污染土壤修复基准建立的方法体系、案例研究与评价
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摘要
为了今后我国在国家层面上建立污染土壤修复基准系统,促进我国国家生态安全体系的建立,本研究对国外发达国家建立污染土壤修复基准的情况进行了系统详细的文献检索。结合一些发达国家土壤修复标准以及我国土壤污染实际情况,提出建立污染土壤修复标准应从多方面综合考虑。并且以铅和乙草胺两种在我国东北地区普遍存在的污染物作为研究对象,首次开展区域水平上建立污染土壤修复基准方法和修复效果评判的尝试性研究。
通过农作物(小麦、大豆和白菜)发芽毒理实验,以食品卫生标准为反推基础的农作物毒物吸收实验,土壤动物毒理实验,生化水平毒理实验,土壤化学毒理实验和土壤酶学水平效应实验得出对土壤中主要组分和功能不产生影响,棕壤中乙草胺和铅浓度阈值。其基准不是所谓的不产生不良或有害影响的最大单一浓度或单一的无作用剂量,而是一个基于不同保护对象的多目标函数或一个范围值,所以对于不同的修复要求和保护对象确定乙草胺的修复阈值为0.4~12 mg·kg-1,铅的修复阈值为3.98~793 mg·kg-1。
以沈阳某冶炼厂废弃厂区重金属污染监测为依据,采用美国环保局(US EPA)最新的人类健康风险评价标准方法对冶炼厂废弃地块污染土壤进行评价的结果显示:冶炼厂厂区内土壤污染非常严重;无论是工业用地假设还是休闲用地假设,由无机Cu造成的人类健康风险在整个风险中所占的比例最大;单纯依靠US EPA的健康风险评价并不能正确指示出土壤的潜在风险。运用土壤酶、暴露在土壤环境中的陆生植物以及与土壤环境直接接触的无脊椎动物等可靠的生态毒理指标,来判定、评价污染土壤的修复效果是可行的。
With the rapid development of remediation technology for contaminated soils in China in recent years, the remediation standard has become a choke point to judge the effectivity of the remediation of the contaminated soils. In this paper, we studied the remediation standards of the other countries and analyzed the disadvantages of Environmental quality standard for soils in China. It was emphasized that the choice of contaminations, rules of detection, classified contaminated soils, protection of groundwater and toxicological risk assessments should be fully considered in the enactment of remediation standards. We studied the Pb and acetochlor which were pollutions existed widely in northeastern China. It is the first attempt to enactment a remediation standards and assessment about remedial soil in area.
By testing the inhibition of seed germination and root elongation of crops (Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekimensis), soybean (Glycine max), wheat (Triticum aestivum)), by test of the food quality standard and a maximum acceptable damage of wheat (Triticum aestivum), by testing the toxicological effects on earthworms, by testing the physiological mechanisms in wheat that stressed by Pb and acetochlor, and by testing the transfer of Pb in soil and by test the effect of soil enzyme activities, we got the remediation of standard of Pb and acetochlor were 3.98~793 mg·kg-1 and 0.4~12 mg·kg-1。They are the strictest standard for agriculture soil. There is no distinct effect on all the part of the soil system.
On the basis of investigation of heavy metals pollution in the Shenyang smeltery site, we assessed the human health risk by using the United States Environmental Protection Agency methodologies for human health risk assessment. For the defined future land use patterns, the industrial (I) and recreational (II) exposure scenarios were assumed and evaluated. The results of the human health risk assessment indicated that the soil was serious pollution and the potential health risks at Shenyang smeltery soil were mainly associated with the exposure to copper (industrial and recreational scenarios). The risk-based remedial goals calculated under the industrial scenario were lower than environment quality risk assessment criteria for soil at manufacturing facilities of China. The human health risk assessment only can not completely express the potential risk of soil. But the test of seed germination, crop growth, and the toxicological effects on earthworms can demonstrate the holistic characteristic of soil quality.
通过农作物(小麦、大豆和白菜)发芽毒理实验,以食品卫生标准为反推基础的农作物毒物吸收实验,土壤动物毒理实验,生化水平毒理实验,土壤化学毒理实验和土壤酶学水平效应实验得出对土壤中主要组分和功能不产生影响,棕壤中乙草胺和铅浓度阈值。其基准不是所谓的不产生不良或有害影响的最大单一浓度或单一的无作用剂量,而是一个基于不同保护对象的多目标函数或一个范围值,所以对于不同的修复要求和保护对象确定乙草胺的修复阈值为0.4~12 mg·kg-1,铅的修复阈值为3.98~793 mg·kg-1。
以沈阳某冶炼厂废弃厂区重金属污染监测为依据,采用美国环保局(US EPA)最新的人类健康风险评价标准方法对冶炼厂废弃地块污染土壤进行评价的结果显示:冶炼厂厂区内土壤污染非常严重;无论是工业用地假设还是休闲用地假设,由无机Cu造成的人类健康风险在整个风险中所占的比例最大;单纯依靠US EPA的健康风险评价并不能正确指示出土壤的潜在风险。运用土壤酶、暴露在土壤环境中的陆生植物以及与土壤环境直接接触的无脊椎动物等可靠的生态毒理指标,来判定、评价污染土壤的修复效果是可行的。
With the rapid development of remediation technology for contaminated soils in China in recent years, the remediation standard has become a choke point to judge the effectivity of the remediation of the contaminated soils. In this paper, we studied the remediation standards of the other countries and analyzed the disadvantages of Environmental quality standard for soils in China. It was emphasized that the choice of contaminations, rules of detection, classified contaminated soils, protection of groundwater and toxicological risk assessments should be fully considered in the enactment of remediation standards. We studied the Pb and acetochlor which were pollutions existed widely in northeastern China. It is the first attempt to enactment a remediation standards and assessment about remedial soil in area.
By testing the inhibition of seed germination and root elongation of crops (Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekimensis), soybean (Glycine max), wheat (Triticum aestivum)), by test of the food quality standard and a maximum acceptable damage of wheat (Triticum aestivum), by testing the toxicological effects on earthworms, by testing the physiological mechanisms in wheat that stressed by Pb and acetochlor, and by testing the transfer of Pb in soil and by test the effect of soil enzyme activities, we got the remediation of standard of Pb and acetochlor were 3.98~793 mg·kg-1 and 0.4~12 mg·kg-1。They are the strictest standard for agriculture soil. There is no distinct effect on all the part of the soil system.
On the basis of investigation of heavy metals pollution in the Shenyang smeltery site, we assessed the human health risk by using the United States Environmental Protection Agency methodologies for human health risk assessment. For the defined future land use patterns, the industrial (I) and recreational (II) exposure scenarios were assumed and evaluated. The results of the human health risk assessment indicated that the soil was serious pollution and the potential health risks at Shenyang smeltery soil were mainly associated with the exposure to copper (industrial and recreational scenarios). The risk-based remedial goals calculated under the industrial scenario were lower than environment quality risk assessment criteria for soil at manufacturing facilities of China. The human health risk assessment only can not completely express the potential risk of soil. But the test of seed germination, crop growth, and the toxicological effects on earthworms can demonstrate the holistic characteristic of soil quality.
引文
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