的相应门槛。
     产业层面的实证结论表明:(1)由于传统产业与国际先进国家的技术差距较大,传统产业仍处于发挥技术后发优势阶段,因此采取模仿性创新的外源式技术进步路径对传统产业的技术进步具有一定的积极作用,而采用自主创新为主的内源式技术进步并没有显著提升技术进步水平;(2)由于新兴产业与国际先进地区的技术差距较小,采取以自主创新的内源式技术进步路径对于新兴产业的技术进步具有一定的积极作用,而采取模仿性创新的外源式技术进步路径并不会显著提升技术进步水平。
     根据以上理论和实证研究的结论,本文从国家、区域和产业三个层面提出以下政策建议:(1)从国家层面来讲,在客观认识我国创新要素禀赋现状的基础上,选择具有中国特色的技术进步路径;技术进步路径不可采取“一刀切”的战略,从国家层面应该确定分地区分层级战略;加强人力资本积累和市场化进程,努力跨过技术进步路径转换的“门槛条件”。(2)从区域层面来讲,欠发达地区要遵循比较优势,充分发挥技术后发优势;发达地区要遵循竞争优势,加强自主创新实现技术赶超;区域技术进步路径应该采取技术梯度分层进步战略。(3)从产业层面来讲,针对传统产业升级应该更多的采取“渐进式”技术进步路径;针对新兴产业发展应该更多的采取“一步到位式”技术进步路径。
This paper discusses the paradox of backwardness advantage in technicalprogress from theory research of backwardness advantage in technical progress,anddiscusses path selection problem of our country technology progress. First, this articlereviews on the path selection of China's technology progress from the theory andpractice. In theory, we review the controversy of "endowment hypothesis" in thetheory of comparative advantage and "technology development hypothesis" in thetheory of competitive advantage; In practice, we elaborate the controversy technologyprogress path which is imitate innovation or independent innovation. Second, underthe analysis model of "center-periphery theory" and "the North-South technologydiffusion theory", we sets up a technological progress's theoretical model that is howthe late-development countries from advantage of technology backwardness totechnology catching-up. At the end, this paper discusses the problem of technologyprogress path selection in our country on the basis of present situation that are "theconstruction of innovative country”,“the inequality of regional innovation factorendowment" and "the two element structure of the industrial upgrading" withempirical measurement analysis tools. The theoretical and empirical researchconclusions are as follows:
     The theoretical conclusions show that:(1) the resource allocation ratio of theintroduction of technology and independent innovation depends on the outputelasticity of the two element in southern states (the developing countries);(2) whenthe technology gap on the countries of the South and northward country (technologydeveloped countries) is small, choosing independent innovation as the dominantmode of technology progress will help enhancing the technology progress level ofsouthern states, and when the technical gap is large, the selection of technologyintroduction and the imitative innovation as the mode of leading technologicalprogress will help enhancing the technology progress level of southern states;(3) withthe technical gap of the North and South countries gradually narrowing, southerncountries will automatic choose the pattern of independent innovation;(4) the technology developing countries must pass certain threshold values of the level ofhuman capital, the level of economic development and the level of market if it wantto achieve technology progress path transformation that is from imitative innovationto independent innovation;(5) with the three "threshold values" progressively stridingacross, the late-development countries can develop the human capital accumulationstrategy and market promotion strategy following as technology progress path that iscompletely imitate innovation→imitate innovation oriented→independent innovationoriented→completely independent innovation.
     The regional empirical analysis shows that:(1) when per capita GDP of an area isclose to65000yuan (TFP measuring of technical progress) or70000yuan (patentsmeasuring technical progress), the contribution of independent innovation totechnical progress is significantly higher, and in less than per capita GDP's thresholdvalue, technology import on technology progress contribution is higher;(2) when theyears of average education is close to8.6years (TFP measuring of technicalprogress) or10.1years (patents measuring technical progress), the contribution ofindependent innovation to technical progress is significantly higher, and theintroduction of technology play a larger role in the region of lower level of humancapital;(3) when commercialize degree of an area is more than9.6(TFP measuringof technical progress) or9.8(patents measuring technical progress), the input ofindependent innovation will improve the area's technical progress significantly;(4)above the results, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and the developed city of developedprovinces is suitable for independent innovation, because these regions are in linewith the independent innovation from the stage of economic development, thefoundation of human capital and market environment. While other areas that do notcross the corresponding threshold completely that the technology progress path ofindependent innovation.
     The industry empirical analysis shows that:(1) because the technology gap intraditional industry is bigger comparison with the developing countries, the traditionalindustry is still in the stage of playing technology backwardness advantage, therefore,taking exogenous technology progress path of imitative innovation has certainpositive on technology progress of traditional industry, but taking the endogenous technology progress path of independent innovation do not improve the level oftechnological progress significantly;(2) because the technology gap in emergingindustry is lesser comparison with the developing countries, taking endogenoustechnology progress path of imitative innovation has certain positive on technologyprogress of emerging industry, but taking the exogenous technology progress path ofindependent innovation do not improve the level of technological progresssignificantly.
     According to the theory and the empirical research conclusions, this article putsforward the following suggestions from the angle of national, regional and industrylevels:(1) From the national level, we should choose the path of technologicalprogress with Chinese characteristics on the foundation of the objectiveunderstanding of China's innovation factor endowment; Technological progresscannot take “making it rigidly uniform" strategy, we should determine the regionhierarchy strategy from the national level; We should strengthen the accumulation ofhuman capital and the market process to across "threshold condition" of the pathconversion of technological progress.(2) From the regional perspective, developingarea should follow the comparative advantage, and make full use of the technicalsuperiority, and developed area should strengthen independent innovation tocatching-up following the competitive advantages; Regional technological progressshould take technical stratification advancement strategy.(3) From the industryperspective, we should take a "gradual path" to improve the technological progress oftraditional industry, and take a "one step path" to improve the technological progressof emerging industries.
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    107来自新华网“科技部部长徐冠华:搞自主创新不等于排斥技术引进”,2006年9月8日
    108李国杰.自主创新必须走出误区.人民日报,2005-07-14
    109引自科学技术部部长徐冠华谈科技创新与经济发展的讲话。
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    112资料来自2009年国际生物经济大会相关报道。
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