刈割次数及啃食强度对紫穗槐的形态生长和营养品质的影响
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摘要
刈割是草地植物利用的主要方式之一。适度的刈割能促进植物的分蘖和再生,从而增加植物地上部分的生物量及营养元素氮磷钾含量,同时提高牧草中粗蛋白、粗灰分含量和碳水化合物的积累以及降低酸性洗涤纤维含量,改善牧草营养品质及其适口性。本研究根据紫穗槐的生长特点,探讨不同人工刈割次数(1次,2次,3次)和人工模拟不同啃食刈割强度20%,40%,60%,80%,100%(占植株地上部分的比例)对紫穗槐生长高度、生物量及其植株茎、叶中营养物质及磷钾矿质元素的影响,主要取得如下结论：
1.不同刈割次数对地上部分的生长的影响是,在5-9月紫穗槐快速生长期内,适宜的刈割次数对其生长具有促进作用。刈割1次,植株平均高增株高和冠幅分别为125高,和117cm,刈割2次平均株高、冠幅分别为100和90cm,刈割3次平均株高和冠幅显著下降到65.70cm和66cm左右增大；枝条数随着刈割次数增加而增多,刈割1次的枝条数仅为15枝,而刈割2次和3次的枝条数分别为26和28枝；生物量积累也显著增高,其中刈割2次鲜重可达每株602g,显著高于其他处理,并且改善了其营养品质,粗蛋白含量随着刈割次数增多而增加,叶中最高含量可达22%增加,茎干中中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维随着刈割次数增加而减少,提高了家畜采食的适口性和消化率。
2.过多次数的刈割,反而会抑制紫穗槐的生长,导致生长缓慢,刈割3次平均株高和冠幅显著下降到60cm左右,生物量下降,刈割3次叶鲜重之和333g,显著低于其他刈割处理；营养物质积累量下降,尤其可溶性糖含量随着刈割次数增加显著降低,茎中刈割3次处理的含量降低到2.3%,说明多次刈割不利于可溶性糖的积累。但如果不刈割或者只刈割一次,紫穗槐枝条分枝数目减少,刈割1次的枝条数仅为15枝,且木质化现象比较严重,刈割1次处理的植株茎粗在10cm左右,而多次刈割时显著降低到5cm左右,显著影响其营养品质和可食率。
所以综合比较各方面的因素,紫穗槐在其快速生长期的适宜刈割次数为2次。
3.不同啃食强度对紫穗槐生长影响特别显著,轻度啃食(啃食强度小于50%)能促进紫穗槐生长及其营养品质改善,而重度啃食(啃食强度大于50%)抑制紫穗槐生长,影响其叶、茎中营养物质的积累。株高是随着啃食强度的增强而降低,轻度啃食20%和40%处理的植株显著高于重度啃食处理80%和100%(P<0.05),轻度啃食的株高都在100cm左右,而强度100%处理的株高降低到了34cm。冠幅和株高变化相似,轻度啃食冠幅更大,直径约为100-120cm,重度啃食的降低到55cm左右；轻度啃食也有利于二级分枝的增加,轻度啃食二级分枝数从6月份的20枝增加到8月份的50枝左右,而重度啃食的从6月份的20枝增加到8月份的40枝,然后6月份的又降低到35枝左右。
4.应用灰色关联度分析法,对五组人工模拟不同啃食强度紫穗槐叶、茎,从7个营养指标,粗灰分(Ash)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、可溶性糖(WSC)、粗蛋白质(CP)、磷(P)、钾(K)间的相互关系进行了综合分析,通过对不同啃食强度处理的关联度比较,探讨啃食强度对紫穗槐营养品质的影响。结果表明,紫穗槐在啃食强度40%时,叶、茎的加权关联度分别为0.7812和0.6513,大于其他啃食强度处理,即具有最佳的营养价值。
5.啃食强度40%左右时,即轻度啃食不影响紫穗槐的正常生长,反而经过适量的啃食后,茎秆上不断地长出新枝条,这样既增加了茎、叶产量,又使紫穗槐叶和茎的营养物质积累处于最佳状态,所以要得到最佳紫穗槐营养品质,其啃食强度要控制在40%以下。
The one of main use of the grassland is mowing. Moderate mowing can promote tillering and regeneration of plants, and increase the aboveground part biomass and nutrient elements N, P and K content, while improving accumulation of crude protein, crude ash and carbohydrate of forage, and reducing content of the acid detergent fiber, improved the nutritional quality and forage palatability. According to the growth characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa, setting the artificial mow times (1,2,3times) and artificial defoliation intensity20%,40%,60%,80%,100%(accounting for ratio of the aerial parts), studying of the effection of growth height, biomass, plant stems, leaves nutrients and phosphorus and potassium content of A. fruticosa, The main conclusions are as follows:
The impact of different mowing frequency on the aerial parts of A. fruticosa is promoting the growth from May to September in rapid growth period of A. fruticosa by the appropriate times of mowing. Average plant height and crown of one time is120and117cm,and twice is100and90cm, three times is65.7and66cm. The number of branches, branches increased with the increase in the times of mowing, mowing one time only15, and mowing twice and three times, the number of branches is26and28; Biomass accumulation was significantly higher, including fresh weight602g of per plant by mowing twice, significantly higher than other treatments;
To improve its nutritional quality, crude protein content increased with the increased frequency of mowing, the highest content of up to22%of leaves; Neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber decrease with the increase in the times of mowing, to improve the palatability and digestibility of livestock feed. But soluble sugar content is significantly reduced with the increase in the times of mowing, it is to reduced to2.3%in stem processed by mowing three times, so it is indicating that many times mowing isn't conducive to the accumulation of soluble sugar. Therefore, a comprehensive comparison of various factors, the appropriate times of mowing in rapid growth period of A. fruticosa is twice.
Different defoliation intensity on Amorpha growth significantly, moderate defoliation (defoliation intensity is less than50%) can promote the growth of A. fruticosa and its nutritional quality, and on the contrary over-defoliation (defoliation intensity is greater than50%) can restrain of the growth, plant height is reduced as the defoliation intensity increases, moderate defoliation of20%and40%was significantly higher than the over-defoliation by80%and100%(P<0.05), the plant height of moderate defoliation was100cm, while the intensity of100%processing plant height of34cm. Crown diameter and plant height were similar to moderate defoliation, crown diameter of moderate defoliation was greater about100-120cm, over-defoliation reduced to70cm; moderate defoliation is also conducive to the increase of the secondary branches, the number of secondary branches of moderate defoliation was from20to50, over-defoliation was from20to40, then reduced to35.
5groups of simulation defoliation intensities on A. fruticosa,20%,40%,60%,80%, and100%proportion of aboveground vegetation part were made to study the influences of nutritional quality of Amorpha fruticosa by different defoliation intensities treatment.7nutritional index: crude ash (ASH), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), water-soluble sugar (WSC), crude protein (CP), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) were comprehensive analyzed using grey correlation degree method The results showed that when the defoliation intensity of Amorpha fruticosa is on40%, the weighted grey correlation degree of leaves and stems are0.7812and0.6513, respectively, which is greater than other defoliation intensities treatments, A. fruticosa has the best nutritional value on defoliation intensities treatment of40%.
Defoliation intensity is of about40%, the moderate defoliation does not affect the the normal growth of A. fruticosa, after an appropriate amount of defoliation, the stalk continues to grow new branches, so that both increased stem, leaf production, but also to accumulation of nutrients in leaves and stems. So to get the best the nutritional quality of A. fruticosa, it is that appropriate defoliation intensity must will to be controlled below40%.
1.不同刈割次数对地上部分的生长的影响是,在5-9月紫穗槐快速生长期内,适宜的刈割次数对其生长具有促进作用。刈割1次,植株平均高增株高和冠幅分别为125高,和117cm,刈割2次平均株高、冠幅分别为100和90cm,刈割3次平均株高和冠幅显著下降到65.70cm和66cm左右增大；枝条数随着刈割次数增加而增多,刈割1次的枝条数仅为15枝,而刈割2次和3次的枝条数分别为26和28枝；生物量积累也显著增高,其中刈割2次鲜重可达每株602g,显著高于其他处理,并且改善了其营养品质,粗蛋白含量随着刈割次数增多而增加,叶中最高含量可达22%增加,茎干中中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维随着刈割次数增加而减少,提高了家畜采食的适口性和消化率。
2.过多次数的刈割,反而会抑制紫穗槐的生长,导致生长缓慢,刈割3次平均株高和冠幅显著下降到60cm左右,生物量下降,刈割3次叶鲜重之和333g,显著低于其他刈割处理；营养物质积累量下降,尤其可溶性糖含量随着刈割次数增加显著降低,茎中刈割3次处理的含量降低到2.3%,说明多次刈割不利于可溶性糖的积累。但如果不刈割或者只刈割一次,紫穗槐枝条分枝数目减少,刈割1次的枝条数仅为15枝,且木质化现象比较严重,刈割1次处理的植株茎粗在10cm左右,而多次刈割时显著降低到5cm左右,显著影响其营养品质和可食率。
所以综合比较各方面的因素,紫穗槐在其快速生长期的适宜刈割次数为2次。
3.不同啃食强度对紫穗槐生长影响特别显著,轻度啃食(啃食强度小于50%)能促进紫穗槐生长及其营养品质改善,而重度啃食(啃食强度大于50%)抑制紫穗槐生长,影响其叶、茎中营养物质的积累。株高是随着啃食强度的增强而降低,轻度啃食20%和40%处理的植株显著高于重度啃食处理80%和100%(P<0.05),轻度啃食的株高都在100cm左右,而强度100%处理的株高降低到了34cm。冠幅和株高变化相似,轻度啃食冠幅更大,直径约为100-120cm,重度啃食的降低到55cm左右；轻度啃食也有利于二级分枝的增加,轻度啃食二级分枝数从6月份的20枝增加到8月份的50枝左右,而重度啃食的从6月份的20枝增加到8月份的40枝,然后6月份的又降低到35枝左右。
4.应用灰色关联度分析法,对五组人工模拟不同啃食强度紫穗槐叶、茎,从7个营养指标,粗灰分(Ash)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、可溶性糖(WSC)、粗蛋白质(CP)、磷(P)、钾(K)间的相互关系进行了综合分析,通过对不同啃食强度处理的关联度比较,探讨啃食强度对紫穗槐营养品质的影响。结果表明,紫穗槐在啃食强度40%时,叶、茎的加权关联度分别为0.7812和0.6513,大于其他啃食强度处理,即具有最佳的营养价值。
5.啃食强度40%左右时,即轻度啃食不影响紫穗槐的正常生长,反而经过适量的啃食后,茎秆上不断地长出新枝条,这样既增加了茎、叶产量,又使紫穗槐叶和茎的营养物质积累处于最佳状态,所以要得到最佳紫穗槐营养品质,其啃食强度要控制在40%以下。
The one of main use of the grassland is mowing. Moderate mowing can promote tillering and regeneration of plants, and increase the aboveground part biomass and nutrient elements N, P and K content, while improving accumulation of crude protein, crude ash and carbohydrate of forage, and reducing content of the acid detergent fiber, improved the nutritional quality and forage palatability. According to the growth characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa, setting the artificial mow times (1,2,3times) and artificial defoliation intensity20%,40%,60%,80%,100%(accounting for ratio of the aerial parts), studying of the effection of growth height, biomass, plant stems, leaves nutrients and phosphorus and potassium content of A. fruticosa, The main conclusions are as follows:
The impact of different mowing frequency on the aerial parts of A. fruticosa is promoting the growth from May to September in rapid growth period of A. fruticosa by the appropriate times of mowing. Average plant height and crown of one time is120and117cm,and twice is100and90cm, three times is65.7and66cm. The number of branches, branches increased with the increase in the times of mowing, mowing one time only15, and mowing twice and three times, the number of branches is26and28; Biomass accumulation was significantly higher, including fresh weight602g of per plant by mowing twice, significantly higher than other treatments;
To improve its nutritional quality, crude protein content increased with the increased frequency of mowing, the highest content of up to22%of leaves; Neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber decrease with the increase in the times of mowing, to improve the palatability and digestibility of livestock feed. But soluble sugar content is significantly reduced with the increase in the times of mowing, it is to reduced to2.3%in stem processed by mowing three times, so it is indicating that many times mowing isn't conducive to the accumulation of soluble sugar. Therefore, a comprehensive comparison of various factors, the appropriate times of mowing in rapid growth period of A. fruticosa is twice.
Different defoliation intensity on Amorpha growth significantly, moderate defoliation (defoliation intensity is less than50%) can promote the growth of A. fruticosa and its nutritional quality, and on the contrary over-defoliation (defoliation intensity is greater than50%) can restrain of the growth, plant height is reduced as the defoliation intensity increases, moderate defoliation of20%and40%was significantly higher than the over-defoliation by80%and100%(P<0.05), the plant height of moderate defoliation was100cm, while the intensity of100%processing plant height of34cm. Crown diameter and plant height were similar to moderate defoliation, crown diameter of moderate defoliation was greater about100-120cm, over-defoliation reduced to70cm; moderate defoliation is also conducive to the increase of the secondary branches, the number of secondary branches of moderate defoliation was from20to50, over-defoliation was from20to40, then reduced to35.
5groups of simulation defoliation intensities on A. fruticosa,20%,40%,60%,80%, and100%proportion of aboveground vegetation part were made to study the influences of nutritional quality of Amorpha fruticosa by different defoliation intensities treatment.7nutritional index: crude ash (ASH), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), water-soluble sugar (WSC), crude protein (CP), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) were comprehensive analyzed using grey correlation degree method The results showed that when the defoliation intensity of Amorpha fruticosa is on40%, the weighted grey correlation degree of leaves and stems are0.7812and0.6513, respectively, which is greater than other defoliation intensities treatments, A. fruticosa has the best nutritional value on defoliation intensities treatment of40%.
Defoliation intensity is of about40%, the moderate defoliation does not affect the the normal growth of A. fruticosa, after an appropriate amount of defoliation, the stalk continues to grow new branches, so that both increased stem, leaf production, but also to accumulation of nutrients in leaves and stems. So to get the best the nutritional quality of A. fruticosa, it is that appropriate defoliation intensity must will to be controlled below40%.
引文
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