攸县油茶生殖生物学研究
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摘要
攸县油茶(C. yubsienensis Hu.)属山茶科(Theaceaae)山茶属(Camellia)植物,春季开花,树形紧凑,树冠矮小；果壳薄,出籽率高,含油率高,抗炭疽病,是一种优良的育种种质。近年来攸县油茶在生物学特性、栽培技术等方面已有研究报道,但在生产中还普遍存在着坐果率低、产量低等问题,为进一步弄清攸县油茶开花结实特性,提高其产量和品质,本文以攸县油茶为试材,运用石蜡切片、荧光显微观察等方法,对其雌雄配子体发育、授粉受精过程、果实生长发育等方面进行系统研究,其研究结果可归纳如下：
1、攸县油茶雌雄配子体发育研究。花药壁的发育属于基本型,腺质绒毡层；小孢子母细胞减数分裂中胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列多为正四面体；成熟花粉为2-细胞花粉粒,具3个萌发孔。雌蕊子房为3心皮3室,每室有3-5个胚珠；胚珠为倒生胚珠,薄珠心,具双层珠被；四分体大孢子排列成T形,双孢型胚囊；胚囊发育属葱型。胼胝质在大小孢子发生期间,有规律地出现与降解。在发育过程中,雌雄配子体与花形态特征之间有着相对稳定的关系。
2、攸县油茶授粉受精研究。攸县油茶花粉量为2595.55粒／花药,在授粉品种中以长毛红山茶最高,达到5128.89粒／花药,多齿红山茶最低,仅为1555.56粒／花药。攸县油茶花粉萌发率为72.0%,其授粉品种花粉育性较强,萌发率为81.4%-99.0%之间。经观察柱头,攸县油茶最佳授粉期为开花前2天至开花第2天,共4天。田间杂交授粉坐果率从高到低的顺序为：长毛红山茶>攸县油茶>溆浦大红花>多齿红山茶>广宁红山茶>厚叶红山茶,最佳授粉品种为长毛红山茶。自花与异花授粉后,花粉管均能生长到花柱基部,但生长速度不一样,异花的生长速度大于自花,并且异花24h后到达花柱基部,自花48h到达花柱基部。授粉后72h胚囊的双受精过程完成,攸县油茶配子融合过程属于有丝分裂前类型。
3、攸县油茶种子与果实发育规律研究。攸县油茶合子经休眠后分裂,形成二细胞原胚、球形胚、子叶胚。胚乳发育类型为核型。珠被发育为种皮,分内种皮与外种皮。在果实发育早期,观察到胚败育的现象。果实在生长发育过程中大小的变化随生长发育时间的延长而增长,并呈单“S”曲线规律变化。攸县油茶果实纵、横径与果实质量之间呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.920、0.952；而果实横径与果形指数呈负相关,相关系数为-0.945。种子脂肪酸相对含量为棕榈酸10.199%、硬脂酸1.308%、油酸76.240%、亚油酸10.144%、亚麻酸1.412%,其他脂肪酸含量为0.697%。
Camellia yubsienensis Hu. is the Theaceae Camellia plants, Spring flowering, compact tree, dwarf crown; thin shell, the high seed rate and oil content, resistant to anthracnose, is a good breeding germplasm. In recent years, the rearch on biology and cultivation technology that has been reported, but also widespread in the production of fruit is low, the problem of low yield, in order to further clarify the flowering and fruiting characteristics of C. yubsienensis Hu, to improve their yield and quality, this paper taking C. yubsienensis Hu as materials, using of paraffin sections, fluorescence microscopy and other methods, their male and female gametophyte development, the process of pollination and fertilization,and the other aspects growth of the fruit in a system of research, its findings can be summarized as follows:
1、The study on male and female gametophyte development of C. yubsienensis Hu.The anther wall is a basic type, glandular tapetum; microspore mother cell meiosis in the cytokinesis is simultaneous, tetrads are mostly tetrahedral; mature pollen grains are two-celled, with three apertures. Pistil ovary of 3 carpels three rooms, each room with three to five ovules; ovule is anatropous ovule, nucellus thin, with a double integument; megaspore tetrad arranged T-shaped, two spore-type embryo sac; an onion-type embryo sac. Callose in the size of the spores in the period, a pattern of occurrence and degradation. During development, male and female gametophyte and flower morphology have enjoyed relative stability.
2、The study on pollination and fertilization of C. yubsienensis Hu. C. yubsienensis Hu content of 2595.55 pollen per anther. Of its in pollination varieties the number of pollen grains of C.villosa Chang.et Liang. is the highest,5128.89 pollen per anther, wheares the C.polyodonta how.ex Hu is lowest, only 1,555.56 pollen per anther. C. yubsienensis Hu. pollen germination rate was 72.0%, the pollination pollen fertility stronger varieties, germination rate was between 81.4%～99.0%.The observation of stigma, C. yubsienensis Hu best pollination period of two days before flowering to flowering the first two days, a total of four days. Field pollination fruit set high to low order:C.villosa Chang.et Liang> C. yubsienensis Hu>C. mangniflora Chang>C.polyodonta how.ex Hu>C. semiserrata Chi.>C.crassissima Chang.et Shi. Since the self- pollination and crossing-pollination, the pollen tube can grow to the style base, but the growth rate is different, the growth rate of crossing-pollination more faster than the self- pollination, and crossing-pollination to reach base after 24h, self- pollination reach the style base after 48h, indicating C. yubsienensis Hu self-incompatibility of plants. After pollinating 72h, double fertilization process is complete, C. yubsienensis Hu gamete fusion process are pre-mitotic type.
3、The study on Seed and Fruit Development of C. yubsienensis Hu.C. yubsienensis Hu been dormant zygote split, forming two-cell embryos, globular embryo and cotyledon. Endosperm nuclear type. Integument develop into the seed coat, seed coat and the alternative for the testa. Fruit development in the early embryo abortion observed phenomenon.. Fruit growth and size changes during the development of significant growth and development with time and growth, and showed a single "S" curves for change. C. yubsienensis Hu fruit longitudinal, transverse and a positive correlation between fruit quality, the correlation coefficients were 0.920 and 0.952; but between the fruit diameter and fruit shape index was negatively correlated with correlation coefficient -0.945. The fatty acids in seeds relatively content of the palmitic acid 10.199%, the stearic acid 1.308%, the oleic acid 76.240%,the linoleic acid 10.144%, the linolenic acid 1.412% and other fatty acid content of 0.697%.
1、攸县油茶雌雄配子体发育研究。花药壁的发育属于基本型,腺质绒毡层；小孢子母细胞减数分裂中胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列多为正四面体；成熟花粉为2-细胞花粉粒,具3个萌发孔。雌蕊子房为3心皮3室,每室有3-5个胚珠；胚珠为倒生胚珠,薄珠心,具双层珠被；四分体大孢子排列成T形,双孢型胚囊；胚囊发育属葱型。胼胝质在大小孢子发生期间,有规律地出现与降解。在发育过程中,雌雄配子体与花形态特征之间有着相对稳定的关系。
2、攸县油茶授粉受精研究。攸县油茶花粉量为2595.55粒／花药,在授粉品种中以长毛红山茶最高,达到5128.89粒／花药,多齿红山茶最低,仅为1555.56粒／花药。攸县油茶花粉萌发率为72.0%,其授粉品种花粉育性较强,萌发率为81.4%-99.0%之间。经观察柱头,攸县油茶最佳授粉期为开花前2天至开花第2天,共4天。田间杂交授粉坐果率从高到低的顺序为：长毛红山茶>攸县油茶>溆浦大红花>多齿红山茶>广宁红山茶>厚叶红山茶,最佳授粉品种为长毛红山茶。自花与异花授粉后,花粉管均能生长到花柱基部,但生长速度不一样,异花的生长速度大于自花,并且异花24h后到达花柱基部,自花48h到达花柱基部。授粉后72h胚囊的双受精过程完成,攸县油茶配子融合过程属于有丝分裂前类型。
3、攸县油茶种子与果实发育规律研究。攸县油茶合子经休眠后分裂,形成二细胞原胚、球形胚、子叶胚。胚乳发育类型为核型。珠被发育为种皮,分内种皮与外种皮。在果实发育早期,观察到胚败育的现象。果实在生长发育过程中大小的变化随生长发育时间的延长而增长,并呈单“S”曲线规律变化。攸县油茶果实纵、横径与果实质量之间呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.920、0.952；而果实横径与果形指数呈负相关,相关系数为-0.945。种子脂肪酸相对含量为棕榈酸10.199%、硬脂酸1.308%、油酸76.240%、亚油酸10.144%、亚麻酸1.412%,其他脂肪酸含量为0.697%。
Camellia yubsienensis Hu. is the Theaceae Camellia plants, Spring flowering, compact tree, dwarf crown; thin shell, the high seed rate and oil content, resistant to anthracnose, is a good breeding germplasm. In recent years, the rearch on biology and cultivation technology that has been reported, but also widespread in the production of fruit is low, the problem of low yield, in order to further clarify the flowering and fruiting characteristics of C. yubsienensis Hu, to improve their yield and quality, this paper taking C. yubsienensis Hu as materials, using of paraffin sections, fluorescence microscopy and other methods, their male and female gametophyte development, the process of pollination and fertilization,and the other aspects growth of the fruit in a system of research, its findings can be summarized as follows:
1、The study on male and female gametophyte development of C. yubsienensis Hu.The anther wall is a basic type, glandular tapetum; microspore mother cell meiosis in the cytokinesis is simultaneous, tetrads are mostly tetrahedral; mature pollen grains are two-celled, with three apertures. Pistil ovary of 3 carpels three rooms, each room with three to five ovules; ovule is anatropous ovule, nucellus thin, with a double integument; megaspore tetrad arranged T-shaped, two spore-type embryo sac; an onion-type embryo sac. Callose in the size of the spores in the period, a pattern of occurrence and degradation. During development, male and female gametophyte and flower morphology have enjoyed relative stability.
2、The study on pollination and fertilization of C. yubsienensis Hu. C. yubsienensis Hu content of 2595.55 pollen per anther. Of its in pollination varieties the number of pollen grains of C.villosa Chang.et Liang. is the highest,5128.89 pollen per anther, wheares the C.polyodonta how.ex Hu is lowest, only 1,555.56 pollen per anther. C. yubsienensis Hu. pollen germination rate was 72.0%, the pollination pollen fertility stronger varieties, germination rate was between 81.4%～99.0%.The observation of stigma, C. yubsienensis Hu best pollination period of two days before flowering to flowering the first two days, a total of four days. Field pollination fruit set high to low order:C.villosa Chang.et Liang> C. yubsienensis Hu>C. mangniflora Chang>C.polyodonta how.ex Hu>C. semiserrata Chi.>C.crassissima Chang.et Shi. Since the self- pollination and crossing-pollination, the pollen tube can grow to the style base, but the growth rate is different, the growth rate of crossing-pollination more faster than the self- pollination, and crossing-pollination to reach base after 24h, self- pollination reach the style base after 48h, indicating C. yubsienensis Hu self-incompatibility of plants. After pollinating 72h, double fertilization process is complete, C. yubsienensis Hu gamete fusion process are pre-mitotic type.
3、The study on Seed and Fruit Development of C. yubsienensis Hu.C. yubsienensis Hu been dormant zygote split, forming two-cell embryos, globular embryo and cotyledon. Endosperm nuclear type. Integument develop into the seed coat, seed coat and the alternative for the testa. Fruit development in the early embryo abortion observed phenomenon.. Fruit growth and size changes during the development of significant growth and development with time and growth, and showed a single "S" curves for change. C. yubsienensis Hu fruit longitudinal, transverse and a positive correlation between fruit quality, the correlation coefficients were 0.920 and 0.952; but between the fruit diameter and fruit shape index was negatively correlated with correlation coefficient -0.945. The fatty acids in seeds relatively content of the palmitic acid 10.199%, the stearic acid 1.308%, the oleic acid 76.240%,the linoleic acid 10.144%, the linolenic acid 1.412% and other fatty acid content of 0.697%.
引文
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