无线传感器网络中密钥管理方案研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks, WSNs)由于能够广泛地应用于民用和军事领域而备受关注。WSNs由大量携带能量、计算能力、存储能力及通信能力受限的传感器节点组成。通常情况下,WSNs被部署在户外甚至敌对的环境中,部署区域的物理安全无法保证,使得WSNs较易受到各种攻击。如传感器节点俘获攻击、巫婆攻击、虚假数据包注入攻击、复制攻击、窃听等。因此,形成一种具有机密性、可认证性和数据完整性的安全机制是至关重要的。
在WSNs安全机制中,密钥管理问题便是其中的核心问题。近年来,国内外学者提出了多种WSNs的密钥管理方案。本文以节省存储开销、计算开销、通信开销、提高网络的局部连通率、提高网络抵抗伪造移动节点攻击和控制被俘获的移动节点攻击的能力及实现对网络进行持续安全管理为动机去探索新的WSNs密钥管理方案,使得研究成果更具实用价值。
本文具体研究成果和结论如下：
1)提出了一个安全且高效的路径密钥建立方案。
当两邻居传感器节点不存在共同的密钥时,必须通过建立路径密钥的方式为它们建立共享密钥,而且利用路径密钥还可以增加传感器节点之间共享密钥的安全性能。因此建立路径密钥是一个非常重要的问题。在建立路径密钥的过程中,我们必须在安全和能耗两个方面进行综合考虑。本文提出一个在安全和能耗两个方面进行折中的路径密钥建立方案,分析和模拟结果表明所提方案是高效且安全的。
2)提出了一个可实现持续安全管理的密钥管理方案。
为了使WSNs能够连续地正常工作,必须适时地向网络中添加节点。怎样才能确保新添加的节点能与网络中的节点进行安全的通信呢?也就是说怎么实现对WSNs进行持续安全地管理呢?本文提出了一个高效可扩充的密钥管理方案,该方案将节点的部署知识、预分配对密钥及正向密钥链这三种技术相结合起来。理论分析和模拟结果表明：此方案能够降低存储开销,提高局部连通率且显著地提高了抗毁性的能力(对于第一次部署的网络来说,该方案具有完美的抗毁性。在后续的部署中,如果在引导阶段没有俘获传感器节点,则此方案也具有完美的抗毁性)。
3)提出了一个实现异构网络可持续安全管理的密钥管理方案。
针对目前异构传感器网络密钥预分配方案固有的安全隐患,提出一个安全的对密钥建立方案。该方案将节点的部署知识、反向密钥链不rabin方案这三种技术相结合起来。分析和模拟结果表明,该方案在存储开销、局部连通率、具有完全的抗毁性等方面和现有的典型方案相比都有显著提高。
4)针对存在多个移动节点的传感器网络,提出了一个可扩充的、安全高效的方案。
在具有多个移动节点的传感器网络中,移动节点控制着整个网络。敌手可以通过控制被俘获的移动节点、伪造移动节点达到控制整个网络的目的。因此设计出—种能够抵抗这些攻击的安全方案是一个亟待解决的问题。本文针对这一问题提出了一个密钥管理方案。此方案是通过密钥的动态更新技术来达到这一目的的。理论分析及模拟结果表明：此方案能以较低的存储开销取得极高的局部连通率。而且整个网络由最近一次部署在网络中的移动节点来控制。也就是说,当敌手控制某些区域内的传感器节点时,只需向这些区域重新添加移动节点就会使敌手失去对这部分传感器节点的控制。
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received a lot of attention due to their wide applications in military as well as civilian fields to this day. A WSN is composed of a large number of sensor nodes with limited power, computation, storage, and communication capabilities. Compared with the other networks, WSNs are vulnerable to various potential attacks, such as nodes capture attacks, Sybil attacks, false report injection attacks, replication attacks, eavesdropping, etc. So, security mechanism providing confidentiality, authentication, and data integrity is vital to ensure proper network operations.
In security mechanisms, key management is the core of the issues. In recent years, many key management schemes have been proposed. In this dissertation, all new proposed key management schemes are aimed at lowing storage overhead, computation overhead and communication overhead, and improving local connectivity, the resilience against node capture attacks and the capability of defending against controlling compromised mobile nodes attacks and forging mobile nodes attacks, and achieving continuous secure management. So, our researches have more practical values.
The major work and conclusions of present dissertation are as follows:
1) In this dissertation, a security and efficient path-key establishment scheme is proposed.
If direct key establishment between two neighbor sensor nodes fails, then they need to start the path-key establishment phase to establish a common key with the help of other sensor nodes. And path-key can improve security of common keys between two sensor nodes. So, path-key establishment is an important issue in a key management scheme. In path-key establishment process, we should take security and energy consumption into the comprehensive consideration. The path-key establishment scheme proposed in this dissertation comes to a compromise between security and energy consumption. Analysis and simulation shows that the scheme is efficient and security.
2) This dissertation proposes a continuous security key management scheme.
Adding new nodes to a WSN is necessary to ensure the WSN is in good working condition. However, how to ensure secure communications between the new added nodes and the original nodes of the WSN? That is, how to achieve continuous security management of WSNs? In this dissertation, an efficient and scalable key management scheme based on a combination of nodes'deployment knowledge, pre-distribution pairwise key and forward key chains is proposed. Theoretical and simulation analyses show that the scheme can increase local connectivity, and can improve the resilience against node capture significantly at low storage overhead (For the first deployment, the performance of the resilience against sensor nodes capture of the scheme is perfect. Except for the first deployment, if there are no nodes captured in bootstrapping phase, the performance of the resilience against node capture of the scheme is perfect too).
3) In this dissertation, a continuous security key management scheme for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (HWSNs) is proposed.
Aiming at the security deficiency of the pre-distribution scheme for HWSNs, a security pairwise key establishment scheme based on a combination of deployment knowledge, backward key chain and rabin scheme is proposed. Analysis and simulation results show that the scheme makes much more improvement than the classical scheme for HWSNs on the memory overhead, the local connectivity, the resilience against node capture and so on.
4) This dissertation proposes a scalable and efficient security scheme with multiple mobile sinks in WSNs.
A WSN with multiple mobile nodes is controlled by mobile nodes. An attacker can easily take control of the entire network by controlling compromised mobile nodes and forging mobile nodes. So, proposing a security scheme against the above attacks is vital. In this dissertation, the proposed key management scheme for solving the above problems is based on the methods of updating keys. Analysis and simulation results show that the scheme can achieve high local connectivity at low cost memory overhead. In the scheme, the network is controlled by mobile nodes deployed recently. That is, if some sensor nodes deployed in some areas are controlled by an attacker, these sensor nodes will be free from the control when new mobile nodes are deployed in these corresponding areas.
在WSNs安全机制中,密钥管理问题便是其中的核心问题。近年来,国内外学者提出了多种WSNs的密钥管理方案。本文以节省存储开销、计算开销、通信开销、提高网络的局部连通率、提高网络抵抗伪造移动节点攻击和控制被俘获的移动节点攻击的能力及实现对网络进行持续安全管理为动机去探索新的WSNs密钥管理方案,使得研究成果更具实用价值。
本文具体研究成果和结论如下：
1)提出了一个安全且高效的路径密钥建立方案。
当两邻居传感器节点不存在共同的密钥时,必须通过建立路径密钥的方式为它们建立共享密钥,而且利用路径密钥还可以增加传感器节点之间共享密钥的安全性能。因此建立路径密钥是一个非常重要的问题。在建立路径密钥的过程中,我们必须在安全和能耗两个方面进行综合考虑。本文提出一个在安全和能耗两个方面进行折中的路径密钥建立方案,分析和模拟结果表明所提方案是高效且安全的。
2)提出了一个可实现持续安全管理的密钥管理方案。
为了使WSNs能够连续地正常工作,必须适时地向网络中添加节点。怎样才能确保新添加的节点能与网络中的节点进行安全的通信呢?也就是说怎么实现对WSNs进行持续安全地管理呢?本文提出了一个高效可扩充的密钥管理方案,该方案将节点的部署知识、预分配对密钥及正向密钥链这三种技术相结合起来。理论分析和模拟结果表明：此方案能够降低存储开销,提高局部连通率且显著地提高了抗毁性的能力(对于第一次部署的网络来说,该方案具有完美的抗毁性。在后续的部署中,如果在引导阶段没有俘获传感器节点,则此方案也具有完美的抗毁性)。
3)提出了一个实现异构网络可持续安全管理的密钥管理方案。
针对目前异构传感器网络密钥预分配方案固有的安全隐患,提出一个安全的对密钥建立方案。该方案将节点的部署知识、反向密钥链不rabin方案这三种技术相结合起来。分析和模拟结果表明,该方案在存储开销、局部连通率、具有完全的抗毁性等方面和现有的典型方案相比都有显著提高。
4)针对存在多个移动节点的传感器网络,提出了一个可扩充的、安全高效的方案。
在具有多个移动节点的传感器网络中,移动节点控制着整个网络。敌手可以通过控制被俘获的移动节点、伪造移动节点达到控制整个网络的目的。因此设计出—种能够抵抗这些攻击的安全方案是一个亟待解决的问题。本文针对这一问题提出了一个密钥管理方案。此方案是通过密钥的动态更新技术来达到这一目的的。理论分析及模拟结果表明：此方案能以较低的存储开销取得极高的局部连通率。而且整个网络由最近一次部署在网络中的移动节点来控制。也就是说,当敌手控制某些区域内的传感器节点时,只需向这些区域重新添加移动节点就会使敌手失去对这部分传感器节点的控制。
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received a lot of attention due to their wide applications in military as well as civilian fields to this day. A WSN is composed of a large number of sensor nodes with limited power, computation, storage, and communication capabilities. Compared with the other networks, WSNs are vulnerable to various potential attacks, such as nodes capture attacks, Sybil attacks, false report injection attacks, replication attacks, eavesdropping, etc. So, security mechanism providing confidentiality, authentication, and data integrity is vital to ensure proper network operations.
In security mechanisms, key management is the core of the issues. In recent years, many key management schemes have been proposed. In this dissertation, all new proposed key management schemes are aimed at lowing storage overhead, computation overhead and communication overhead, and improving local connectivity, the resilience against node capture attacks and the capability of defending against controlling compromised mobile nodes attacks and forging mobile nodes attacks, and achieving continuous secure management. So, our researches have more practical values.
The major work and conclusions of present dissertation are as follows:
1) In this dissertation, a security and efficient path-key establishment scheme is proposed.
If direct key establishment between two neighbor sensor nodes fails, then they need to start the path-key establishment phase to establish a common key with the help of other sensor nodes. And path-key can improve security of common keys between two sensor nodes. So, path-key establishment is an important issue in a key management scheme. In path-key establishment process, we should take security and energy consumption into the comprehensive consideration. The path-key establishment scheme proposed in this dissertation comes to a compromise between security and energy consumption. Analysis and simulation shows that the scheme is efficient and security.
2) This dissertation proposes a continuous security key management scheme.
Adding new nodes to a WSN is necessary to ensure the WSN is in good working condition. However, how to ensure secure communications between the new added nodes and the original nodes of the WSN? That is, how to achieve continuous security management of WSNs? In this dissertation, an efficient and scalable key management scheme based on a combination of nodes'deployment knowledge, pre-distribution pairwise key and forward key chains is proposed. Theoretical and simulation analyses show that the scheme can increase local connectivity, and can improve the resilience against node capture significantly at low storage overhead (For the first deployment, the performance of the resilience against sensor nodes capture of the scheme is perfect. Except for the first deployment, if there are no nodes captured in bootstrapping phase, the performance of the resilience against node capture of the scheme is perfect too).
3) In this dissertation, a continuous security key management scheme for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (HWSNs) is proposed.
Aiming at the security deficiency of the pre-distribution scheme for HWSNs, a security pairwise key establishment scheme based on a combination of deployment knowledge, backward key chain and rabin scheme is proposed. Analysis and simulation results show that the scheme makes much more improvement than the classical scheme for HWSNs on the memory overhead, the local connectivity, the resilience against node capture and so on.
4) This dissertation proposes a scalable and efficient security scheme with multiple mobile sinks in WSNs.
A WSN with multiple mobile nodes is controlled by mobile nodes. An attacker can easily take control of the entire network by controlling compromised mobile nodes and forging mobile nodes. So, proposing a security scheme against the above attacks is vital. In this dissertation, the proposed key management scheme for solving the above problems is based on the methods of updating keys. Analysis and simulation results show that the scheme can achieve high local connectivity at low cost memory overhead. In the scheme, the network is controlled by mobile nodes deployed recently. That is, if some sensor nodes deployed in some areas are controlled by an attacker, these sensor nodes will be free from the control when new mobile nodes are deployed in these corresponding areas.
引文
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