中美大学生自我意识情绪跨文化研究
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摘要
20世纪90年代以来,情绪研究取得了很大进展,尤其随着自我意识情绪研究逐渐走进人们的视野,羞耻、内疚、自豪等已成为自我意识情绪研究中的核心概念。相比基本情绪(快乐、恐惧、悲伤、愤怒等),自我意识情绪研究仍相对薄弱,尤其是对自我意识情绪的跨文化研究更是缺乏相关文献及研究报告。
本文在中美跨文化背景下,探讨了自我意识情绪的事件类型、情绪体验、反应模式,以及情绪事件的影响结果等相关问题。情绪系统反应关联性(Emotion response system coherence)理论认为,这一系列问题是相互间存在联系的。同时,在东西方文化下,自我结构也可能影响着自我意识情绪。新近一些研究结果表明在跨文化背景下,羞耻、自豪等自我意识情绪的非言语情绪表达具有跨文化的一致性。然而,这是否意味着在不同文化下——自我意识情绪的事件类型、情绪归因、评价、体验、反应等方面也具有一致性呢?本研究通过4个系列研究,探讨了上述问题,主要结论如下:
1、采用内容分析技术,发现个人型事件更多的引发中美大学生自我意识情绪;相比较中国大学生而言,美国大学生由于“自我道德”事件引发的羞耻、内疚更为显著;中美两国大学生在产生自豪事件类型上具有一致性,即“成就型”事件是自豪感产生的主要来源。
2、通过内容分析和中美比较,发现自我意识情绪归因与评价方面,中、美两国大学生在体验自我意识情绪时,均以内部归因为主;情绪归因的控制点主要指向自我;情绪归因的稳定性、可控性方面,中美两国具有一致的反应模式,稳定性由强到弱的顺序依次是自豪、羞耻、内疚;可控程度有高到低的顺序依次是内疚、自豪、羞耻;“能力”、“努力”归因维度上,具有跨文化一致性,自豪归因为“能力”和“努力”的程度均显著高于羞耻、内疚;情绪评价均以内源评价为主;外源评价方面,中美具有一致性,羞耻、自豪的他人评价和社会比较程度均显著高于内疚。
3、通过2×3混合设计,发现自我意识情绪事件反应评价方面,文化与情绪的主效应各有体现。情绪发生的时间距离,中美差异显著;三种自我意识情绪在时间距离方面差异不显著;情绪持续的时间长度方面,中国大学生的情绪持续时间长度显著高于美国大学生,三种情绪在持续时间长度上的差异显著;情绪发生的地点文化主效应不显著,三种自我意识情绪的差异显著,产生羞耻、自豪的地点以“在公共场所”为主,内疚是以“在我自己家里”为主;情绪发生时“在场人物”具有显著的文化差异,中国被试在体验羞耻、内疚、自豪时,“我的家人”在场的频次显著高于美国被试;美国被试则是“独自一个人”的频次显著高于中国被试;情绪归因指向“因为自己”时,美国大学生将情绪归因“因为自己”的程度显著高于中国被试;情绪归因指向“因为他人”时,美国大学生将情绪归因“因为他人”的程度显著高于中国的大学生。整体上,羞耻、自豪更多的将情绪归因指向“因为他人”;自我意识情绪体验程度上,美国大学生的羞耻、内疚、自豪均显著高于中国大学生;情绪的“道德属性”存在显著的文化差异,美国大学生更多认为自我意识情绪是违背道德和社会规范的,并且羞耻在违背道德的程度上最强;自我意识情绪事件影响个体的自尊和人际关系。
4、中美两国大学生具有不同的自我结构特征,中国大学生以互倚型自我为主,美国大学生以独立型自我结构为主;通过回归分析发现,文化变量能够显著预测自我意识情绪;独立型自我对内疚、自豪具有较好的预测力;互倚型自我对自我意识情绪的预测力不显著;独立型自我在文化对内疚的影响过程中起着完全中介的作用。
The research of emotion has achieved a great of improvement since 1990s, especially when the research about self-conscious emotions became the new direction. Comparing to the researches about the basic emotions, such as happy, fear, sad and anger, we can see there are very little researche on the self-conscious emotions, such as shame, guilt and pride and they are even lack of the literature and research reports about self-conscious emotions under the background of the cross-culture researche.
In this dissertation, we will explore the types of self-conscious emotions, experience of emotions, the patterns of response, the results of the antecedents of the self-conscious emotions, and other related questions, at the same time the emotion response system coherence regard that these series of questions are related to each other. The latest research found that the non-verbal self-conscious emotion expression is recognized by people under the background of cross-culture. Does it mean it will have the same characters on the types of self-conscious emotions, attributions, appraisal, experience, emotion response? This dissertation has done four studies in order to explore the questions mentioned above, which has found as follows:
1. Through the content analysis, we found the personal type of event can arouse more self-conscious emotions; compared to Chinese college students, American college students are more“self-moral”, it has the same event type on arousing the feeling of pride between Chinese college students and American college students.
2. Through the content analysis, and comparision, we found the main character of attribution is internal attribution; the locus point to“self”; Chinese and American college students have the same pattern on the emotional response among the stability and controllability; the level of“ability”and“effort”on the feeling of pride is higher than the level of shame and guilt; internal appraisal is the main style of evaluation for both countries’subjects, and both cultures they have the same characters on the outer source appraisal.
3. Used mixed designs of 2(types of culture)×3(types of self-conscious emotions) in this study. It exits some culture main effect and emotion main effect on different items. Time duration of the emotion is different between Chinese and American; the length of last-time of emotions is different, Chinese college students’last-time is obviously longer than American college students; the location of antecedents are not different between two countries’subjects, but they are different among the three kinds of self-conscious emotions.The shame and pride are more experienced in the“public place”and the guilt is more experienced“at my own home”; the item of“who is absent”is different between cultures, Chinese college students experienced more feeling of shame , guilt and pride when“my family is absent”. In addition, American college students felt the shame, guilt and pride when“I was alone”; on the degree of attribution“because youself”, American college students is higher than Chinese college students; on the degree of attribution“because of other people”, American college students is obviously higher than Chinese college students; on the whole results, the shame and pride attributed more on the“because of other people”; the levels of experience are different, American students’level is higher than Chinese students’level; American students regard the self-conscious emotions are more belonged to the“moral things”; (9) the event of self-conscious emotions influenced the self-esteem and relationship.
4. Self-construal affected the self-conscious emotions: Chinese students are mainly interdependent-self, and American students are mainly independent-self; culture can influence the self-conscious emotions; independent-self can predict the guilt and the pride; the independent-self is a mediator variable between culture and self-conscious emotion guilt.
本文在中美跨文化背景下,探讨了自我意识情绪的事件类型、情绪体验、反应模式,以及情绪事件的影响结果等相关问题。情绪系统反应关联性(Emotion response system coherence)理论认为,这一系列问题是相互间存在联系的。同时,在东西方文化下,自我结构也可能影响着自我意识情绪。新近一些研究结果表明在跨文化背景下,羞耻、自豪等自我意识情绪的非言语情绪表达具有跨文化的一致性。然而,这是否意味着在不同文化下——自我意识情绪的事件类型、情绪归因、评价、体验、反应等方面也具有一致性呢?本研究通过4个系列研究,探讨了上述问题,主要结论如下:
1、采用内容分析技术,发现个人型事件更多的引发中美大学生自我意识情绪;相比较中国大学生而言,美国大学生由于“自我道德”事件引发的羞耻、内疚更为显著;中美两国大学生在产生自豪事件类型上具有一致性,即“成就型”事件是自豪感产生的主要来源。
2、通过内容分析和中美比较,发现自我意识情绪归因与评价方面,中、美两国大学生在体验自我意识情绪时,均以内部归因为主;情绪归因的控制点主要指向自我;情绪归因的稳定性、可控性方面,中美两国具有一致的反应模式,稳定性由强到弱的顺序依次是自豪、羞耻、内疚;可控程度有高到低的顺序依次是内疚、自豪、羞耻;“能力”、“努力”归因维度上,具有跨文化一致性,自豪归因为“能力”和“努力”的程度均显著高于羞耻、内疚;情绪评价均以内源评价为主;外源评价方面,中美具有一致性,羞耻、自豪的他人评价和社会比较程度均显著高于内疚。
3、通过2×3混合设计,发现自我意识情绪事件反应评价方面,文化与情绪的主效应各有体现。情绪发生的时间距离,中美差异显著;三种自我意识情绪在时间距离方面差异不显著;情绪持续的时间长度方面,中国大学生的情绪持续时间长度显著高于美国大学生,三种情绪在持续时间长度上的差异显著;情绪发生的地点文化主效应不显著,三种自我意识情绪的差异显著,产生羞耻、自豪的地点以“在公共场所”为主,内疚是以“在我自己家里”为主;情绪发生时“在场人物”具有显著的文化差异,中国被试在体验羞耻、内疚、自豪时,“我的家人”在场的频次显著高于美国被试;美国被试则是“独自一个人”的频次显著高于中国被试;情绪归因指向“因为自己”时,美国大学生将情绪归因“因为自己”的程度显著高于中国被试;情绪归因指向“因为他人”时,美国大学生将情绪归因“因为他人”的程度显著高于中国的大学生。整体上,羞耻、自豪更多的将情绪归因指向“因为他人”;自我意识情绪体验程度上,美国大学生的羞耻、内疚、自豪均显著高于中国大学生;情绪的“道德属性”存在显著的文化差异,美国大学生更多认为自我意识情绪是违背道德和社会规范的,并且羞耻在违背道德的程度上最强;自我意识情绪事件影响个体的自尊和人际关系。
4、中美两国大学生具有不同的自我结构特征,中国大学生以互倚型自我为主,美国大学生以独立型自我结构为主;通过回归分析发现,文化变量能够显著预测自我意识情绪;独立型自我对内疚、自豪具有较好的预测力;互倚型自我对自我意识情绪的预测力不显著;独立型自我在文化对内疚的影响过程中起着完全中介的作用。
The research of emotion has achieved a great of improvement since 1990s, especially when the research about self-conscious emotions became the new direction. Comparing to the researches about the basic emotions, such as happy, fear, sad and anger, we can see there are very little researche on the self-conscious emotions, such as shame, guilt and pride and they are even lack of the literature and research reports about self-conscious emotions under the background of the cross-culture researche.
In this dissertation, we will explore the types of self-conscious emotions, experience of emotions, the patterns of response, the results of the antecedents of the self-conscious emotions, and other related questions, at the same time the emotion response system coherence regard that these series of questions are related to each other. The latest research found that the non-verbal self-conscious emotion expression is recognized by people under the background of cross-culture. Does it mean it will have the same characters on the types of self-conscious emotions, attributions, appraisal, experience, emotion response? This dissertation has done four studies in order to explore the questions mentioned above, which has found as follows:
1. Through the content analysis, we found the personal type of event can arouse more self-conscious emotions; compared to Chinese college students, American college students are more“self-moral”, it has the same event type on arousing the feeling of pride between Chinese college students and American college students.
2. Through the content analysis, and comparision, we found the main character of attribution is internal attribution; the locus point to“self”; Chinese and American college students have the same pattern on the emotional response among the stability and controllability; the level of“ability”and“effort”on the feeling of pride is higher than the level of shame and guilt; internal appraisal is the main style of evaluation for both countries’subjects, and both cultures they have the same characters on the outer source appraisal.
3. Used mixed designs of 2(types of culture)×3(types of self-conscious emotions) in this study. It exits some culture main effect and emotion main effect on different items. Time duration of the emotion is different between Chinese and American; the length of last-time of emotions is different, Chinese college students’last-time is obviously longer than American college students; the location of antecedents are not different between two countries’subjects, but they are different among the three kinds of self-conscious emotions.The shame and pride are more experienced in the“public place”and the guilt is more experienced“at my own home”; the item of“who is absent”is different between cultures, Chinese college students experienced more feeling of shame , guilt and pride when“my family is absent”. In addition, American college students felt the shame, guilt and pride when“I was alone”; on the degree of attribution“because youself”, American college students is higher than Chinese college students; on the degree of attribution“because of other people”, American college students is obviously higher than Chinese college students; on the whole results, the shame and pride attributed more on the“because of other people”; the levels of experience are different, American students’level is higher than Chinese students’level; American students regard the self-conscious emotions are more belonged to the“moral things”; (9) the event of self-conscious emotions influenced the self-esteem and relationship.
4. Self-construal affected the self-conscious emotions: Chinese students are mainly interdependent-self, and American students are mainly independent-self; culture can influence the self-conscious emotions; independent-self can predict the guilt and the pride; the independent-self is a mediator variable between culture and self-conscious emotion guilt.
引文
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