黄土区土壤水分对典型植物有效性的研究
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摘要
黄土高原地区水资源匮乏,气候暖干化背景下土壤干燥化不断加剧,生态和农业可持续发展都面临严峻挑战。研究不同土壤质地、植物及气象条件下土壤水分有效性对黄土高原植被恢复和发展旱地农业具有指导意义。本文选取3种代表性土壤、2种代表性作物和一种常见造林树种进行盆栽及田间小区的控水试验,观测不同水分处理条件下植物的生长、蒸腾和光合等生理参数的变化,系统分析了不同土壤、气象和植物条件下的土壤水分有效性,并借助Hydrus-1D模型从理论上探讨了不同因子对植物水分有效性的影响。取得如下结论:
(1)比较了盆栽和田间小区试验作物生长和蒸腾对水分亏缺的响应,发现:盆栽玉米和小麦的绝对生长量和蒸腾量明显低于田间小区,但是盆栽和田间小区作物的相对生长和相对蒸腾随土壤含水量的动态变化没有明显差异。
(2)分析了不同生理指标评价土壤水分有效性的差异,发现:不同指标随土壤含水量的动态变化具有一致的规律,即都存在阈值反应。不同指标的土壤水分阈值不同,瞬时指标的水分阈值低于日指标和生育期指标,与生长有关的指标的水分阈值低于与蒸腾有关的指标,灌浆前日蒸腾的水分阈值高于灌浆后日蒸腾,而灌浆前后生长指标的土壤水分阈值差异不明显。
(3)研究了不同质地、不同植物土壤水分有效性的差异,发现:玉米各项生理指标的土壤水分阈值塿土最高、黑垆土和黄绵土相近,在田间稳定湿度附近,土壤水分有效性黑垆土>黄绵土>塿土;小麦各项植物指标的土壤水分阈值黄绵土最高、塿土居中、黑垆土最低,在田间稳定湿度附近,土壤水分有效性黑垆土>塿土>黄绵土;刺槐各项指标的土壤水分阈值塿土最高、黄绵土居中、黑垆土最低,在田间稳定湿度附近土壤水分有效性,塿土>黑垆土>黄绵土。
(4)分析气象因子对土壤水分有效性的影响,发现:塿土的水分有效性在高温时不受湿度影响,在低温时随湿度升高而降低;黄绵土的植物水分有效性在高温时随湿度升高而升高,在低温时随湿度升高而降低;玉米3种土壤的盆栽试验中土壤水分阈值随大气蒸发力虽有升高但升高不明显;小麦3种土壤试验中土壤水分阈值随大气蒸发力的升高而升高,且ET0 > 3.0 mm d-1时土壤水分阈值有明显升高;刺槐3种土壤试验中黄绵土的土壤水分阈值在ET0 > 3.0 mm d-1时明显升高,塿土和黑垆土的水分阈值随大气蒸发力的升高反而明显降低。
(5)利用Hydrus-1D模型模拟土壤水分有效性动态变化过程及其影响因素,发现:大气蒸发力和叶面积指数对土壤水分有效性动态变化曲线的形状没有明显影响,对土壤水分阈值略有影响;而根系深度和根系分布形状不仅对土壤水分有效性动态变化曲线的形状有影响,而且对土壤水分阈值影响的也很大;3种土壤以绝对含水量表示的水分阈值大小顺序是塿土>黑垆土>黄绵土;根系吸水速率的土壤水分阈值随着大气蒸发力的升高而升高,但还受其叶面积指数、根系深度和根系分布影响;在冠层郁闭前后土壤水分阈值随叶面积指数的变化不同;随着根系深度和深层根系分布的增加土壤水分阈值降低,但是在黄绵土中降低程度小于塿土和黑垆土。
本研究结果表明,利用归一化植物生理指标研究盆栽试验中土壤水分对作物的有效性可以应用到田间,评价土壤水分有效性的结果会因所用指标的时间尺度、生育期及涉及生理过程不同而有差异,土壤水分有效性是土壤质地、气象条件和植物生长状况等因素综合影响下植物对土壤水分变化的响应。
Water resources shortage is very severe in the Loess Plateau of China. The climate warming and drying in this area is leading to a further decline of soil water reserve, which challenges the ecological and agricultural sustainable development. Studying on the dynamics of soil water availability for different plants in different textured soils, and under different weather conditions could guide for the vegetation restoration and the development of the dryland farming. In this study, three typical textured soils (loamy clay, clay loam and sandy loam) collected from different area in the Loess Plateau were selected for growing maize (Zea Mays L.), winter wheat(Triticum Aestivum L.), and black locust (Robinia Pseudoacacia L.) under six different constant soil water levels in the pots and under three water treatments in the plots. The plant growth and transpiration and photosynthetic parameters were measured in different soil water treatments. The effects of soil texture, plant and weather conditions on soil water availability were systemically analyzed based on these measurements. With the Hydrus-1D model, the factors affecting the response of root water uptake to soil water availability were discussed on a theoretical basis. The main conclusions of this study were as follows:
(1) The responses of plant growth and transpiration of maize and winter wheat to soil water stress were compared between the pot and plot experiments. Characteristic responses of the various plant indices to changes in the soil water content obtained in the pot experiment were applicable to the field, although large differences were found between the plants grown in the pots and plots when considering their absolute plant growth and total transpiration.
(2) The dynamic aspects of soil water availability were compared among different physiological indices. With the linear-plateau function, the dynamic aspects of soil water availability for various physiological indices showed the same trend with a threshold response. The threshold values for the indices over the transient time scale were lower than that over the daily and seasonal scales. The threshold values for indices related to growth were lower than that related to transpiration. Higher threshold value was obtained for daily transpiration before the filling stage, however, no significant difference were obtained between the threshold values for indices related to growth before and after the filling stage.
(3) The dynamic aspects of soil water availability for various physiological indices of maize, winter wheat and black locust were also compared among different soils. The average threshold values of relative soil water content for maize were larger for the loamy clay than clay loam and sandy loam; near the broken capillary moisture, soil water availability for maize was the largest for the clay loam, the medium for the sandy loam and the least for the clay loam. The average threshold values of relative soil water content for winter wheat were the largest for the sandy loam, the medium for the loamy clay and the least for the clay loam; near broken capillary moisture, soil water availability for winter wheat was the largest for the clay loam, the medium for the loamy clay and the least for the sandy loam; The average threshold values of relative soil water content for black locust were the largest for loamy clay, the medium for the sandy loam and the least for the clay loam; near broken capillary moisture, soil water availability was the largest for the loamy clay, the medium for the clay loam and the least for the sandy loam. The capacity of draught resistance was the largest for black locust, the medium for winter wheat and the least for maize.
(4) By comparing the dynamic aspects of soil water availability under different weather conditions, we found that soil water availability in the loamy clay was insusceptible to humidity variation under high temperature, but increased with the humidity increasing under low temperature; soil water availability in the sandy loam increased with humidity increasing under high temperature and decreased with humidity increasing under high temperature; The effects of evaporative demand on the dynamic aspects of soil water availability were different among different textured soils and plant types. For maize, the threshold values of soil water content increased with the evaporative demand increasing, but no significant difference could be found among different ET0 levels. For winter wheat, the threshold values of soil water content increased with the evaporative demand increasing, and significant higher threshold values were obtained when ET0 > 3.0 mm d-1. For black locust, the threshold values of soil water content in the sandy loam increased significantly when ET0 > 3.0 mm d-1 as the evaporative demand increasing, however, in the loamy clay and clay loam, the threshold values of soil water content decreased significantly.
(5) The Hydrus-1D model was selected to investigate the mechanism of the influence of soil texture, plant growth and weather conditions on the dynamic aspects of soil water availability. The plant selected for simulating was maize growing with different leaf area index, root depth and root density distribution. Results showed the threshold values of soil water content were quite different under different soil, plant and weather conditions, among which root depth and root density distribution also had significant influence on the shape of the dynamic curve of the soil water availability to plant. However, the response of soil water availability to leaf area index and weather condition was different among different soils. In general, the critical soil water content declined with soil texture in the order: loamy clay > clay loam > sandy loam, increased as evaporative demand increasing and decreased as root depth and root density distributed in the deep depth increasing.
The results showed that, with the normalized plant physiological indices, the soil water availability to plant in the pot experiment could be applied in the field; the soil water availability would be different when the plant indices used were different in time scales, growth stages or related physiological processes; soil water availability was the plant responses to soil water variation under the comprehensive effects of soil texture, weather condition and plant growing state.
(1)比较了盆栽和田间小区试验作物生长和蒸腾对水分亏缺的响应,发现:盆栽玉米和小麦的绝对生长量和蒸腾量明显低于田间小区,但是盆栽和田间小区作物的相对生长和相对蒸腾随土壤含水量的动态变化没有明显差异。
(2)分析了不同生理指标评价土壤水分有效性的差异,发现:不同指标随土壤含水量的动态变化具有一致的规律,即都存在阈值反应。不同指标的土壤水分阈值不同,瞬时指标的水分阈值低于日指标和生育期指标,与生长有关的指标的水分阈值低于与蒸腾有关的指标,灌浆前日蒸腾的水分阈值高于灌浆后日蒸腾,而灌浆前后生长指标的土壤水分阈值差异不明显。
(3)研究了不同质地、不同植物土壤水分有效性的差异,发现:玉米各项生理指标的土壤水分阈值塿土最高、黑垆土和黄绵土相近,在田间稳定湿度附近,土壤水分有效性黑垆土>黄绵土>塿土;小麦各项植物指标的土壤水分阈值黄绵土最高、塿土居中、黑垆土最低,在田间稳定湿度附近,土壤水分有效性黑垆土>塿土>黄绵土;刺槐各项指标的土壤水分阈值塿土最高、黄绵土居中、黑垆土最低,在田间稳定湿度附近土壤水分有效性,塿土>黑垆土>黄绵土。
(4)分析气象因子对土壤水分有效性的影响,发现:塿土的水分有效性在高温时不受湿度影响,在低温时随湿度升高而降低;黄绵土的植物水分有效性在高温时随湿度升高而升高,在低温时随湿度升高而降低;玉米3种土壤的盆栽试验中土壤水分阈值随大气蒸发力虽有升高但升高不明显;小麦3种土壤试验中土壤水分阈值随大气蒸发力的升高而升高,且ET0 > 3.0 mm d-1时土壤水分阈值有明显升高;刺槐3种土壤试验中黄绵土的土壤水分阈值在ET0 > 3.0 mm d-1时明显升高,塿土和黑垆土的水分阈值随大气蒸发力的升高反而明显降低。
(5)利用Hydrus-1D模型模拟土壤水分有效性动态变化过程及其影响因素,发现:大气蒸发力和叶面积指数对土壤水分有效性动态变化曲线的形状没有明显影响,对土壤水分阈值略有影响;而根系深度和根系分布形状不仅对土壤水分有效性动态变化曲线的形状有影响,而且对土壤水分阈值影响的也很大;3种土壤以绝对含水量表示的水分阈值大小顺序是塿土>黑垆土>黄绵土;根系吸水速率的土壤水分阈值随着大气蒸发力的升高而升高,但还受其叶面积指数、根系深度和根系分布影响;在冠层郁闭前后土壤水分阈值随叶面积指数的变化不同;随着根系深度和深层根系分布的增加土壤水分阈值降低,但是在黄绵土中降低程度小于塿土和黑垆土。
本研究结果表明,利用归一化植物生理指标研究盆栽试验中土壤水分对作物的有效性可以应用到田间,评价土壤水分有效性的结果会因所用指标的时间尺度、生育期及涉及生理过程不同而有差异,土壤水分有效性是土壤质地、气象条件和植物生长状况等因素综合影响下植物对土壤水分变化的响应。
Water resources shortage is very severe in the Loess Plateau of China. The climate warming and drying in this area is leading to a further decline of soil water reserve, which challenges the ecological and agricultural sustainable development. Studying on the dynamics of soil water availability for different plants in different textured soils, and under different weather conditions could guide for the vegetation restoration and the development of the dryland farming. In this study, three typical textured soils (loamy clay, clay loam and sandy loam) collected from different area in the Loess Plateau were selected for growing maize (Zea Mays L.), winter wheat(Triticum Aestivum L.), and black locust (Robinia Pseudoacacia L.) under six different constant soil water levels in the pots and under three water treatments in the plots. The plant growth and transpiration and photosynthetic parameters were measured in different soil water treatments. The effects of soil texture, plant and weather conditions on soil water availability were systemically analyzed based on these measurements. With the Hydrus-1D model, the factors affecting the response of root water uptake to soil water availability were discussed on a theoretical basis. The main conclusions of this study were as follows:
(1) The responses of plant growth and transpiration of maize and winter wheat to soil water stress were compared between the pot and plot experiments. Characteristic responses of the various plant indices to changes in the soil water content obtained in the pot experiment were applicable to the field, although large differences were found between the plants grown in the pots and plots when considering their absolute plant growth and total transpiration.
(2) The dynamic aspects of soil water availability were compared among different physiological indices. With the linear-plateau function, the dynamic aspects of soil water availability for various physiological indices showed the same trend with a threshold response. The threshold values for the indices over the transient time scale were lower than that over the daily and seasonal scales. The threshold values for indices related to growth were lower than that related to transpiration. Higher threshold value was obtained for daily transpiration before the filling stage, however, no significant difference were obtained between the threshold values for indices related to growth before and after the filling stage.
(3) The dynamic aspects of soil water availability for various physiological indices of maize, winter wheat and black locust were also compared among different soils. The average threshold values of relative soil water content for maize were larger for the loamy clay than clay loam and sandy loam; near the broken capillary moisture, soil water availability for maize was the largest for the clay loam, the medium for the sandy loam and the least for the clay loam. The average threshold values of relative soil water content for winter wheat were the largest for the sandy loam, the medium for the loamy clay and the least for the clay loam; near broken capillary moisture, soil water availability for winter wheat was the largest for the clay loam, the medium for the loamy clay and the least for the sandy loam; The average threshold values of relative soil water content for black locust were the largest for loamy clay, the medium for the sandy loam and the least for the clay loam; near broken capillary moisture, soil water availability was the largest for the loamy clay, the medium for the clay loam and the least for the sandy loam. The capacity of draught resistance was the largest for black locust, the medium for winter wheat and the least for maize.
(4) By comparing the dynamic aspects of soil water availability under different weather conditions, we found that soil water availability in the loamy clay was insusceptible to humidity variation under high temperature, but increased with the humidity increasing under low temperature; soil water availability in the sandy loam increased with humidity increasing under high temperature and decreased with humidity increasing under high temperature; The effects of evaporative demand on the dynamic aspects of soil water availability were different among different textured soils and plant types. For maize, the threshold values of soil water content increased with the evaporative demand increasing, but no significant difference could be found among different ET0 levels. For winter wheat, the threshold values of soil water content increased with the evaporative demand increasing, and significant higher threshold values were obtained when ET0 > 3.0 mm d-1. For black locust, the threshold values of soil water content in the sandy loam increased significantly when ET0 > 3.0 mm d-1 as the evaporative demand increasing, however, in the loamy clay and clay loam, the threshold values of soil water content decreased significantly.
(5) The Hydrus-1D model was selected to investigate the mechanism of the influence of soil texture, plant growth and weather conditions on the dynamic aspects of soil water availability. The plant selected for simulating was maize growing with different leaf area index, root depth and root density distribution. Results showed the threshold values of soil water content were quite different under different soil, plant and weather conditions, among which root depth and root density distribution also had significant influence on the shape of the dynamic curve of the soil water availability to plant. However, the response of soil water availability to leaf area index and weather condition was different among different soils. In general, the critical soil water content declined with soil texture in the order: loamy clay > clay loam > sandy loam, increased as evaporative demand increasing and decreased as root depth and root density distributed in the deep depth increasing.
The results showed that, with the normalized plant physiological indices, the soil water availability to plant in the pot experiment could be applied in the field; the soil water availability would be different when the plant indices used were different in time scales, growth stages or related physiological processes; soil water availability was the plant responses to soil water variation under the comprehensive effects of soil texture, weather condition and plant growing state.
引文
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