死刑存废之争的伦理分析
摘要
1764年,意大利著名法理学家贝卡利亚在其所著《论犯罪与刑罚》中就死刑问题做了详细评述,并主张死刑应该被废除。自他之后的200多年,世界各国的司法实务工作者和法学家就此问题进行了持续很长时间的讨论。可是一直到今天,刑事司法领域的热门话题之一仍然有死刑存废。伴随着我国经济、政治体制改革的不断深化,死刑的存废问题也在我国引起许多学者积极的讨论,不少人对此提出了很多很好的想法和建议,他们这些有益的探索都为我们进一步深入思考死刑的存废提供了积极的帮助。虽然探讨中国死刑存废的学术论文和专著已不断涌现,但我国伦理学界至今对此社会热点问题表现得比较冷淡,为了体现出伦理学对现实热点问题的关注,本文力图从公正、人道和功利的角度来对死刑存废之争做一番伦理探析,以期对该问题的进一步探讨有新裨益。
In 1764, the Italian jurist Beccaria in his famous work“On crime and punishment”to do on the death penalty system is discussed in detail and put forward the idea of abolishing the death penalty. More than 200 years after the world jurists of the practitioners and the judiciary on this issue had a long discussion and argument. To this day, the retention or abolition of the death penalty is still the field of criminal justice, one of the hot topics. Along with the deepening of reform of the political system, with regard to the retention or abolition of the death penalty in China is also attracted wide attention and positive discussions, many jurists have made a lot of good ideas and recommendations, which are for our further Reflections on the retention or abolition of the death penalty provides a useful source of inspiration and help. Although the retention or abolition of the death penalty in China to explore the academic theory has been the emergence, but the ethics of our profession to reflect on this issue so far seems positive enough, in order to reflect the ethics of the real world issues, This article seeks a just, humane and utilitarian point of view to the retention or abolition of the death penalty to become some of the ethical analysis, with a view to further explore the issue of benefits.
In 1764, the Italian jurist Beccaria in his famous work“On crime and punishment”to do on the death penalty system is discussed in detail and put forward the idea of abolishing the death penalty. More than 200 years after the world jurists of the practitioners and the judiciary on this issue had a long discussion and argument. To this day, the retention or abolition of the death penalty is still the field of criminal justice, one of the hot topics. Along with the deepening of reform of the political system, with regard to the retention or abolition of the death penalty in China is also attracted wide attention and positive discussions, many jurists have made a lot of good ideas and recommendations, which are for our further Reflections on the retention or abolition of the death penalty provides a useful source of inspiration and help. Although the retention or abolition of the death penalty in China to explore the academic theory has been the emergence, but the ethics of our profession to reflect on this issue so far seems positive enough, in order to reflect the ethics of the real world issues, This article seeks a just, humane and utilitarian point of view to the retention or abolition of the death penalty to become some of the ethical analysis, with a view to further explore the issue of benefits.
引文
[1] [意]贝卡里亚著.黄风译.论犯罪与刑罚.北京:中国法制出版社,2002
[2] [德]博登海默.邓正来译.法理学:法律哲学与法律方法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999
[3] [英]边沁.孙力等译.立法理论一刑法典原理.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1993
[4] [意]加罗法洛.耿伟等译.犯罪学.北京:中国大百科全书出版社, 1996
[5] [德]康德.沈叔平译.法的形而上学原理——权利的科学.北京:商务印书馆, 1991
[6] [古希腊]亚里士多德.伦理学.北京:商务印书馆, 1993
[7] [德]黑格尔.范扬、张企泰译.法哲学原理.北京:商务印书馆,1961
[8] [德]黑格尔.杨一之译.逻辑学.北京:商务印书馆,1982
[9] [英]休谟.关文运译.人性论.北京:商务印书馆,1980
[10] [德]弗里德里希·包尔生.何怀宏、廖申白译.伦理学体系.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988
[11] [美]罗尔斯.何怀宏等译.正义论.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988
[12] [美]阿拉斯戴尔·麦金太尔.龚群等译.德性之后.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1995
[13] [日]小仓志祥.吴清涛译.伦理学概论.北京:中国社会科学出版社, 1990
[14] [苏联]A.古谢伊诺夫、伊尔利特茨.西方伦理学简史.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1992
[15] [英]霍布斯.黎思复译.利维坦.北京:商务印书馆,1985
[16] [英]哈特.惩罚与责任.北京:华夏出版社,1989
[17] [美]戈尔丁.法律哲学.上海:三联书店,1987
[18] [日]木村龟二.刑罚学词典.上海:翻译出版社,1991
[19]赵秉志等译.现代死刑概况.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1992
[20]高铭暄、马克昌主编刑法学.北京:北京大学出版社&高等教育出版社, 2000
[21]陈光中、徐静村主编刑事诉讼法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社, 2001
[22]马克昌主编刑罚通论.湖北:武汉大学出版社,1995
[23]马克昌主编近代西方刑法学说史略.北京:中国检察出版社,1996
[24]周辅成主编西方伦理学名著选辑.北京:商务印书馆,1987
[25]贾宇主编死刑研究.北京:法律出版社,2006
[26]罗国杰、宋希仁.西方伦理思想史.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1988
[27]万俊人.现代西方伦理学史.北京:北京大学出版社,1999
[28]张明楷.刑法的基本立场.北京:中国法制出版社,2002
[29]陈兴良.本体刑法学.北京:商务印书馆,2001
[30]陈兴良.刑法哲学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000
[31]陈兴良.刑法的启蒙.北京:法律出版社,2003
[32]陈兴良.死刑备忘录.湖北:武汉大学出版社,2006
[33]胡云腾.存与废——死刑基本理论研究.北京:法律出版社,2000
[34]杨世云、窦希琨.比较监狱学.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1991
[35]胡云腾.死刑通论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1995
[36]菲利.实证派犯罪学.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004
[37]梁根林.刑事政策学:立场与范畴.北京:法律出版社,2005
[38]刘仁文.刑事政策初步.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004
[39]何显明.中国人的死亡心态.上海:上海文化出版社,1993
[40]任喜荣.伦理刑法及其终结.吉林:吉林人民出版社,2005
[41]邱兴隆.关于惩罚的哲学:刑罚根据论.北京:法律出版社,2000
[42]钊作俊.死刑限制论.湖北:武汉大学出版社,2001
[43]钊作俊.死刑适用论.北京:人民法院出版社,2003
[44]周其华.错案与旧证.北京:中国方正出版社,2005
[45]张智辉.理性地对待犯罪.北京:法律出版社,2003
[46]刘旺洪.法律意识论.北京:法律出版社,2001
[47]梅传强.犯罪心理生成机制研究.北京:中国检察出版社,2004
[48]陈化杰.论死刑适用的标准.北京:人民法院出版社,2004
[49]邱国梁.犯罪心理学的理论与运用研究.北京:群众出版社,2005
[50]武树臣.中国法律思想史.北京:法律出版社,2004
[51]代峰、杨楹.人性与人的本质——兼论马克思主义的人的本质观.哈尔滨学院学报,2002(5)
[52]侯国云.死刑存废的理论根据及其评价.刑事法学,2002 (2)
[53]张远煌.我国死刑适用标准的缺陷及其弥补方法.刑事法学,2002(2)
[54]卢建平、李山河.中国废除死刑的路径选择.刑事法学,2002 (2)
[55]钊作俊.现代死刑问题研究述评.中国刑事法杂志,1999(1)
[56]林山田.刑罚学.台北:商务印书馆股份有限公司,1983
[57] [法]卢梭.社会契约论.何兆武译.北京:商务印书馆,1980
[58] [英]洛克.政府论.启芳、瞿菊农译.北京:商务印书馆,1980
[59] [美]莫蒂默·艾德伦、查尔斯·范多伦.西方思想宝库.吉林:吉林人民出版社,1988
[60]邱兴隆.美国死刑遏制之争概览.外国法学研究.1985(1)
[61] [意]恩利克·菲利.犯罪社会学.郭建安译.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社, 1990
[62]刘丽.论我国刑法典中死刑立法的演变与控制.政法学刊,1999(3)
[63] [日]团藤重光.死刑废止论.日本:有斐阁出版社,1992
[64]程汉大主编英国法制史.山东:齐鲁书社,2001.
[65]李贵连.沈家本与中国法制现代化.上海:光明日报社,1984
[66]陈兴良主编中国死刑检讨.北京:中国警察出版社,2003
[67] [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神.张雁深译.北京:商务印书馆,1961
[68]高明暄、陈兴良.挑战与机遇——面向市场经济的刑法学研究.中国法学,1993(6)
[69] Leon Radzinowicz,A History of English Criminal low and its Administration from 1750, Vol. 1, London: Stevens and Sons Limited.,1981.
[70] Sir W.Morberly,The Ethics of Punishment,Faber and Fa-ber, 1968.
[71] Nils Christie, Limits to pain,Oslo, Norway: Universitets for Laget,1981.
[72] Philip Bean , Punishment:A Philosophical and Criminological Inquiry, Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1981.
[73] Emest van den Haag, Punishing Criminals: Conceming A very Old and Painful Question, New York:: Basic Books, Inc. Publish-ers, 1975.
[74] Paul B.Horton and Gerald R.Leslie,The Sociology of Social Problems,4th Ed, New York :Appleton Century Crofts, 1970.
[75] Pillipson,Three Criminal Reformers,University of cambridge,1985
[76] Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, Punishment and the Death Penalty: The Current Debate, Prometheus Books ,1995 .
[77] Barbara Wootton, Crime and Criminal Law, London: Ste-vens and Son, Ltd, 1963.
[78] Phoebe C. Ellsworth and Lee Ross,“Public Opinion arzd Capital Punishnzent”, Crime and Delirzquetzcy, V01. 29, N0 1.Jan,1983.
[79] Adrew von Hirsch, Past or Future Crimes:Deservedness and Dangerousness in the Sentencing of Criminals , New Brunswick and London Rutgers University Press, 1987.
①马克思恩格斯选集(第二卷).北京:人民出版社1972,第142页
①马克思恩格斯选集(第一卷).北京:人民出版社1995,第294页
①马克思恩格斯选集(第一卷).北京:人民出版社1995,第60页
①韩东屏.评判死刑存废之争.湖南:湖南社会科学,2007(3)
[2] [德]博登海默.邓正来译.法理学:法律哲学与法律方法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999
[3] [英]边沁.孙力等译.立法理论一刑法典原理.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1993
[4] [意]加罗法洛.耿伟等译.犯罪学.北京:中国大百科全书出版社, 1996
[5] [德]康德.沈叔平译.法的形而上学原理——权利的科学.北京:商务印书馆, 1991
[6] [古希腊]亚里士多德.伦理学.北京:商务印书馆, 1993
[7] [德]黑格尔.范扬、张企泰译.法哲学原理.北京:商务印书馆,1961
[8] [德]黑格尔.杨一之译.逻辑学.北京:商务印书馆,1982
[9] [英]休谟.关文运译.人性论.北京:商务印书馆,1980
[10] [德]弗里德里希·包尔生.何怀宏、廖申白译.伦理学体系.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988
[11] [美]罗尔斯.何怀宏等译.正义论.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988
[12] [美]阿拉斯戴尔·麦金太尔.龚群等译.德性之后.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1995
[13] [日]小仓志祥.吴清涛译.伦理学概论.北京:中国社会科学出版社, 1990
[14] [苏联]A.古谢伊诺夫、伊尔利特茨.西方伦理学简史.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1992
[15] [英]霍布斯.黎思复译.利维坦.北京:商务印书馆,1985
[16] [英]哈特.惩罚与责任.北京:华夏出版社,1989
[17] [美]戈尔丁.法律哲学.上海:三联书店,1987
[18] [日]木村龟二.刑罚学词典.上海:翻译出版社,1991
[19]赵秉志等译.现代死刑概况.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1992
[20]高铭暄、马克昌主编刑法学.北京:北京大学出版社&高等教育出版社, 2000
[21]陈光中、徐静村主编刑事诉讼法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社, 2001
[22]马克昌主编刑罚通论.湖北:武汉大学出版社,1995
[23]马克昌主编近代西方刑法学说史略.北京:中国检察出版社,1996
[24]周辅成主编西方伦理学名著选辑.北京:商务印书馆,1987
[25]贾宇主编死刑研究.北京:法律出版社,2006
[26]罗国杰、宋希仁.西方伦理思想史.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1988
[27]万俊人.现代西方伦理学史.北京:北京大学出版社,1999
[28]张明楷.刑法的基本立场.北京:中国法制出版社,2002
[29]陈兴良.本体刑法学.北京:商务印书馆,2001
[30]陈兴良.刑法哲学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000
[31]陈兴良.刑法的启蒙.北京:法律出版社,2003
[32]陈兴良.死刑备忘录.湖北:武汉大学出版社,2006
[33]胡云腾.存与废——死刑基本理论研究.北京:法律出版社,2000
[34]杨世云、窦希琨.比较监狱学.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1991
[35]胡云腾.死刑通论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1995
[36]菲利.实证派犯罪学.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004
[37]梁根林.刑事政策学:立场与范畴.北京:法律出版社,2005
[38]刘仁文.刑事政策初步.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004
[39]何显明.中国人的死亡心态.上海:上海文化出版社,1993
[40]任喜荣.伦理刑法及其终结.吉林:吉林人民出版社,2005
[41]邱兴隆.关于惩罚的哲学:刑罚根据论.北京:法律出版社,2000
[42]钊作俊.死刑限制论.湖北:武汉大学出版社,2001
[43]钊作俊.死刑适用论.北京:人民法院出版社,2003
[44]周其华.错案与旧证.北京:中国方正出版社,2005
[45]张智辉.理性地对待犯罪.北京:法律出版社,2003
[46]刘旺洪.法律意识论.北京:法律出版社,2001
[47]梅传强.犯罪心理生成机制研究.北京:中国检察出版社,2004
[48]陈化杰.论死刑适用的标准.北京:人民法院出版社,2004
[49]邱国梁.犯罪心理学的理论与运用研究.北京:群众出版社,2005
[50]武树臣.中国法律思想史.北京:法律出版社,2004
[51]代峰、杨楹.人性与人的本质——兼论马克思主义的人的本质观.哈尔滨学院学报,2002(5)
[52]侯国云.死刑存废的理论根据及其评价.刑事法学,2002 (2)
[53]张远煌.我国死刑适用标准的缺陷及其弥补方法.刑事法学,2002(2)
[54]卢建平、李山河.中国废除死刑的路径选择.刑事法学,2002 (2)
[55]钊作俊.现代死刑问题研究述评.中国刑事法杂志,1999(1)
[56]林山田.刑罚学.台北:商务印书馆股份有限公司,1983
[57] [法]卢梭.社会契约论.何兆武译.北京:商务印书馆,1980
[58] [英]洛克.政府论.启芳、瞿菊农译.北京:商务印书馆,1980
[59] [美]莫蒂默·艾德伦、查尔斯·范多伦.西方思想宝库.吉林:吉林人民出版社,1988
[60]邱兴隆.美国死刑遏制之争概览.外国法学研究.1985(1)
[61] [意]恩利克·菲利.犯罪社会学.郭建安译.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社, 1990
[62]刘丽.论我国刑法典中死刑立法的演变与控制.政法学刊,1999(3)
[63] [日]团藤重光.死刑废止论.日本:有斐阁出版社,1992
[64]程汉大主编英国法制史.山东:齐鲁书社,2001.
[65]李贵连.沈家本与中国法制现代化.上海:光明日报社,1984
[66]陈兴良主编中国死刑检讨.北京:中国警察出版社,2003
[67] [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神.张雁深译.北京:商务印书馆,1961
[68]高明暄、陈兴良.挑战与机遇——面向市场经济的刑法学研究.中国法学,1993(6)
[69] Leon Radzinowicz,A History of English Criminal low and its Administration from 1750, Vol. 1, London: Stevens and Sons Limited.,1981.
[70] Sir W.Morberly,The Ethics of Punishment,Faber and Fa-ber, 1968.
[71] Nils Christie, Limits to pain,Oslo, Norway: Universitets for Laget,1981.
[72] Philip Bean , Punishment:A Philosophical and Criminological Inquiry, Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1981.
[73] Emest van den Haag, Punishing Criminals: Conceming A very Old and Painful Question, New York:: Basic Books, Inc. Publish-ers, 1975.
[74] Paul B.Horton and Gerald R.Leslie,The Sociology of Social Problems,4th Ed, New York :Appleton Century Crofts, 1970.
[75] Pillipson,Three Criminal Reformers,University of cambridge,1985
[76] Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, Punishment and the Death Penalty: The Current Debate, Prometheus Books ,1995 .
[77] Barbara Wootton, Crime and Criminal Law, London: Ste-vens and Son, Ltd, 1963.
[78] Phoebe C. Ellsworth and Lee Ross,“Public Opinion arzd Capital Punishnzent”, Crime and Delirzquetzcy, V01. 29, N0 1.Jan,1983.
[79] Adrew von Hirsch, Past or Future Crimes:Deservedness and Dangerousness in the Sentencing of Criminals , New Brunswick and London Rutgers University Press, 1987.
①马克思恩格斯选集(第二卷).北京:人民出版社1972,第142页
①马克思恩格斯选集(第一卷).北京:人民出版社1995,第294页
①马克思恩格斯选集(第一卷).北京:人民出版社1995,第60页
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