基于产业内贸易的农产品竞争优势研究
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摘要
加入WTO后,我国农产品出口面临着一个全新的国际环境,我国的弱势农业与国际强势农业在经济全球化这个巨大的竞技场中相遇,我国农产品出口出现了所谓的“比较优势陷阱”,为了将单纯的比较优势转化为在WTO规则下的竞争优势,最终转化为贸易利益,我国必须要调整自己的农产品贸易发展战略,全面提高本国农业产业的国际竞争力,以具有竞争优势的农产品参与国际竞争,分享国际贸易利益。如何在开放的经济环境中塑造和增强自己农产品的竞争优势,就成为理论界和决策层面临的极具挑战性的战略问题,也是一个非常值得重视的政策问题。
在当今世界,产业内贸易在发达国家贸易中已逐渐取代产业间贸易占据主导地位,成为各国贸易利益的主要来源,发展中国家要真正参与国际经济大循环,加快本国经济发展,参与产业内贸易是不可避免的趋势。产业内贸易发生之后,面对国内外企业不同的竞争条件,国内企业必须寻找更高级、更持久的竞争优势源泉,使得产业的竞争向高层次发展。产业内贸易水平成为衡量一国外贸竞争力的标志,作为发展中的农业大国,为了尽量减少调整成本、获得农产品竞争优势,我们应当认真研究产业内贸易的性质、我国农产品产业内贸易的现状以及促进农产品产业内贸易发展的措施,进而促进我国出口产品结构的升级,进一步提升我国农产品国际贸易的竞争优势,最终达到促进经济发展的目的。
本文采用理论研究与实证分析相结合,定性研究和定量评价相结合的研究方法,在实证分析时既有历史纵向考察,也有跨产品类别的横向分析。
本文对我国农产品产业内贸易和竞争优势发展状况进行了实证分析,研究认为我国农产品竞争优势不强,并有所下降,我国农产品产业内贸易现在仍然以产业间贸易为主,但产业内贸易也在不断扩大,产业内贸易贡献率在不断提高。本文同时对农产品产业内贸易影响因素进行了分析,研究认为农产品产业内贸易的发展主要受到交易费用、产品差异、规模经济、市场结构等因素的影响。本文通过研究我国农产品产业内贸易,探索我国农产品产业内贸易发展的客观规律,以期能够结合中国的具体国情,通过有目的发展产业内贸易,形成中国具有国际竞争力的企业和主导产业,提高我国的农产品产业竞争优势,达到促进经济发展的目的。
最后本文提出了通过发展产业内贸易提升农产品竞争优势的一系列对策建议。企业层面,建议发展差异产品,加强技术创新,培育规模经济;产业层面,建议促进新型产业和主导产业的发展;政府层面,建议提高交易效率,改善竞争环境。
Since China join the World Trade Organization(WTO), the competitiveness of Chinese products in international trade has changed a lot under the influence of various factors . Scholars have found the so-called“Trap of Comparative Advantage”in the performance of the export of agricultural product since China’s entry of WTO. Today china is pushed by a more opening market, How to improve international competitiveness of china’agricultural products become more and more important. It will be a great barrier for a large developing country toward modernization during the new century if it isn’t solved properly. So it has a special significance for economic study and policy advisory.
After World War Two, especially in 1970s' and 1980s',a series of new trends occurred due to scientific & technological development and international competition variation, one is that intra-industry trade (importation and exportation coexists in one industry) takes a large part in international trade, which is unexplainable by conventional theory. According to Theory of Comparative Advantage, because of great difference of factor endowments between developed and developing countries, mutual demand makes international trade happens between these two kinds of countries. But actually, trade happens mostly among developed countries, mainly within industries including large quantity of goods with similar factor intensity. IIT of agricultural products is the fact in international merchandise trade. Since China has entered WTO in 2001, the importance of intra-industry trade is more and more outstanding.
Based on the domestic and foreign economists' research and connecting with China's situation. This paper analyzed the factors affecting IIT and competitive Advantage of our country's agricultural product. After the analysis of the development and trade structure of our country’s agricultural product exporting trade by IIT index as well as the analysis of the change in competitive advantage by competitive advantage index, this paper draws on a conclusion that IIT counld increase the industries competitive advantage in the development of agricultural product exporting trade of our country. Finally, bases on the previous accounts, some suggestions are put forward to comply with this trend.
在当今世界,产业内贸易在发达国家贸易中已逐渐取代产业间贸易占据主导地位,成为各国贸易利益的主要来源,发展中国家要真正参与国际经济大循环,加快本国经济发展,参与产业内贸易是不可避免的趋势。产业内贸易发生之后,面对国内外企业不同的竞争条件,国内企业必须寻找更高级、更持久的竞争优势源泉,使得产业的竞争向高层次发展。产业内贸易水平成为衡量一国外贸竞争力的标志,作为发展中的农业大国,为了尽量减少调整成本、获得农产品竞争优势,我们应当认真研究产业内贸易的性质、我国农产品产业内贸易的现状以及促进农产品产业内贸易发展的措施,进而促进我国出口产品结构的升级,进一步提升我国农产品国际贸易的竞争优势,最终达到促进经济发展的目的。
本文采用理论研究与实证分析相结合,定性研究和定量评价相结合的研究方法,在实证分析时既有历史纵向考察,也有跨产品类别的横向分析。
本文对我国农产品产业内贸易和竞争优势发展状况进行了实证分析,研究认为我国农产品竞争优势不强,并有所下降,我国农产品产业内贸易现在仍然以产业间贸易为主,但产业内贸易也在不断扩大,产业内贸易贡献率在不断提高。本文同时对农产品产业内贸易影响因素进行了分析,研究认为农产品产业内贸易的发展主要受到交易费用、产品差异、规模经济、市场结构等因素的影响。本文通过研究我国农产品产业内贸易,探索我国农产品产业内贸易发展的客观规律,以期能够结合中国的具体国情,通过有目的发展产业内贸易,形成中国具有国际竞争力的企业和主导产业,提高我国的农产品产业竞争优势,达到促进经济发展的目的。
最后本文提出了通过发展产业内贸易提升农产品竞争优势的一系列对策建议。企业层面,建议发展差异产品,加强技术创新,培育规模经济;产业层面,建议促进新型产业和主导产业的发展;政府层面,建议提高交易效率,改善竞争环境。
Since China join the World Trade Organization(WTO), the competitiveness of Chinese products in international trade has changed a lot under the influence of various factors . Scholars have found the so-called“Trap of Comparative Advantage”in the performance of the export of agricultural product since China’s entry of WTO. Today china is pushed by a more opening market, How to improve international competitiveness of china’agricultural products become more and more important. It will be a great barrier for a large developing country toward modernization during the new century if it isn’t solved properly. So it has a special significance for economic study and policy advisory.
After World War Two, especially in 1970s' and 1980s',a series of new trends occurred due to scientific & technological development and international competition variation, one is that intra-industry trade (importation and exportation coexists in one industry) takes a large part in international trade, which is unexplainable by conventional theory. According to Theory of Comparative Advantage, because of great difference of factor endowments between developed and developing countries, mutual demand makes international trade happens between these two kinds of countries. But actually, trade happens mostly among developed countries, mainly within industries including large quantity of goods with similar factor intensity. IIT of agricultural products is the fact in international merchandise trade. Since China has entered WTO in 2001, the importance of intra-industry trade is more and more outstanding.
Based on the domestic and foreign economists' research and connecting with China's situation. This paper analyzed the factors affecting IIT and competitive Advantage of our country's agricultural product. After the analysis of the development and trade structure of our country’s agricultural product exporting trade by IIT index as well as the analysis of the change in competitive advantage by competitive advantage index, this paper draws on a conclusion that IIT counld increase the industries competitive advantage in the development of agricultural product exporting trade of our country. Finally, bases on the previous accounts, some suggestions are put forward to comply with this trend.
引文
[1]庄丽娟.比较优势、竞争优势与农业国际竞争力分析框架.农业经济问题,2004,第6期:19~23.
[2]王佃凯.比较优势陷阱与中国贸易战略选择.经济评论, 2002,第2期:28~31
[3]孙东升.WTO与中国农产品贸易.北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[4]邓秋云.竞争优势相关概念辨析.财经科学,2002,第4期: 96-98
[5]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.第一版.北京:华夏出版社,1997
[6] Prahalad C K, G Hamel. The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 1990,(5):25-43
[7]洪银兴,发展经济学与中国经济发展.北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[8]何新,新国家主义的经济观.时事出版社,2001
[9]西奥多W舒尔茨,改造传统农业.商务印书馆1983
[10]速水佑次朗,弗农·拉坦.农业发展国际分析.中国社会科学出版社,2000
[11]陈富桥.农产品产业内贸易理论与实证研究. [硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学经济贸易学院,2005
[12]裴长洪.利用外资与产业竞争力.社会科学文献出版社,1998
[13]于爱芝.试论我国农产品比较优势与竞争优势.北京市农业管理干部学院学报,13(1):30~31
[14]季明川,邱剑峰.主要农产品的国际比较竞争优势与挑战.山东经济战略研究,2001,第5期:33~35
[15]刘春香,宋玉华.农产品比较优势与竞争力研究.中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004.第4期:8~12
[16]张英玉.WTO框架下农业竞争优势的转变.引进与咨询,2003,第4期:4~5
[17]程国强.中国农产品出口:竞争优势与关键问题.农业经济问题,2005,第5期:18~22
[18]刘春香.比较优势和竞争优势相结合:农业国际竞争力的分析框架.农村经济,2006,第5期:26~28
[19]何正霞.产业内贸易对提高我国外贸竞争力的作用.商业时代,2004,第21期:49~51
[20]苑涛.从产业内贸易看我国的对外贸易竞争优势.社会科学辑刊,2004,第4期:64-69
[21]杨肖敏.从产业内贸易理论的内涵论发挥竞争优势的重要性.山西高等学校社会科学学报,2004,16(5):72~74
[22]强永昌著.产业内贸易理论-国际贸易最新理论.上海:复旦大学出版社,2002
[23] Krugman, P, 1981.Scale economies, product differentiation and pattern of trade.American Economic Review.
[24] Brander,J.A1981.Intra-industry trade in identical commodities.Journal of International Economics
[25] Davis, D.R,1995 ,Intrad-industry trad:a Hechscher-Ohlin Ricardo approach.J.Int.Econ.
[26]谢娟.比较优势与竞争优势的比较研究.国际经济探索,2001,第4期:2~5
[27]徐争辉. WTO框架下中国农产品出口比较优势和竞争优势研究. [硕士学位论文].湖南:湘潭大学,2005
[28]杜珊珊.我国产业内贸易及对产业竞争优势影响研究. [硕士学位论文].南京:河海大学商学院,2006
[29]杨小凯.经济学原理.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998.
[30]张昱.农产品市场竞争力[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2004:56-57
[31]杜红梅,赵佳荣,兰勇.交易效率与农产品竞争优势.湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,7(2):17~20
[32] Larson, D.. Manufacturing Production Techniques and the Evolution of Belgian Trade Specialization. Katholieke University Leuven} International EconomicsResearch Papers No. 20, (Belgian: Leuven), 1978.
[33]黄观带.基于产业内贸易理论的中国一欧盟农产品贸易发展研究. [硕士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学管理学院,2003
[34]徐争辉.论我国农产品的出口竞争优势.湘潭师范学院学报(社会科学版),2005,27(5):42~44
[35]唐敏.比较优势与中国农业的国际竞争力.农业经济问题,2003,第11期:36.
[36]程春梅.中国农业的比较优势和国际竞争力.世界地理研究,2001,第6期:97.
[37]王柄才.产业间贸易理论与产业内贸易理论比较研究.国际贸易问题,1997,第8期:21~28
[38]曾玉珍,曾祥俊.国家竞争优势理论对提高中国农产品市场竞争力和扩大出口的启示.黑龙江农业科学,2004,第5期:25~28
[39]谢娟.比较优势与竞争优势的对比研究.国际经贸探索,2001,第4期:2~5
[40]罗余才.我国农产品贸易中的产业内贸易.农村经济, 2002,第9期:10~12
[41]刘晴.我国农产品产业内贸易发展的路径研究.安徽农业科学,2007,35(19):5916—5917
[42]褚鹏鹏.山东省农产品产业内贸易的实证研究.山东经济,2007,第1期: 151~154
[43]王娟.中国-东盟产业内贸易的实证分析. [硕士学位论文].广西:广西大学国际贸易,2004
[44]李异群,贾国强.我国农产品在WTO框架下的竞争优势及对策.农业经济, 1999,第11期:11~12
[45]宋玉华,刘春香.我国农业产业内贸易的实证研究.中国农村经济,2004,第2期:31~37
[46]潘文卿.面对WTO中国农产品外贸优势及战略选择.农业经济问题,2000,第10期:6~12
[2]王佃凯.比较优势陷阱与中国贸易战略选择.经济评论, 2002,第2期:28~31
[3]孙东升.WTO与中国农产品贸易.北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[4]邓秋云.竞争优势相关概念辨析.财经科学,2002,第4期: 96-98
[5]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.第一版.北京:华夏出版社,1997
[6] Prahalad C K, G Hamel. The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 1990,(5):25-43
[7]洪银兴,发展经济学与中国经济发展.北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[8]何新,新国家主义的经济观.时事出版社,2001
[9]西奥多W舒尔茨,改造传统农业.商务印书馆1983
[10]速水佑次朗,弗农·拉坦.农业发展国际分析.中国社会科学出版社,2000
[11]陈富桥.农产品产业内贸易理论与实证研究. [硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学经济贸易学院,2005
[12]裴长洪.利用外资与产业竞争力.社会科学文献出版社,1998
[13]于爱芝.试论我国农产品比较优势与竞争优势.北京市农业管理干部学院学报,13(1):30~31
[14]季明川,邱剑峰.主要农产品的国际比较竞争优势与挑战.山东经济战略研究,2001,第5期:33~35
[15]刘春香,宋玉华.农产品比较优势与竞争力研究.中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004.第4期:8~12
[16]张英玉.WTO框架下农业竞争优势的转变.引进与咨询,2003,第4期:4~5
[17]程国强.中国农产品出口:竞争优势与关键问题.农业经济问题,2005,第5期:18~22
[18]刘春香.比较优势和竞争优势相结合:农业国际竞争力的分析框架.农村经济,2006,第5期:26~28
[19]何正霞.产业内贸易对提高我国外贸竞争力的作用.商业时代,2004,第21期:49~51
[20]苑涛.从产业内贸易看我国的对外贸易竞争优势.社会科学辑刊,2004,第4期:64-69
[21]杨肖敏.从产业内贸易理论的内涵论发挥竞争优势的重要性.山西高等学校社会科学学报,2004,16(5):72~74
[22]强永昌著.产业内贸易理论-国际贸易最新理论.上海:复旦大学出版社,2002
[23] Krugman, P, 1981.Scale economies, product differentiation and pattern of trade.American Economic Review.
[24] Brander,J.A1981.Intra-industry trade in identical commodities.Journal of International Economics
[25] Davis, D.R,1995 ,Intrad-industry trad:a Hechscher-Ohlin Ricardo approach.J.Int.Econ.
[26]谢娟.比较优势与竞争优势的比较研究.国际经济探索,2001,第4期:2~5
[27]徐争辉. WTO框架下中国农产品出口比较优势和竞争优势研究. [硕士学位论文].湖南:湘潭大学,2005
[28]杜珊珊.我国产业内贸易及对产业竞争优势影响研究. [硕士学位论文].南京:河海大学商学院,2006
[29]杨小凯.经济学原理.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998.
[30]张昱.农产品市场竞争力[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2004:56-57
[31]杜红梅,赵佳荣,兰勇.交易效率与农产品竞争优势.湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,7(2):17~20
[32] Larson, D.. Manufacturing Production Techniques and the Evolution of Belgian Trade Specialization. Katholieke University Leuven} International EconomicsResearch Papers No. 20, (Belgian: Leuven), 1978.
[33]黄观带.基于产业内贸易理论的中国一欧盟农产品贸易发展研究. [硕士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学管理学院,2003
[34]徐争辉.论我国农产品的出口竞争优势.湘潭师范学院学报(社会科学版),2005,27(5):42~44
[35]唐敏.比较优势与中国农业的国际竞争力.农业经济问题,2003,第11期:36.
[36]程春梅.中国农业的比较优势和国际竞争力.世界地理研究,2001,第6期:97.
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