几类风灾易损建筑台风损伤估计与预测
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摘要
我国是世界上遭受台风灾害最为严重的国家之一,每年因台风灾害造成的经济损失十分惨重。城市各类建(构)筑物的损坏与倒塌是风灾直接损失的主要组成部分,快速预测和评估城市建(构)筑物遭受风灾后的损伤情况,对城市防灾减灾工作至关重要,也是目前土木工程领域急待解决的一个问题。本文对三类典型的城市风灾易损建(构)筑物进行了台风作用下的响应分析,根据实际风灾破坏现象以及荷载与结构相互作用机理,进行成灾机理分析,并分别定量计算了每一类结构的损伤程度。主要内容包括以下几个方面:
(1)基于城市建筑台风损伤机理分析的需要,对台风鹦鹉(No. 0812)和台风黑格比(No. 0814)进行了灾后实地调研。通过调查总结出在台风中容易遭受损伤的建(构)筑物的主要类型,以及主要的损伤模式并分析了原因,最后明确了将轻钢结构工业厂房、户外广告牌以及高层建筑玻璃幕墙三类结构作为本文的主要研究对象。
(2)通过对灾后调查资料和结构破坏现象特点进行分析,得出了台风致结构损伤的4点主要原因,并将台风对建筑结构的作用分为3个方面:外风压、风致内压和风致碎片作用。与现行建筑结构荷载规范中外风压计算方法进行了对比,讨论了台风作用下外风压的计算方法。通过数值风洞方法对多种工况下风致内压分布规律进行了探讨,并提出了台风中风致碎片危险性的分析方法。最后对台风鹦鹉(No. 0812)、台风珍珠(No. 0601)、台风莎莉(No. 9615)和台风黑格比(No. 0814)实测的风速、风向角和风攻角时程数据进行了适当的处理,得到了适用于风灾损伤分析的数据。
(3)对于轻钢结构工业厂房的研究,首先介绍了轻钢结构工业厂房的组成,分析了风灾损伤的主要形式及原因。给出了厂房结构和构件承载力的计算方法,阐述了厂房结构风灾损伤分析方法的步骤,并进行了损伤等级的划分。最后建立了轻钢结构工业厂房模型,并进行了细致的分析,应用台风鹦鹉、珍珠和莎莉的时程数据,实现了轻钢结构工业厂房风灾损伤估计的全过程。
(4)对于户外广告牌的研究,介绍了广告牌的分类,根据调研资料总结归纳出广告牌结构几种主要风灾损伤形式并进行了原因分析,给出了广告牌风灾损伤等级划分的标准。针对每一种损伤原因分析了相应的承载力计算方法。基于台风风压计算的需要,对落地式和屋顶式广告牌进行了风压系数数值模拟。最后以单立柱三面巨型广告牌为例,建立了广告牌有限元模型,进行了台风作用下的风致动力响应分析和静力响应分析,实现了户外广告牌风灾损伤分析的全过程。
(5)对于高层建筑玻璃幕墙风灾损伤的研究,介绍了作为幕墙材料的玻璃的种类和性能,以及目前最为常见的幕墙结构种类。对幕墙风致损伤进行了单片玻璃应力和挠度分析、玻璃幕墙平面内变形能力分析和玻璃幕墙风致碎片损伤分析。基于目前高层建筑在风灾中主要的损伤在于玻璃幕墙风致碎片破坏,最后进行了模型结构玻璃幕墙在台风珍珠和台风莎莉作用下的风致碎片损伤分析。
China is one of the most severe countries suffering from typhoon damage in the whole world, and the economic losses caused by typhoon every year are quite enormous. The damage and collapse of all kinds of structures are the main parts of the direct wind hazard losses. To make an immediate estimation and prediction of damage degree of structures after the landfall of typhoon is very important for government emergency response and the evaluation of capability of urban disaster prevention and reduction, which is also an exigent problem to be solved in civil engineering field. According to the real damage phenomena and load-structure interaction mechanism, the typhoon responses of typical wind vulnerable structures are analyzed by numerical simulation and finite element methods. Furthermore, the wind disaster mechanism is analyzed, and the damage degrees of wind vulnerable structures are quantitatively calculated respectively. The main contents in this paper are shown as following.
(1) For the requirement of the mechanism analysis of typhoon-induced damage of structures, lots of field damage investigations and research were made after typhoon Nuri (No. 0812) and Hagupit (No. 0814) made landfall. According to the investigation results, the typical typhoon vulnerable structures are summarized, meanwhile, the three kinds of structural types studied in this paper are confirmed, which are light steel industrial buildings, outdoor advertisement boards and glass curtain wall of tall buildings.
(2) Based on the post disaster investigation data and structural damage characteristics analysis, five main reasons for typhoon-induced damage are achieved. The typhoon action acted on the structure could be divided into three aspects: external wind pressure, wind-induced internal pressure and wind-borne debris action. Firstly, the calculation method of external wind pressure is discussed by comparing with the method suggested in China Load code for the design of building structures. Secondly, wind-induced internal pressure distribution rules are studied by using numerical wind tunnel method. Thirdly, the risk analysis method of windborne debris is built. At last, the observed time-history data of wind speed, wind direction angle and wind azimuth of typhoon Nuri (No. 0812), Chanchu (No. 0601), Sally (No. 9615) and Hagupit (No. 0814) are processed properly to be used in wind damage estimation.
(3) For the research on the light steel industrial buildings, the components of structures are introduced at first, and then failure modes and reasons for wind induced damage of light steel industrial buildings are analyzed in detail. The calculation method of resistance of the element and the procedure of the damage estimation are described, meanwhile, the damage state of industrial buildings is graded. At last, an example is set by building a model and using three typhoons’data to demonstrate the whole process of damage estimation.
(4) For the research on the outdoor advertisement boards, the classification of advertisement boards is introduced. According to the field investigation information, the typical damage modes and main reasons for destruction of advertisement boards are analyzed. The wind damage states of boards are graded. The calculation method of typhoon load and steel member resistance is given accord with the typical failure modes. Because of the requirement of the calculation of typhoon wind pressure, the model of standing and roof advertisement boards are built through CFD software, and wind pressure distribution of different wind directions is obtained through numerical simulation. At last, a huge three-side advertisement board model is built by using finite element software ANSYS with the obsevred data of typhoon Nuri, Chanchu and Sally as input wind load, meanwhile, the wind induced dynamic and static response of advertisement board are achieved.
(5) For the research on the glass curtain wall of tall buildings, the types and performances of glass are shown, as well as the most common structural types of curtain walls. The study on wind-induced destruction of glass curtain wall is taken from three aspects. Because the wind-borne debris is the most important reason for the wind induced damage of glass curtain wall, a tall building model with glass curtain wall is set, moreover, the wind-borne debris damage estimation of the model under typhoon Chanchu and Sally are achieved.
(1)基于城市建筑台风损伤机理分析的需要,对台风鹦鹉(No. 0812)和台风黑格比(No. 0814)进行了灾后实地调研。通过调查总结出在台风中容易遭受损伤的建(构)筑物的主要类型,以及主要的损伤模式并分析了原因,最后明确了将轻钢结构工业厂房、户外广告牌以及高层建筑玻璃幕墙三类结构作为本文的主要研究对象。
(2)通过对灾后调查资料和结构破坏现象特点进行分析,得出了台风致结构损伤的4点主要原因,并将台风对建筑结构的作用分为3个方面:外风压、风致内压和风致碎片作用。与现行建筑结构荷载规范中外风压计算方法进行了对比,讨论了台风作用下外风压的计算方法。通过数值风洞方法对多种工况下风致内压分布规律进行了探讨,并提出了台风中风致碎片危险性的分析方法。最后对台风鹦鹉(No. 0812)、台风珍珠(No. 0601)、台风莎莉(No. 9615)和台风黑格比(No. 0814)实测的风速、风向角和风攻角时程数据进行了适当的处理,得到了适用于风灾损伤分析的数据。
(3)对于轻钢结构工业厂房的研究,首先介绍了轻钢结构工业厂房的组成,分析了风灾损伤的主要形式及原因。给出了厂房结构和构件承载力的计算方法,阐述了厂房结构风灾损伤分析方法的步骤,并进行了损伤等级的划分。最后建立了轻钢结构工业厂房模型,并进行了细致的分析,应用台风鹦鹉、珍珠和莎莉的时程数据,实现了轻钢结构工业厂房风灾损伤估计的全过程。
(4)对于户外广告牌的研究,介绍了广告牌的分类,根据调研资料总结归纳出广告牌结构几种主要风灾损伤形式并进行了原因分析,给出了广告牌风灾损伤等级划分的标准。针对每一种损伤原因分析了相应的承载力计算方法。基于台风风压计算的需要,对落地式和屋顶式广告牌进行了风压系数数值模拟。最后以单立柱三面巨型广告牌为例,建立了广告牌有限元模型,进行了台风作用下的风致动力响应分析和静力响应分析,实现了户外广告牌风灾损伤分析的全过程。
(5)对于高层建筑玻璃幕墙风灾损伤的研究,介绍了作为幕墙材料的玻璃的种类和性能,以及目前最为常见的幕墙结构种类。对幕墙风致损伤进行了单片玻璃应力和挠度分析、玻璃幕墙平面内变形能力分析和玻璃幕墙风致碎片损伤分析。基于目前高层建筑在风灾中主要的损伤在于玻璃幕墙风致碎片破坏,最后进行了模型结构玻璃幕墙在台风珍珠和台风莎莉作用下的风致碎片损伤分析。
China is one of the most severe countries suffering from typhoon damage in the whole world, and the economic losses caused by typhoon every year are quite enormous. The damage and collapse of all kinds of structures are the main parts of the direct wind hazard losses. To make an immediate estimation and prediction of damage degree of structures after the landfall of typhoon is very important for government emergency response and the evaluation of capability of urban disaster prevention and reduction, which is also an exigent problem to be solved in civil engineering field. According to the real damage phenomena and load-structure interaction mechanism, the typhoon responses of typical wind vulnerable structures are analyzed by numerical simulation and finite element methods. Furthermore, the wind disaster mechanism is analyzed, and the damage degrees of wind vulnerable structures are quantitatively calculated respectively. The main contents in this paper are shown as following.
(1) For the requirement of the mechanism analysis of typhoon-induced damage of structures, lots of field damage investigations and research were made after typhoon Nuri (No. 0812) and Hagupit (No. 0814) made landfall. According to the investigation results, the typical typhoon vulnerable structures are summarized, meanwhile, the three kinds of structural types studied in this paper are confirmed, which are light steel industrial buildings, outdoor advertisement boards and glass curtain wall of tall buildings.
(2) Based on the post disaster investigation data and structural damage characteristics analysis, five main reasons for typhoon-induced damage are achieved. The typhoon action acted on the structure could be divided into three aspects: external wind pressure, wind-induced internal pressure and wind-borne debris action. Firstly, the calculation method of external wind pressure is discussed by comparing with the method suggested in China Load code for the design of building structures. Secondly, wind-induced internal pressure distribution rules are studied by using numerical wind tunnel method. Thirdly, the risk analysis method of windborne debris is built. At last, the observed time-history data of wind speed, wind direction angle and wind azimuth of typhoon Nuri (No. 0812), Chanchu (No. 0601), Sally (No. 9615) and Hagupit (No. 0814) are processed properly to be used in wind damage estimation.
(3) For the research on the light steel industrial buildings, the components of structures are introduced at first, and then failure modes and reasons for wind induced damage of light steel industrial buildings are analyzed in detail. The calculation method of resistance of the element and the procedure of the damage estimation are described, meanwhile, the damage state of industrial buildings is graded. At last, an example is set by building a model and using three typhoons’data to demonstrate the whole process of damage estimation.
(4) For the research on the outdoor advertisement boards, the classification of advertisement boards is introduced. According to the field investigation information, the typical damage modes and main reasons for destruction of advertisement boards are analyzed. The wind damage states of boards are graded. The calculation method of typhoon load and steel member resistance is given accord with the typical failure modes. Because of the requirement of the calculation of typhoon wind pressure, the model of standing and roof advertisement boards are built through CFD software, and wind pressure distribution of different wind directions is obtained through numerical simulation. At last, a huge three-side advertisement board model is built by using finite element software ANSYS with the obsevred data of typhoon Nuri, Chanchu and Sally as input wind load, meanwhile, the wind induced dynamic and static response of advertisement board are achieved.
(5) For the research on the glass curtain wall of tall buildings, the types and performances of glass are shown, as well as the most common structural types of curtain walls. The study on wind-induced destruction of glass curtain wall is taken from three aspects. Because the wind-borne debris is the most important reason for the wind induced damage of glass curtain wall, a tall building model with glass curtain wall is set, moreover, the wind-borne debris damage estimation of the model under typhoon Chanchu and Sally are achieved.
引文
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